Hispanic and Latino Americans 1007667 225958998 2008-07-16T05:29:06Z 68.82.51.254 /* Sports */ {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Hispanic and Latino Americans<br><small>''estadounidenses hispanos y latinos'' | poptime = '''Hispanic and Latino Americans'''<br>'''45.5 million'''<ref name=CB2007>{{cite web |url=http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/releases/archives/population/011910.html |title=US Census Press Releases |date=2008-05-01 |accessdate=2008-05-13 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref> <br><small>'''15.1% of the U.S. population (2007)''' |image=[[Image:Romualdo Pacheco - Brady-Handy.jpg|71px]][[Image:Alberto Gonzales - official DoJ photograph.jpg|78px]][[Image:Kensalazar.jpg|70px]]<br>[[Image:Michael Lopez-Alegria.jpg|77px]][[Image:Loretta Sanchez official photo.jpg|65px]][[Image:Joseph Acaba.jpg|77px]] <br><small>[[Romualdo Pacheco]]{{•}}[[Alberto Gonzales]]{{•}}[[Ken Salazar]]<br>[[Michael Lopez-Alegria]]{{•}}[[Loretta Sanchez]]{{•}}[[Joseph M. Acaba]] | popplace = predominantly [[Southwestern United States]]{{•}}[[Florida]]{{•}}[[Illinois]]{{•}}[[New York City]] | langs = predominantly [[American English]] and [[Spanish language|Spanish]] | rels = predominantly [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholicism]]{{•}}[[Protestantism]]{{•}}[[Judaism]]{{•}}[[Islam]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2007-02/2007-02-09-voa33.cfm?CFID=272180952&CFTOKEN=13104838 |title=More Hispanic Americans are Converting to Islam |accessdate=2008-04-28 |author=Steve Mort |date=[[February 09]], [[2007]] |publisher=[[Voice of America]]}}</ref> | related = [[Latin America]]ns, [[Spanish people|Spaniards]], and others }} '''Hispanic and Latino Americans''' are [[United States|American]]s of [[Hispanic]] or [[Latino]] [[Race and ethnicity in the United States Census|ethnicity]], which comprises people with ancestry or origins in [[Hispanic America]], or in [[Spain]] in many cases.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/home/en/epss/glossary_h.html |title=American FactFinder Help: Hispanic or Latino origin |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |accessdate=2008-04-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/home/en/epss/glossary_e.html |title=American FactFinder Help: Ethnic groups |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |accessdate=2008-04-27}}</ref><ref name="omb">{{cite web|url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/fedreg/1997standards.html|title=Revisions to the Standards for the Classification of Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity. Federal Register Notice October 30, 1997|accessdate = 2008-01-11|author=Office of Management and Budget|}}</ref><ref name="overview"/> Hispanics and Latinos constitute 15.1% of the total [[United States]] population, or 45.5 million people,<ref name=CB2007/> forming the second largest ethnic group after non-Hispanic [[White American]]s (which in turn have numerous [[ethnic group]]s). It includes sub-groups such as [[Mexican American]], [[Cuban American]], [[Colombian American]], [[Dominican American]], [[Puerto Rican American]], [[Salvadoran American]] and so on. People of Hispanic or Latino heritage have lived continuously<ref name=legacies>{{cite web |url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/people-places/10009021.html |title=Latino Legacies |accessdate=2008-04-28 |last=Small |first=Lawrence M |date=2002-08-01 |work=[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian Magazine]] |publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]] |quote=There was a Hispanic presence on the continent for more than 200 years before 13 colonies on the eastern coast declared their independence from England ... By 1607, when the British established their first successful settlement, at Jamestown, Virginia, writes historian Bernard Bailyn, "Spain’s American dominion extended nearly 8,000 miles, from Southern California to the Straits of Magellan...}}</ref><ref name=st-aug>{{cite web |url=http://www.ci.st-augustine.fl.us/visitors/history_fullprint.html |title=A Brief History of St. Augustine |accessdate=2008-04-28 |publisher=[[St. Augustine, Florida|City of St. Augustine]] |quote=Founded in 1565, St. Augustine is the oldest continuously occupied settlement of European origin in the United States. Forty-two years before the English colonized Jamestown and fifty-five years before the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth Rock, the Spanish established at St. Augustine this nation's first enduring settlement.}}</ref><ref name=amlib>{{cite web |url=http://www.americaslibrary.gov/cgi-bin/jb_date.cgi?day=08&month=09 |title=A Spanish Expedition Established St. Augustine in Florida |accessdate=2008-04-28 |work=America's Library |publisher=[[Library of Congress]] |quote=On September 8, 1565, Pedro Menéndez de Avilés landed on the shore of what is now called Matanzas Bay and began the founding of the Presidio of San Agustin. Later the settlement would be called St. Augustine, Florida. Built on the site of an ancient Native American village, and near the place where Ponce de Leon, the European discoverer of Florida, landed in 1513 in search of the legendary Fountain of Youth, it has been continually inhabited since its founding.}}</ref><ref name=mhs>{{cite web |url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1565staugustine.html |title=The Founding of St. Augustine, 1565 |accessdate=2008-04-28 |author=Francisco Lopez de Mendoza Grajales |work=Modern History Sourcebook |publisher=[[Fordham University]]}}</ref> in the territory of the present-day United States since the 1565 founding of [[St. Augustine, Florida]] by the [[Spain|Spanish]], the longest among [[European American]] ethnic groups and second-longest of all [[Racial and ethnic demographics of the United States|U.S. ethnic groups]], after [[Native Americans in the United States|American Indians]]. Hispanic communities have also been living continuously in [[Arizona]], [[Texas]], [[New Mexico]], and [[California]] since the 18th century.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/modules/mex_am/chronology.html |title=Documents in Mexican American History |accessdate=2008-06-11 |publisher=[[University of Houston]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://web.nmsu.edu/~publhist/ccintro.htm |title=Cuartocentennial of Colonization of New Mexico |accessdate=2008-06-11 |publisher=[[New Mexico State University]]}}</ref> For the U.S. government and others, Hispanic or Latino identity is voluntary, as in the United States census, and in some market research.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hispanic-research.com/home/who_are_they.htm |title=Who are they? |accessdate=2008-04-28 |publisher=Hispanic Research Inc.