History of Hong Kong
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{{History of Hong Kong}}
'''[[Hong Kong]]''' began as a coastal [[island]] geographically located in southern [[China]]. While pockets of settlements had taken place in the region with archaeological findings dating back thousands of years, regularly written records were not made until the engagement of [[History of China#Qin Dynasty: The Beginning of Imperial China|Imperial China]] and the [[British Colony]] in the territory. Starting out as a fishing village, salt production site and trading ground, it would evolve into a military port of strategic importance and eventually an international [[Financial Centre|financial centre]] that enjoys the world's 14th highest [[Measures of national income and output#Gross National Product|GDP (PPP) per capita]], supporting 33% of the foreign capital flows into [[China]].<ref>CIA gov. "[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2004rank.html CIA]." ''HK GDP 2004.'' Retrieved on [[2007-03-06]].</ref>
==Prehistoric Era==
{{main|Pre-history of Hong Kong}}
Archaeological findings suggest human activity in Hong Kong dates back over 30,000 years. Stone tools of the pre-historic people during the old stone age have been excavated in [[Sai Kung]] in [[Wong Tei Tung]]. The stone tools found in [[Sai Kung]] were perhaps from a stone tools making ground.Religious carvings on outlying islands and coastal areas have also been found, possibly related to [[Che people]] in [[Neolithic]]. The latest findings dating from the [[Paleolithic]] suggest that [[Wong Tei Tung]] (黃地峒) is one of the most ancient settlements in Hong Kong.
==Imperial China Era (221 BC - 1800s)==
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:CastlePeakMonastery.jpg|thumb|right|300px|The [[facade]] of the [[Tsing Shan Monastery]]]] -->
{{main|History of Hong Kong under Imperial China}}
The territory was incorporated into [[China]] during the [[Qin Dynasty]] (221 BC - 206 BC), and the area was firmly consolidated under [[Nam Yuet]] (203 BC - 111 BC.) Archaeological evidence indicates that the population has increased since the [[Han Dynasty]] (206 BC - 220). In the 1950s, the [[Lei Cheng Uk Han Tomb Museum|tomb at Lei Cheng Uk]] from the [[Eastern Han Dynasty]] (25 – 220) was excavated and archaeologists began to investigate the possibility that salt production flourished in Hong Kong around 2000 years ago, although conclusive evidence has not been found.
[[Tai Po Hoi]], the sea of [[Tai Po]], was a major [[pearl hunting]] harbour in China since Han Dynasty. The activities peaked during the [[Southern Han]] (917 to 971) and continued till [[Ming Dynasty]] (1368 to 1644)
During the [[Tang Dynasty]], the Guangdong region flourished as an international trading center. The ''Tuen Mun'' region in what is now Hong Kong's [[New Territories]] served as a port, naval base, salt production centre and later, base for the exploitation of pearls. [[Lantau Island]] was also the [[salt]] production centre where the salt [[smuggler]]s riots broke out against the government.
In [[1276]] during the [[Mongol]] invasion, the [[Southern Song Dynasty]] court moved to [[Fujian]], then to [[Lantau Island]] and later to today's [[Sung Wong Toi|Kowloon City]], but the child emperor, [[Zhao Bing]], after being defeated in the [[Battle of Yamen]], committed suicide by drowning with his officials. [[Tung Chung]] valley, named after a hero who gave up his life for the emperor, is believed to have been a base for the court. [[Hau Wong]], an official of the emperor is still worshipped in Hong Kong today.
However, during the Mongol period, Hong Kong saw its first population boom as Chinese refugees entered the area. The main reason for them to enter Hong Kong was because of [[wars]], [[famines]] and some groups even came here to find jobs. Five [[Chinese clan|clans]] of [[Hou|Hau]] (Hou, 候), [[Deng|Tang]] (Deng, 鄧), [[Peng (surname)|Pang]] (Peng, 彭) and [[Liao|Liu]] (Liao, 廖) and [[Wen|Man]] (Wen, 文) were claimed to be the [[Punti]] (本地人) from [[Guangdong]], [[Fujian]] and [[Jiangxi]] in [[China]]. Despite the immigration and light development of agriculture, the area was hilly and relatively barren. People had to rely on salt, pearl and fishery trades to produce income. Some clans built [[walled villages of Hong Kong|walled villages]] to protect themselves from the threat of bandits, rival clans and wild animals. The famous Chinese [[pirate]] [[Cheung Po Tsai]] also had many legendary stories in Hong Kong.
The last dynasty in China, [[Qing Dynasty]], would also be the last to come in contact with Hong Kong. As a military outpost and trading port, the Hong Kong territory would gain the attention of the world.