}}</ref> ==Terminology== {{Seealso|Racial and ethnic demographics of the United States}} {{Hispanic and Latino Americans}} In the United States, ''Hispanic'' and ''Latino'' are the main terms of [[Ethnic group|ethnicity]] employed to categorize any person, of any racial background, who is of [[Spanish people|Spanish]] or [[Hispanic America|Spanish-speaking Latin American]] culture or origin.<ref name=1997standards>{{cite web |url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/fedreg/1997standards.html |title=Revisions to the Standards for the Classification of Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity; Federal Register Notice October 30, 1997 |accessdate=2008-04-27 |publisher=[[Office of Management and Budget]]}}</ref> The term Hispanic was first adopted in the United States by the administration of [[Richard Nixon]],<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.pbs.org/newshour/essays/june97/rodriguez_6-18.html | title = A Cultural Identity |date=1997-06-18 | accessdate = 2006-12-27 }}</ref> and has since been used in local and federal employment, [[mass media]], and business market research. It has been used in the US Census since 1980.<ref name="historical census"> {{cite web | url = http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056.html | title = Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For The United States, Regions, Divisions, and States | author = Gibson, Campbell | coauthor = Jung, Kay | accessdate = 2006-12-07 | year = 2002 | month = 09 | work = Working Paper Series No. 56 }}</ref> Due to its widespread, popular use, the government also adopted the term "Latino" alongside "Hispanic" in 1997, and it was used in the most recent census, in 2000.<ref name=1997standards/><ref name=overview>{{cite web |url=http://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/cenbr01-1.pdf |title=Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin: 2000 |last=Grieco |first=Elizabeth M. |coauthors=Rachel C. Cassidy |accessdate=2008-04-27 |format=[[Portable Document Format|PDF]] |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> The term "Hispanic" is often confused with "Spanish". The Spanish (or Spaniards) are the people who are born in Spain, located in mainland [[Europe]]. Previously, Hispanics were categorized as "Spanish-Americans," "Spanish-speaking Americans," and "Spanish-surnamed Americans." These terms, however, proved misleading or inaccurate, since: * Most U.S. Hispanics were not born in Spain, nor were most born to recent Spanish nationals; * Hispanics may also be of non-Spanish ancestry, such as of other [[European ethnic groups|European ancestries]] (e.g. [[Italian people|Italian]], [[Germans|German]], [[Poles|Polish]]), [[Middle East]]ern (e.g. [[Lebanese people|Lebanese]]) or [[Afro-Latin American|Black]], [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Amerindian/Native American]], [[Asian Latin American|Asian]], or of mixed race, the most common of which are [[Mestizo]] and [[Mulatto]]; * Although most U.S. Hispanics speak Spanish, not all do, and though most Spanish-speaking people are Hispanic, not all are (e.g., many U.S. Hispanics by the fourth generation no longer speak Spanish, while there are some non-Hispanics who are fluent in the language); * Although most Hispanics have a [[Spanish naming customs|Spanish surname]], not all do (a notable example is [[New Mexico]] governor [[Bill Richardson]]), and while most Spanish-surnamed people are Hispanic, not all are. For example, there are many [[Filipino American]]s, [[Chamorro people|Chamorro]]s, [[Marshall Islands|Marshall Islanders]], and [[Northern Mariana Islands|Northern Mariana Islanders]] with Spanish surnames in the United States who, however, have their own, non-Hispanic ethnic identities; * A number of [[Louisiana Creole people|Louisiana Creole]] and [[Cajun]] Americans have Spanish ancestry and Hispanic surnames, yet they identify more strongly with the traditional [[Francophone]] cultures of the region. Some authorities of [[American English]] maintain a distinction between the terms "Hispanic" and "Latino": <blockquote> "Though often used interchangeably in American English, ''Hispanic'' and ''Latino'' are not identical terms, and in certain contexts the choice between them can be significant. ''Hispanic'', from the Latin word for "Spain," has the broader reference, potentially encompassing all Spanish-speaking peoples in both hemispheres and emphasizing the common denominator of language among communities that sometimes have little else in common. ''Latino''—which in Spanish means "Latin" but which as an English word is probably a shortening of the Spanish word ''latinoamericano''—refers more exclusively to persons or communities of Latin American origin. Of the two, only ''Hispanic'' can be used in referring to Spain and its history and culture; a native of Spain residing in the United States is a ''Hispanic'', not a ''Latino'', and one cannot substitute ''Latino'' in the phrase ''the Hispanic influence on native Mexican cultures'' without garbling the meaning. In practice, however, this distinction is of little significance when referring to residents of the United States, most of whom are of Latin American origin and can theoretically be called by either word."<ref name= "AmerHer" >{{cite web |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Hispanic |title=American Heritage Dictionary |accessdate = 2007-03-18}}</ref></blockquote> Neither term refers to a [[Race and ethnicity in the United States Census|race]], as a person of Latino or Hispanic ethnicity can be of any race.<ref name="compraceho">{{cite web |url=http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/compraceho.html |title=U.S. Census Bureau Guidance on the Presentation and Comparison of Race and Hispanic Origin Data |accessdate = 2007-03-18 |author=U.S. Census Bureau |quote = Race and Hispanic origin are two separate concepts in the federal statistical system. People who are Hispanic may be of any race. People in each race group may be either Hispanic or Not Hispanic. Each person has two attributes, their race (or races) and whether or not they are Hispanic.}}</ref><ref name="overview">{{Cite web |url=http://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-1.pdf |title=Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin |accessdate=2007-07-15 |author=United States Census Bureau |year=March 2001 |publisher=United States Census Bureau |format=PDF}}</ref> Although as officially defined in the United States, "Latino" does not include [[Brazilian American]]s,<ref name = "omb"/><ref name="overview"/> and ''specifically'' refers to "Spanish culture or origin",<ref name = "omb"/><ref name="overview"/> some of the dictionary definitions may include them and/or [[Brazil]]ians in general. Furthermore, Hispanic or Latino origin is, like race, a matter of self-identification in the US, and government and non-government questionnaires, including the census form,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.census.gov/dmd/www/pdf/d61a.pdf |title=U.S. Census form |accessdate=2008-05-30 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}} (See question 7)</ref> usually contain a blank entry space wherein respondents can indicate a Spanish/Hispanic/Latino origin other than the few (Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Cuban) which are specified; presumably, Brazilian Americans can thus self-identify as being of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity &mdash; as can anyone with no Latin American background, however. Brazilian Americans are not included with Hispanics and Latinos in the government's population reports.