==Colonial Hong Kong Era (1800s - 1930s)==
{{main|History of Colonial Hong Kong (1800s - 1930s)}}
{| class="wikitable" style="width:55%; float:left"
! Date
! Treaty
! Result
|-valign=top
| January 25, [[1841]] || [[Convention of Chuenpeh]] || Preliminary cession of [[Hong Kong Island]] to the [[United Kingdom]]
|-valign=top
| August 29, [[1842]] || [[Treaty of Nanjing]] || Cession of [[Hong Kong Island]], founded as a crown colony of the [[United Kingdom]]
|-valign=top
| October 18, [[1860]] || [[Convention of Beijing]] || Cession of [[Kowloon]] (south of [[Boundary Street]])
|-valign=top
| July 1, [[1898]] || [[Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory|Second Convention of Beijing]] || Lease of the [[New Territories]] (including [[New Kowloon]])
|}
[[Image:Situationskärtchen von Kanton, Makao, Hongkong.jpg|thumb|right|140px|1888 German map of Hong Kong, [[Macau]], and [[Guangzhou|Canton (now Guangzhou)]]]]
[[Image:Treaty of Peking1887.jpg|thumb|140px|left|The [[Treaty of Peking]]]]
By the early [[19th century]], the British Empire trade was heavily dependent upon the importation of tea from China. While the British exported to China luxurious items like clocks and watches, there was an overwhelming imbalance between the trades. China developed a strong demand for silver, which was a difficult commodity to come by in large quantities for the British. The counterbalance of trades came with illegal [[opium]] entering China. [[Lin Zexu]] would become the Chinese commissioner who voiced to [[Queen Victoria]] the Qing state's opposition to the unlawful opium trade. It resulted in the [[Opium Wars]], which led to British victories over China and the cession of Hong Kong to the United Kingdom via the enactment of the new treaties in 1842.
In April 1899, the residence in [[Kam Tin]] (錦田) rebelled the ruling of the British Colonial. They defensed themselves in [[Kat Hing Wai]] (吉慶圍), a walled village. After several unsuccessful attack by the British troops, iron gate was blast open. The gate was then shipped to London for exhibition. Under the demand of the Tang (鄧) clan in 1924, the gate was eventually returned in 1925 by the 16th governor, [[Reginald Edward Stubbs| Sir Reginald Stubbs]](司徒拔爵士).
After the territorial settlements, the achievements of the era set the foundation for the culture and commerce in modern Hong Kong for years to come. The territory's commercial and industry transitioned in numerous ways: [[Hong Kong and China Gas Company]] to the [[Hongkong Electric|first electric company]]; [[Rickshaws]] transited to [[History of bus transport in Hong Kong|bus]]; [[Hongkong and Yaumati Ferry|ferries]], [[Peak Tram|trams]] and [[Imperial Airways|airline]],<ref>Wiltshire, Trea. [First published 1987] (republished & reduced 2003). Old Hong Kong - Volume One. Central, Hong Kong: Text Form Asia books Ltd. ISBN Volume One 962-7283-59-2</ref> there was no shortage of improvements. Every industry went through major transformation and growth. Other vital establishments included changes in philosophy, starting with a western-style education with [[Frederick Stewart (colonial administrator)|Frederick Stewart]],<ref>Bickley, Gillian. [1997](1997). The Golden Needle: The Biography of Frederick Stewart (1836-1889). Hong Kong. ISBN 962-8027085</ref> which was a critical step in separating Hong Kong from mainland China during the political turmoil associated with the falling [[Qing dynasty]]. The monumental start of the financial powerhouse industry of the far east began with the [[The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation|first large scale bank]].<ref>
Lim, Patricia. [2002] (2002). Discovering Hong Hong's Cultural Heritage. Central, Hong Kong: Oxford University Press. ISBN Volume One 0-19-592723-0
</ref>
The period is also challenged by the onslaught of the [[Third Pandemic]] of [[Bubonic Plague]], which resulted in the creation of [[Peak Reservation Ordinance]]<ref>{{cite book
| last = Wordie
| first = Jason
| authorlink = http://www.jasonswalks.com/About_Jason/about_jason.html
| coauthors =
| title = Streets: Exploring Hong Kong Island
| publisher = Hong Kong University Press
| date = 2002
| location = Hong Kong
| pages =74-75
| url = http://www.amazon.com/Streets-Exploring-Hong-Kong-Island/dp/9622095631/ref=sr_11_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1214701525&sr=11-1
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = 9622095631 }}</ref> and recognizing the importance of the [[Tung Wah Hospital|first hospital]]. On the outbreak of [[World War I]] in [[1914]], fear of a possible attack on the colony led to an exodus of 60,000 Chinese. Statistically Hong Kong's population continued to boom in the following decades from 530,000 in [[1916]] to 725,000 in [[1925]]. Nonetheless the crisis in mainland China in the [[1920s]] and [[1930s]] left Hong Kong vulnerable to a strategic invasion from [[Japan]].