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/DTTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-ds_name=ACS_2006_EST_G00_&-mt_name=ACS_2006_EST_G2000_B03001 |title=B03001. Hispanic or Latino Origin by Specific Origin |work=2006 American Community Survey |accessdate=2008-01-20 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref><ref name=overview/> ==History== {{main|History of Hispanic and Latino Americans}} A continuous Hispanic presence in the territory of the United States has existed since the 16th century,<ref name=legacies/><ref name=st-aug/><ref name=mhs/><ref name=amlib/> earlier than any other group after the [[West Coast of the United States|Native Americans]]. Spaniards pioneered the present-day United States. The first confirmed European landing in the continental US was by [[Juan Ponce de León]], who landed in 1513 at a lush shore he christened ''[[Florida|La Florida]]''. Within three decades of Ponce de León's landing, the Spanish became the first Europeans to reach the [[Appalachian Mountains]], the [[Mississippi River]], the [[Grand Canyon]] and the [[Great Plains]]. Spanish ships sailed along the [[East Coast of the United States|East Coast]], penetrating to present-day [[Bangor, Maine]], and up the [[West Coast of the United States|Pacific Coast]] as far as [[Oregon]]. From 1528 to 1536, four castaways from a Spanish expedition, including a "[[Moors|Moor]]", journeyed all the way from Florida to the [[Gulf of California]], 267 years before the [[Lewis and Clark Expedition]]. In 1540 [[Hernando de Soto (explorer)|Hernando de Soto]] undertook an extensive exploration of the present US, and in the same year [[Francisco Vásquez de Coronado]] led 2,000 Spaniards and Mexican Indians across today's [[Arizona]]-[[Mexico]] border and traveled as far as central [[Kansas]], close to the exact geographic center of what is now the continental United States. Other Spanish explorers of the US make up a long list that includes, among others: [[Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón]], [[Pánfilo de Narváez]], [[Sebastián Vizcaíno]], [[Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo]], [[Gaspar de Portolà]], [[Pedro Menéndez de Avilés]], [[Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca]], [[Tristán de Luna y Arellano]] and [[Juan de Oñate]]. In all, Spaniards probed half of today's lower 48 states before the first English colonization attempt at [[Roanoke Island]] in 1585. The Spanish created the first permanent European settlement in the continental United States, at [[St. Augustine, Florida]], in 1565. [[Santa Fe, New Mexico]] also predates [[Jamestown, Virginia]] (founded in 1607) and [[Plymouth Colony]] (of ''[[Mayflower]]'' and [[Pilgrims]] fame, founded in 1620). Later came Spanish settlements in [[San Antonio, Texas]], [[Tucson, Arizona]], [[San Diego, California]], [[Los Angeles, California]] and [[San Francisco, California]], to name just a few. The Spanish even established a [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] mission in [[Virginia]]'s [[Chesapeake Bay]] 37 years before the founding of Jamestown. Two iconic American stories have Spanish antecedents, too. Almost 80 years before [[John Smith of Jamestown|John Smith]]'s alleged rescue by [[Pocahontas]], a man by the name of Juan Ortiz told of his remarkably similar rescue from execution by an Indian girl. Spaniards also held a [[thanksgiving]] &mdash; 56 years before the famous Pilgrims [[Harvest festival|festival]] &mdash; when they feasted near St. Augustine with Florida Indians, probably on stewed pork and garbanzo beans. As late as 1783, at the end of the [[American Revolutionary War]], Spain held claim to roughly half of today's continental United States; in 1775, Spanish ships even reached [[Alaska]]. From 1819 to 1848, the United States (through treaties, purchase, diplomacy, and the [[Mexican-American War]]) increased the nation's area by roughly a third at Spanish and Mexican expense, including three of today's four most populous states: [[California]], [[Texas]] and [[Florida]]. Hispanics became the first American citizens in the newly acquired [[Southwestern United States|Southwest]] territory and remained a majority in several states until the 20th century. (See also [[Viceroyalty of New Spain]].) Hispanic soldiers have fought in all the [[List of United States military history events|wars of the United States]].<ref>[http://www4.army.mil/otf/speech.php?story_id_key=9575], [http://www.senate.gov/~pryor/newsroom/details.cfm?id=263773&], [http://www.houstonculture.org/hispanic/memorial.html]</ref> See also [[List of Hispanic Medal of Honor recipients]] ==Demographics== {|class="wikitable sortable" align="right" |+'''Population by state (2006)'''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ACSSAFFFacts?_event=&geo_id=01000US&_geoContext=01000US%7C04000US48&_street=&_county=&_cityTown=&_state=04000US48&_zip=&_lang=en&_sse=on&ActiveGeoDiv=geoSelect&_useEV=&pctxt=fph&pgsl=040&_submenuId=factsheet_1&ds_name=ACS_2006_SAFF&_ci_nbr=null&qr_name=null&reg=null%3Anull&_keyword=&_industry= |title=Fact Sheet 2006 American Community Survey |accessdate=2008-06-24 | |publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]]}}</ref> |-bgcolor="#EFEFEF" !State||Population||Percentage of<br>state population |- |{{flagicon|New Mexico}} [[New Mexico]] !860,687 !44.0 |- |{{flagicon|California}} [[California]] !13,074,155 !35.9 |- |{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas]] !8,385,118 !35.7 |- |{{flagicon|Arizona}} [[Arizona]] !1,803,377 !29.2 |- |{{flagicon|Nevada}} [[Nevada]] !610,051 !24.4 |- |{{flagicon|Florida}} [[Florida]] !3,642,989 !20.1 |- |{{flagicon|Colorado}} [[Colorado]] !934,410 !19.7 |- |{{flagicon|New York}} [[New York]] !3,139,590 !16.3 |- |{{flagicon|New Jersey}} [[New Jersey]] !1,364,699 !15.6 |- |{{flagicon|Illinois}} [[Illinois]] !1,888,439 !14.7 |} Hispanicity, which is independent of race, is the only ethnic category, as opposed to racial category, which is officially collated by the [[U.S. Census Bureau]]. The distinction made by government agencies for those within the population of any official race category is between those with Hispanic ethnic backgrounds and all others of non-Hispanic ethnic backgrounds. They may be of any race; ([[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Amerindian]], [[White people|White]], [[Black people|Black]], [[Asian people|Asian]], [[Pacific Islander]], or [[Multiracial]] such as [[Mulatto]], [[Mestizo]], [[Zambo]] or any "Other" race). As of [[July 1]], [[2006]], Hispanics accounted for 14.8% of the population, around 44.3 million people. The Hispanic growth rate over the [[July 1]], [[2005]] to [[July 1]], [[2006]] period was 3.4% — higher than any other minority group in the United States,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/releases/archives/facts_for_features_special_editions/010327.html |title=US Census Press Releases |accessdate=2008-04-30 |date=2008-07-16 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref> and in fact three and a half times the rate of the nation's total population (at 1.0%).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/DTTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-ds_name=PEP_2007_EST&-redoLog=true&-mt_name=PEP_2007_EST_G2007_T001&-format=&-CONTEXT=dt |title=T1. Population Estimates <nowiki>[10]</nowiki>; Data Set: 2007 Population Estimates |accessdate=2008-04-30 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref> The projected Hispanic population of the United States for [[July 1]], [[2050]], is of 102.6 million people, or 24.4% of the nation’s total projected population on that date.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/releases/archives/population/001720.html |title=Census Bureau Projects Tripling of Hispanic and Asian Populations in 50 Years; Non-Hispanic Whites May Drop To Half of Total Population |accessdate=2008-04-30 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref> Of the nation's total Hispanic or Latino population, 49% (21.5 million) lives in [[California]] or [[Texas]]. Not counting [[Puerto Rico]] &mdash; which is a territorial possession of the United States &mdash; [[New Mexico]] is the state with the highest ratio of Hispanics, where 44.7% is of Hispanic origin. Next are California and Texas, with 35.9 and 35.6, respectively.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pewhispanic.org/files/factsheets/hispanics2006/Table-12.pdf |title=Hispanic Population by State: 2006 |accessdate=2008-05-07 |format=[[Portable Document Format|PDF]] |publisher=[[Pew Research Center|Pew Hispanic Center]]}}</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" align="right" |+'''Population by national origin (2006)'''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pewhispanic.org/files/factsheets/hispanics2006/Table-5.pdf |title=Detailed Hispanic Origin: 2006 |accessdate=2008-05-07 |format=[[Portable Document Format|PDF]] |publisher=[[Pew Research Center|Pew Hispanic Center]]}}</ref> |-bgcolor="#EFEFEF" !Hispanic Group||Population||Percentage |- |{{flagicon|Mexico}} [[Mexican American|Mexican]] !28,395,997 !64.1 |- |{{flagicon|Puerto Rico}} [[Puerto Ricans in the United States|Puerto Rican]] !3,985,058 !9.0 |- |{{flagicon|Cuba}} [[Cuban American|Cuban]] !1,517,028 !3.4 |- |{{flagicon|El Salvador}} [[Salvadoran American|Salvadoran]] !1,363,726 !3.1 |- |{{flagicon|Dominican Republic}} [[Dominican American|Dominican]] !1,217,160 !2.7 |- |{{flagicon|Guatemala}} [[Guatemalan American|Guatemalan]] !896,780 !2.0 |- |{{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Colombian American|Colombian]] !793,682 !1.8 |- |{{flagicon|Honduras}} [[Honduran American|Honduran]] !486,026 !1.1 |- |{{flagicon|Ecuador}} [[Ecuadorian American|Ecuadorian]] !478,957 !1.1 |- |{{flagicon|Peru}} [[Peruvian American|Peruvian]] !430,009 !1.0 |- |{{flagicon|Spain}} [[Spanish American|Spaniard]] !372,632 !0.8 |- |{{flagicon|Nicaragua}} [[Nicaraguan American|Nicaraguan]] !298,928 !0.7 |- |{{flagicon|Venezuela}} [[Venezuelan American|Venezuelan]] !176,451 !0.4 |- |{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Argentine American|Argentinean]] !175,944 !0.4 |- |{{flagicon|Panama}} [[Panamanian American|Panamanian]] !124,138 !0.3 |- |{{flagicon|Costa Rica}} [[Costa Rican American|Costa Rican]] !111,678 !0.3 |- |{{flagicon|Chile}} [[Chilean American|Chilean]] !93,465 !0.2 |- |{{flagicon|Bolivia}} [[Bolivian American|Bolivian]] !86,465 !0.2 |- |{{flagicon|Uruguay}} [[Uruguayan American|Uruguayan]] !46,836 !0.1 |- |{{flagicon|Paraguay}} [[Paraguayan American|Paraguayan]] !15,751 !0.0 |- |Other [[Central America]]n !115,064 !0.3 |- |Other [[South America]]n !72,541 !0.2 |- |"Spanish"/"Hispanic"/"Latino" !3,044,659 !6.9 |} The Hispanic population of [[Los Angeles County, California]], numbering 4.7 million, is the largest of any county in the nation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/releases/archives/population/010482.html |title=US Census Press Releases; More Than 300 Counties Now "Majority-Minority" |accessdate=2008-05-18 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> It comprises 47 percent of Los Angeles County's ten million residents.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-qr_name=ACS_2006_EST_G00_DP5&-geo_id=05000US06037&-ds_name=&-_lang=en&-redoLog=false |title=Los Angeles County, California - ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates: 2006 |accessdate=2008-05-18 |publisher=United States Census Bureau}}</ref> Some 64% of the nation's Hispanic population are of Mexican or [[Mexican American]] ancestry (see table). Another 9% are of Puerto Rican background, with about 3% each of [[Cuban American|Cuban]], [[Salvadoran American|Salvadoran]] and [[Dominican American|Dominican]] origins. The remainder are of other [[Central America]]n, [[South America]]n, or of descent directly from Spain. About 7% are of unspecified Hispanic or Latino national origins. Racially, a majority of Hispanic and Latino Americans are white, per both sets of government estimates: a slight majority of 52% is white per the [[American Community Survey]],<ref name=b03002>{{cite web |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/DTTable?_bm=y&-context=dt&-ds_name=ACS_2006_EST_G00_&-CONTEXT=dt&-mt_name=ACS_2006_EST_G2000_B03002&-tree_id=306&-redoLog=false&-currentselections=ACS_2006_EST_G2000_B02001&-currentselections=ACS_2006_EST_G2000_B02003&-currentselections=ACS_2006_EST_G2000_C02003&-geo_id=01000US&-search_results=01000US&-format=&-_lang=en |title=B03002. HISPANIC OR LATINO ORIGIN BY RACE |accessdate=2008-05-13 |work=2006 American Community Survey |publisher=United States Census Bureau}}</ref> a figure which rises to 93% in the Population Estimates Program, which are the official estimates.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.factfinder.census.gov/servlet/DTTable?_bm=y&-state=dt&-context=dt&-ds_name=PEP_2006_EST&-CONTEXT=dt&-mt_name=PEP_2006_EST_G2006_T004_2006&-tree_id=306&-redoLog=true&-_caller=geoselect&-currentselections=ACS_2006_EST_G2000_B02001&-currentselections=ACS_2006_EST_G2000_B02003&-currentselections=ACS_2006_EST_G2000_C02003&-geo_id=01000US&-geo_id=NBSP&-search_results=01000US&-format=&-_lang=en |title=T4-2006. Hispanic or Latino By Race <nowiki>[15]</nowiki> |accessdate=2008-05-13 |work=2006 Population Estimates |publisher=United States Census Bureau}}</ref> This is due to the absence of the [[Racial and ethnic demographics of the United States#Some other race|Some other race]] category from the official estimates, wherein the "Some other race" respondents are reallocated to the five standard, minimum race categories.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.census.gov/popest/archives/files/MRSF-01-US1.html |title=Technical Documentation for the Census 2000 Modified Race Data Summary File |accessdate=2008-05-14 |publisher=United States Census Bureau}}</ref> The overwhelming majority of Mexican Americans are concentrated in the [[Southwestern United States]], primarily [[California]], [[Texas]], [[Arizona]], [[Nevada]] and [[New Mexico]]. The majority of the Hispanic population in the [[Southeastern United States]], concentrated in [[Florida]], are of [[Cuba]]n origin. The Hispanic population in the [[Northeastern United States]], concentrated in [[New York]] and [[New Jersey]], is composed mostly of Puerto Ricans, however, the Dominican population has risen considerably in the last decade, especially in proportion to that region's total Hispanic population. The remainder of Hispanics, composed of various [[Central America]]n and South American origins, may be found throughout the country, though South Americans tend to concentrate on the [[East Coast of the United States]] (joining Puerto Ricans, Dominicans, and Cubans) and Central Americans on the [[West Coast of the United States]] (joining Mexicans/Mexican Americans). There are few recent immigrants directly from Spain. In the 2000 Census, 299,948 Americans specifically reported their ancestry as [[Spanish people|Spaniard]].<ref name=ancestry2k>{{cite web |url=http://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/c2kbr-35.pdf |title=Ancestry: 2000. Census 2000 Brief |accessdate=2008-05-13 |last=Brittingham |first=Angela |coauthors=G. Patricia de la Cruz |date=June, 2004 |format=[[Portable Document Format|PDF]]|publisher=United States Census Bureau}}</ref> Additionally, in the 2000 Census some 2,187,144 Americans reported "Spanish" as their ancestry.<ref name=ancestry2k/> {| class="wikitable" align="right" |- !colspan=4|Race by Hispanic Origin (2000)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pewhispanic.org/files/reports/35.pdf |title=Shades of Belonging |last=Tafoya |first=Sonya |accessdate=2008-05-07 |date=2004-12-06 |format=[[Portable Document Format|PDF]] |publisher=[[Pew Research Center|Pew Hispanic Center]]}}</ref> |----- ! Country of Origin ! [[White Hispanic|White]] ! [[African Hispanic|Black]] ! [[Racial and ethnic demographics of the United States#Some Other Race|Some Other Race]] |----- |{{flagicon|Mexico}} '''[[Mexican American|Mexican]]'''||47.3%||0.7||45.5 |----- |{{flagicon|Puerto Rico}} '''[[Puerto Ricans in the United States|Puerto Rican]]'''||47.2%||5.9||37.9 |----- |{{flagicon|Cuba}} '''[[Cuban American|Cuban]]'''||85.0%||3.6||7.1 |----- |{{flagicon|Dominican Republic}} '''[[Dominican American|Dominican]]'''||22.7%||8.9||58.4 |----- | '''[[Central America]]n'''||40.4%||3.3||47.6 |----- | '''[[South America]]n'''||59.6%||0.9||30.8 |----- | '''[[Hispanics in the United States|Other Hispanic]]'''||44.1%||2.0||42.2 |----- |} The Census Bureau reports a decrease in the percentages of Hispanics, of all national groups, including Spaniards, who identify themselves with a specific national origin, in favor of general labels such as "Hispanic". Several long-established Hispanic communities within the present-day territory of the United States do clearly fall within a traditional national origin category. One example is the [[Hispanic]] population of northern New Mexico and southern [[Colorado]]. These peoples trace their ancestry to Spanish settlers who arrived in the region during the late 16th century through the 17th century. People from this background often self-identify as "Hispano," "Spanish," or "Hispanic." Many of these settlers also intermarried with local Amerindians, creating a mestizo population.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nmculturenet.org/heritage/cuartocentenario/spanish_view.php |title=New Mexico CultureNet - Cuartocentenario |accessdate=2008-05-13 |publisher=New Mexico CultureNet}}</ref> Likewise, southern [[Louisiana]] is home to communities of people of [[Canary Islands]] descent, known as [[Isleño]]s, in addition to other people of Spanish ancestry. ==Notable contributions== Hispanic and Latino Americans have made many contributions to the United States in all major fields, among them [[Politics of the United States|politics]], the [[Military of the United States|military]], [[Music of the United States|music]], [[Sports in the United States|sports]], the [[Economy of the United States|economy]], and [[Science in the United States|science]]. ===Government=== [[Image:New 2000 hispanic percent.gif|thumb|right|300px|Hispanics as a percentage of the US population ([[United States Census, 2000|2000 Census Data]])]] {{main|List of Hispanic Americans in the United States Congress}} Hispanic Americans have held important positions at all levels of [[Politics of the United States|US government]]. Hispanics and Latinos in the [[United States Cabinet|Federal Cabinet]] include, among others, [[Lauro Cavazos]], former [[United States Secretary of Education|Secretary of Education]]; [[Alberto Gonzales]], former [[United States Attorney General]]; [[Carlos Gutierrez]], [[United States Secretary of Commerce|Secretary of Commerce]]; and [[Bill Richardson]], former [[United States Secretary of Energy|Secretary of Energy]] and [[United States Ambassador to the United Nations|Ambassador to the United Nations]]. In the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]], [[List of Hispanic Americans in the United States Congress|Hispanic and Latino representatives]] have included [[Romualdo Pacheco]], [[Ladislas Lazaro]], [[Antonio M. Fernández]], [[Henry B. Gonzalez]], [[Kika de la Garza]], [[Herman Badillo]], and [[Manuel Lujan, Jr.]], out of almost two dozen former Representatives. Current Representatives include [[Ileana Ros-Lehtinen]], [[Joe Baca]], [[Silvestre Reyes]], [[Nydia Velázquez]], [[Rubén Hinojosa]], [[Linda Sánchez]], and [[John Salazar]]; in all, they number twenty-three. Senators include former [[United States Senate|senators]] [[Octaviano Ambrosio Larrazolo]], [[Dennis Chavez]], and [[Joseph Montoya]] and current senators [[Mel Martinez]], [[Ken Salazar]], and [[Bob Menendez]]. Governors include former governors [[Romualdo Pacheco]], Octaviano Ambrosio Larrazolo, and [[Bob Martinez]], as well as current New Mexico governor Bill Richardson. Numerous Hispanic or Latino [[Local government in the United States|mayors and local executives]], and state and local legislators have held and currently hold office throughout the United States. ===Business=== {{Sectstub|date=May 2008}} Hispanic Americans are major contributors to the US economy and many basic jobs such as dry cleaning, cooks, dish washers, fast food chains, cleaning, and construction are held by considerable numbers of Hispanic Americans. There are many others that have started their entrepreneurship by opening up restaurants, fast food chains, stores, etc. ===Sports=== {{Sectstub|date=May 2008}} Many Hispanic Americans have excelled in sports. The large number of Hispanic and Latino American athletes that have starred in [[Major League Baseball]] includes [[Alex Rodriguez]] and [[Nomar Garciaparra]], and [[National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum]] members [[Lefty Gomez]] and [[Ted Williams]]. [[Boxing]] champion [[Oscar De La Hoya]], [[National Football League]] hall of fame football player [[Anthony Muñoz]], [[National Soccer Hall of Fame]] player [[Tab Ramos]], [[tennis]] legend [[Pancho Gonzales]], [[World Golf Hall of Fame]] golfers [[Juan "Chi-Chi" Rodríguez]] and [[Lee Trevino]] are all Hispanic or Latino Americans who have distinguished themselves in their respective fields of sport. In 1999 [[Scott Gomez]] became the first Hispanic hockey player in the [[NHL]] ===Music and entertainment=== [[Image:VMA 06.jpg|250px|thumb|[[Christina Aguilera]] is of [[Ecuador]]ian descent]] There are many Hispanic American musicians that have achieved international fame, such as [[Christina Aguilera]], [[Selena]], [[Linda Ronstadt]], [[Marc Anthony]], [[Ricky Martin]], [[Joan Baez]], [[Carlos Santana]], [[Gloria Estefan]] and [[Zack de la Rocha]]. Latino and Hispanic music remains popular in the United States and around the world. Hispanics and Latinos have also contributed many prominent actors and entertainers in the [[Television in the United States|television]] and [[Cinema of the United States|film industries]], past and present, a few of whom includes [[Jessica Alba]], [[Jennifer Lopez]], [[Ricardo Montalban]], [[Tamala Jones]], [[Lisa Rodriguez]], [[Eva Mendes]], [[Frankie J]], [[Cameron Diaz]], [[Vanessa Hudgens]], [[Jimmy Smits]], [[Salma Hayek]], [[Benicio Del Toro]], [[Martin Sheen]], [[Rita Hayworth]], [[Eva Longoria Parker]], [[Joaquin Phoenix]], [[George Lopez]], [[Maria Montez]], [[Andy Garcia]], [[Edward James Olmos]], [[Rita Moreno]], [[Anthony Quinn]], [[Raquel Welch]], [[Desi Arnaz]], [[Robert Rodriguez]], and [[Erik Estrada]]. ===Military=== {{See Also|List of Hispanic Medal of Honor recipients}} Hispanic and Latino participation in the [[military of the United States]] has occurred since the founding of the republic, and military recruitment is quite active in the nation's Hispanic communities. Tens of thousands of Latinos are deployed in the [[Iraq War]], the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|Afghanistan War]], and US military missions and bases elsewhere. ===Science and technology=== Among Hispanic Americans that have excelled in science, we find [[Luis Walter Alvarez]], [[Nobel Prize]]-winning physicist, and his son [[Walter Alvarez]], the geologist who first proposed the well-known [[Cretaceous–Tertiary extinction event|asteroid collision theory of dinosaur extinction]]; [[Ellen Ochoa]], pioneer of spacecraft technology and astronaut; [[Juan R. Cruz]], [[NASA]] aerospace engineer; and Liutenant Colonel [[Carlos I. Noriega]], NASA mission specialist and computer scientist. ==Socioeconomic circumstances== [[Immigration to the United States|Immigration]] from Hispanic countries, such as Mexico and Cuba, have followed adverse political and economic circumstances there. The strongest waves of Mexican immigrants came between the late 1970s and mid–1990s, when the value of the Mexican currency (the [[Mexican peso|peso]]) dropped suddenly to half its value, sending the country into [[History of Mexico#Economy collapses|economic shock]]. Many of the people who have come from Mexico are from the poor parts of [[Mexico City]], the [[Administrative divisions of Mexico|southern states]] with large Amerindian communities, and also the poor parts of the north of Mexico. In the late 1990s more Mexican professionals have started to work between the two countries, and some of the lower middle class has also begun to immigrate. Many of the Cuban immigrants were from privileged socioeconomic positions, and were fleeing [[Fidel Castro]]'s communist government. Some were business–owners and professionals. The move to the US was an effort to save their standard of living. ===Workforce and Average Income=== In 2002, the average individual income for Hispanics was highest amongst Cuban Americans ($38,733), and lowest amongst Dominican Americans ($28,467) and Mexican Americans ($27,877). Puerto Ricans ($33,927) and Central and South Americans ($30,444) placed in–between. In comparison, the income of the average Hispanic American is lower than the national average. Among Hispanics, Cuban Americans (28.5 percent) had the highest percentage in professional–managerial occupations, but that percentage was lower than the average for non–Hispanics (36.2 percent). In comparison, the percentage for Puerto Ricans was 20.7, Central and South Americans' was 16.8 percent and Mexican Americans' was 13.2 percent.{{Fact|date=January 2008}} ===Education=== High school graduation rates are highest among Cuban Americans (68.7 percent) and lowest among Mexican Americans (48.7 percent). Other Hispanic groups fall in–between, including Puerto Ricans (63.2 percent), Central and South Americans (60.4 percent) and Dominican Americans (51.7 percent). According to the 2000 census, Cuban Americans and Central and South Americans had the highest college graduation rates, with 19.4 percent of Cuban Americans and 16 percent of Central and South Americans 25 years and older achieving a 4–year [[Academic degree|college degree]]. Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans and Dominican Americans had considerably lower college graduation rates, with only 6.2 percent of Mexican Americans, 9.9 of Puerto Ricans and 10.9 of Dominican Americans achieving a 4–year college degree. In comparison non–Hispanic Asian Americans (43.3 percent) and non–Hispanic [[White American]]s (26.1 percent) had a higher graduation rate than all Hispanic American groups. Non–Hispanic Black Americans (14.4 percent) had a lower graduation rate than Cuban Americans and Central and South Americans but had a higher graduation rate than Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans and Dominican Americans.{{Fact|date=January 2008}} Cuban Americans have the highest attainment of graduate degrees among all Hispanic groups, with 6.7 percent. The Central and South Americans ratio is 4.2 percent. Both are lower than those of non–Hispanic [[Asian American]]s (15.6 percent) and non–Hispanic White Americans (8.7 percent). Non–Hispanic Black Americans (4.1 percent) have a higher percentage of graduate level degrees than all Hispanic groups with the exception of Cuban Americans and South and Central Americans. Of those 25 years and older only 3.1 percent of Puerto Ricans, 1.8 percent of Dominican Americans and 1.4 percent of Mexican Americans have attained a graduate level degree.{{Fact|date=January 2008}} ===Poverty=== According to [[American Community Survey|ACS Reports]], among Hispanic groups the [[poverty threshold|Poverty Rate]] is highest among Dominican Americans (28.1 percent)<ref>http://www.census.gov/prod/2007pubs/acs-03.pdf</ref> and Puerto Ricans (23.7 percent)<ref>http://www.census.gov/prod/2007pubs/acs-03.pdf</ref>. South Americans- Colombian Americans (10.6 percent) <ref>http://www.census.gov/prod/2007pubs/acs-03.pdf</ref>and Peruvian Americans (13.6 percent)<ref>http://www.census.gov/prod/2007pubs/acs-03.pdf</ref>- had the lowest poverty rates among Hispanic groups. In comparison, the average poverty rates for [[European American]]s (6.3 percent) and Asian Americans (7.1 percent) were lower than that of any Hispanic group. African Americans (21.3 percent) have a higher poverty rate than all Hispanic groups, with the exception of Dominican Americans and Puerto Ricans. ===Discrimination=== :''See also: [[Mexican American#Discrimination and stereotypes|Discrimination against Mexican Americans]] [[Hispanophobia]] has existed in various degrees throughout U.S. history, based largely on ethnicity, race, culture, [[Anti-Catholicism]], and use of the [[Spanish language]].<ref>[http://amath.colorado.edu/carnegie/lit/lynch/migrant.htm Lynching and Violence in America: Migrant Workers<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.neta.com/~1stbooks/press3b.htm press3b<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/lhr/21.1/forum_wilson.html Steven H. Wilson | Brown over "Other White": Mexican Americans' Legal Arguments and Litigation Strategy in School Desegregation Lawsuits | Law and History Review, 21.1 | The History Cooperative<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/mexican_voices/voices_display.cfm?id=104 Digital History<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> In 2006, ''[[Time (magazine)|Time Magazine]]'' reported that the number of hate groups in the United States increased by 33 percent since 2000, primarily due to anti-illegal immigrant and anti-Mexican sentiment.<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1198895,00.html How Immigration is Rousing the Zealots - TIME<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> According to [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] statistics, the number of anti-[[Latino (demonym)|Latino]] hate crimes increased by 35 percent since 2003. In California, the state with the largest Latino population, the number of hate crimes against Latinos has almost doubled.<ref>[http://www.democracynow.org/2007/12/5/fbi_statistics_show_anti_latino_hate Democracy Now! | FBI Statistics Show Anti-Latino Hate Crimes on the Rise<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> ==Political trends== {{main|Hispanic and Latino American politics}} [[Image:President Clinton's Latino Appointees.png|thumb|right|240px|President [[Bill Clinton]]'s Latino Appointees in 1998]] Some political organizations associated with Hispanic and Latino Americans are [[League of United Latin American Citizens|LULAC]], the [[United Farm Workers]], the [[Cuban American National Foundation]], and the [[National Institute for Latino Policy]]. Hispanics and Latinos differ on their political views depending on their location and background, but the majority (57%)<ref name=BG>{{cite web |url=http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2007/12/10/gop_debaters_beckon_hispanics/ |title=GOP hopefuls beckon Hispanics in debate - The Boston Globe |accessdate=2008-06-08 |last=Levenson |first=Michael |date=2007-12-10 |work=[[The Boston Globe]] |publisher=The New York Times Company}}</ref> identify themselves as Democrats or support the Democrats, as reflected in the voting results of recent decades. 23% of Hispanics and Latinos identify themselves as [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]s.<ref name=BG/> This 34% percentage point gap (as of December, 2007) was an increase from the gap of 21 points 16 months earlier. Cubans and Colombians tend to favor conservative political ideologies and support the Republicans, while Mexicans, Puerto Ricans, and Dominicans tend to favor liberal views and support the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]]; however, because the latter groups are far more numerous (Mexicans alone are 64% of Hispanics and Latinos), the Democratic Party is considered to be in a far stronger position among Hispanics overall. The Presidency of [[George W. Bush]] has had a significant impact on the political leanings of Hispanics and Latinos. As a former Governor of [[Texas]], President Bush has regarded this growing community as a potential source of growth for the conservative movement and the Republican Party,{{Fact|date=January 2008}} and he made some gains for the Republican Party among the group. In the [[United States presidential election, 1996|1996 presidential election]], 72% of Hispanics backed President [[Bill Clinton]], but in 2000, that Democratic total fell to 62%, and down further to 58% in 2004, with Democrat [[John Kerry]] winning Hispanics 58-40 over Bush. Hispanics in the West, especially in California, were much stronger for the Democratic Party than in Texas and Florida. California Latinos voted 63-32 for John Kerry in 2004, and both Arizona and New Mexico Latinos by a smaller 56-43 margin, but Texas Latinos were split nearly evenly (50-49 for Kerry), and Florida Latinos (mostly being Cuban American) backed Bush by a 54-45 margin. In the [[United States general elections, 2006|2006 midterm election]], however, due to the unpopularity of the [[Iraq War]], the heated debate concerning [[illegal immigration]], and Republican-related Congressional scandals, Latinos went as strongly Democratic as they have since the Clinton years. Exit polls showed Hispanic and Latino Americans voting for Democrats by a lopsided 69-30 margin, with Florida Latinos for the first time split evenly. The runoff election in Texas' 23rd congressional district was seen as a bellwether of Latino politics, and Democrat [[Ciro Rodriguez]]'s unexpected (and unexpectedly decisive) defeat of Republican incumbent [[Henry Bonilla]] was seen as proof of a leftward lurch among Latino voters, as heavily Latino counties overwhelmingly backed Rodriguez, and heavily [[Anglo]] counties overwhelmingly backed Bonilla. There has been talk in the media that the heated Republican opposition to the [[Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2007]] may have done significant damage to the Republican party's appeal to Hispanics and Latinos in the years to come, especially in the [[swing state]]s such as [[Florida]], [[Nevada]], and [[Colorado]]. In the [[United States presidential election, 2008|2008 U.S. Presidential election]], Hispanics and Latinos have been participating in large numbers in the [[2008 Democratic Primary|Democratic primary]]. They have often preferred [[Hillary Clinton]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.afrik.com/article12914.html |title=Obama gets another ally - Politics - United States - United Kingdom - International - Obama running for the White House - Africa |date=2008-03-22 |author=Daniel Dombey |coauthors=Andrew Ward |accessdate=2008-06-08}}</ref> ==Culture== {{Main|American culture|Hispanic culture}} The geographic, political, social, economic, and racial diversity of Hispanic and Latino Americans extends to culture, as well. Yet several features tend to unite Hispanics and Latinos from these diverse backgrounds. ===Language=== With 40% of Hispanic and Latino Americans being immigrants,<ref name=profile>{{cite web |url=http://www.factfinder.census.gov/servlet/IPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-qr_name=ACS_2006_EST_G00_S0201&-qr_name=ACS_2006_EST_G00_S0201PR&-qr_name=ACS_2006_EST_G00_S0201T&-qr_name=ACS_2006_EST_G00_S0201TPR&-reg=ACS_2006_EST_G00_S0201:400;ACS_2006_EST_G00_S0201PR:400;ACS_2006_EST_G00_S0201T:400;ACS_2006_EST_G00_S0201TPR:400&-ds_name=ACS_2006_EST_G00_&-_lang=en&-format= |title=United States - Selected Population Profile in the United States (Hispanic or Latino (of any race)) |accessdate=2008-06-11 |work=2006 American Community Survey |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> and with many of the 60% who are U.S.–born being the children or grandchildren of immigrants, [[Multilingualism|bilingualism]] is the norm in the community at large: at least 69% of all Hispanic and Latino Americans over age five are bilingual in English and Spanish, whereas up to 22% are monolingual English–speakers, and 9% are monolingual Spanish–speakers; another 0.4% speak a language other than English and Spanish at home.<ref name=lang>{{cite web |url=http://www.factfinder.census.gov/servlet/DTTable?_bm=y&-ds_name=ACS_2006_EST_G00_&-CONTEXT=dt&-mt_name=ACS_2006_EST_G2000_B16006&-redoLog=false&-geo_id=01000US&-format=&-_lang=en&-SubjectID=14829562 |title=B16006. LANGUAGE SPOKEN AT HOME BY ABILITY TO SPEAK ENGLISH FOR THE POPULATION 5 YEARS AND OVER (HISPANIC OR LATINO) |accessdate=2008-06-12 |work=2006 American Community Survey |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}} [There were 39.5 million Hispanic and Latino Americans aged 5 or more in 2006. 8.5 million of them, or 22%, spoke only English at home, and another 156,000, or 0.4%, spoke neither English nor Spanish at home. The other 30.8 million, or 78%, spoke Spanish at home. Of these, 3.7 million spoke no English, while the overwhelming majority, 27.2 million did, at these levels: 15.5 million "very well", 5.8 million "well", and 5.9 million "not well". These 27.2 million represented 69% of all (39.5 million) Hispanic and Latino Americans aged five or over in 2006, while the 3.7 monolingual Spanish–speakers represented 9%.]</ref> In all, a full 90% of all Hispanic and Latino Americans speak [[English language|English]], and at least 78% of all Hispanic and Latino Americans speak [[Spanish language|Spanish]].<ref name=lang/> The usual pattern is monolingual Spanish usage among new migrants or older foreign–born Hispanics, complete bilingualism among long settled immigrants and the children of immigrants (children and grandchildren of immigrants often speak mostly English with some Spanish words and phrases thrown in), and the use of English and/or [[Spanglish]] and colloquial Spanish within long established Hispanic communities by the third generation and beyond. ===Media=== [[Image:Univision logo.png|thumb|right|[[Univision]], the United States' largest Spanish-language television network]] The United States is home to thousands of [[Spanish language]] [[Mass media|media]] outlets, which range in size from giant commercial [[List of United States over-the-air television networks| broadcasting networks]] and major [[magazine]]s with circulations numbering in the millions, to low-power [[AM broadcasting|AM radio]] stations with listeners numbering in the hundreds. There are hundreds of [[Internet]] media outlets targeting U.S. Hispanic consumers, some of which are online versions of their printed counterparts and others online exclusively. Among the noteworthy Spanish-language media outlets are: *[[Univision]], the largest [[List of Spanish-language television channels|Spanish-language television network]] in the United States, with affiliates in nearly every major U.S. market, including numerous affiliates internationally; *[[Telemundo]], the second–largest Spanish-language television network in the United States, with affiliates in nearly every major U.S. market, including numerous affiliates internationally; *[[El Nuevo Herald]], a Spanish-language daily newspaper serving the greater [[Miami, Florida]] market; *[[Vida Latina]], a Spanish-language entertainment magazine distributed throughout the [[Southern United States]]. In the aspect of [[Public broadcasting|public television]], otherwise known as non-commercial television, there are organizations that advocate a greater degree of programming from a Hispanic or Latino perspective. The [[National Hispanic Media Coalition]] (NHMC) has been a leader since its founding in 1986 in advocating for Latino inclusion in television, radio and film.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nhmc.org/about/ |title=National Hispanic Media Coalition: About Us |accessdate=2008-06-12}}</ref> In 1999, along with a board coalition of national Latino organizations, the NHMC led a "brownout" of the national television networks after discovering that there were no Latinos in any of their new [[prime time]] shows that year.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://aspen.conncoll.edu/politicsandculture/page.cfm?key=145 |title=Politics and Culture: Making a Difference |last=Noriega |first=Chon |accessdate=2008-06-12 |publisher=[[Connecticut College]]}}</ref> This resulted in the signing of historic diversity agreements with [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]], [[CBS]], [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]], and [[NBC]] that have increased the hiring of Hispanic and Latino talent and other staff in all of the networks since then. Also prominent in this area is [[Latino Public Broadcasting]], which funds programs of educational and cultural significance to Hispanic Americans. These LPB-funded projects are distributed to various public television stations throughout the United States. ==See also== *[[Hispanic]] *[[Hispanic Australian]] *[[Hispanic British]] *[[Hispanic American British]] *[[Britons with Latin American ancestry]] *[[Latino Canadian]] *[[Afro-Latin American]] *[[White Hispanic]] *[[Mestizo]] *[[Demographics of the United States]] *[[Native Americans in the United States]] *[[Hispanicity]] ==Footnotes== {{Reflist}} ==External links== *[http://www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/congress/ Hispanic Americans in Congress] ''[[Library of Congress]]'' *[http://www.army.mil/hispanicamericans/ Hispanic Americans in the U.S. Army] *http://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/p20-535.pdf {{Hispanics in the United States}} {{Demographics of the United States}} [[Category:Hispanic American| ]] [[es:Latino (Estados Unidos)]]