==Japanese Occupation Era (1940s)==
[[Image:Jap occupy hk.jpg|300px|thumb|right|[[Japan]]ese soldiers marching along [[Queen's Road]] on Hong Kong Island in December 1941.]]
{{main|Battle of Hong Kong|Japanese Occupation of Hong Kong}}
Hong Kong was occupied by [[Japan]] from [[25 December]] [[1941]] to [[15 August]] [[1945]]. The period, called '3 years and 8 months' halted the economy. The British, Canadians, Indians and the Hong Kong Volunteer Defense Forces resisted the Japanese invasion commanded by [[Sakai Takashi]] which started on [[December 8]], [[1941]], eight hours after the [[attack on Pearl Harbor]]. Japanese achieved [[air superiority]] on the first day of battle and the defensive forces were outnumbered. The British and the Indians retreated from the [[Gin Drinker's Line]] and consequently from [[Kowloon]] under heavy aerial bombardment and artillery barrage. Fierce fighting continued on [[Hong Kong Island]]; the only [[Reservoirs in Hong Kong|reservoir]] was lost. Canadian [[Winnipeg Grenadiers]] fought at the crucial [[Wong Nai Chong Gap]] that secured the passage between downtown and the secluded southern parts of the island.
On [[December 25]], [[1941]] - which has gone down in history as ''Black Christmas'' to local people - British colonial officials headed by the [[Governor of Hong Kong]], [[Mark Aitchison Young]], surrendered in person at the Japanese headquarters on the third floor of [[The Peninsula Hong Kong|the Peninsula Hotel]]. [[Isogai Rensuke]] became the first Japanese governor of Hong Kong.
During the Japanese occupation, [[hyper-inflation]] and [[ration|food rationing]] became the norm of daily lives. It became unlawful to own [[Hong Kong Dollar]]s, which were replaced by the [[Japanese Military Yen]], a currency without reserves issued by the [[Imperial Japanese Army]] administration. Some estimate that as many as 10,000 women were raped in the first few days after Hong Kong's capture and large number of suspected dissidents were executed. Philip Snow, a prominent historian of the period, said that the Japanese cut rations for civilians to conserve food for soldiers, usually to starvation levels and deported many to famine- and disease-ridden areas of the [[mainland China|mainland]]. Most of the repatriated actually had come to Hong Kong just a few years earlier to flee the terror of the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]] in mainland China.
By the end of the war in 1945, the population of Hong Kong shrunk to 600,000, less than half of the pre-war population of 1.6 million. The [[communist]] takeover of [[mainland China]] in [[1949]] led to another population boom in Hong Kong. Thousands of [[refugee]]s emigrated from [[People's Republic of China|mainland China]] to Hong Kong, and made it an important entrepôt until the [[United Nations]] ordered a [[trade embargo]] on mainland China due to the [[Korean War]]. More refugees came during the [[Great Leap Forward]].
==Modern Hong Kong under British rule (1950s - 1997)==
<!-- Stick with the topic sentence -->===The 1950s===
[[Image:Hk1950srat.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Hong Kong]], 1950s]]
{{main|1950s in Hong Kong}}
Skills and capital brought by [[refugee]]s of Mainland China, especially from [[Shanghai]], along with a vast pool of cheap labor helped revive the economy. At the same time, many foreign firms relocated their offices from Shanghai to Hong Kong. Enjoying unprecedented growth Hong Kong would transform from a territory of [[entrepôt|entrepôt trade]] to industrial and manufacturing. The early industrial centers, where many of the workers spent the majority of their days, turned out anything that could be produced with small space from [[buttons]], [[artificial flowers]], [[umbrellas]], [[textile]], [[enamelware]], [[footware]] to [[plastics]].
Large squatter camps developed throughout the territory providing homes for the massive number of growing immigrants. The camps, however, posed a fire and health hazard, leading to disasters like the [[Shek Kip Mei]] fire. Governor [[Alexander Grantham]] responded with a "multi story buildings" plan as a standard. It was the beginning of the high rise buildings. Conditions in public housing were very basic with several families sharing communal cooking facilities. Other aspects of life would change as traditional [[cantonese opera]] began to overlap [[cinema of Hong Kong|big screen cinemas]]. [[Tourism in Hong Kong|The tourism industry]] would begin to formalize. [[North Point]] was known as ''"Little Shanghai"'' (小上海), since in the minds of many, it has already become the replacement for the surrendered Shanghai in China.<ref name="Wordie">Wordie, Jason. [2002] (2002) Streets: Exploring Hong Kong Island. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. ISBN 962-2095631</ref>
===The 1960s===
[[Image:Hk1960c.jpg|thumb|right|300px|[[Hong Kong]], 1960s]]
{{main|1960s in Hong Kong}}
The manufacturing industry opened a new decade utilizing large portions of the population. The period is considered the first turning point for Hong Kong's economy. The construction business would also be revamped with new detailed guidelines for the first time since [[World War II]]. While Hong Kong started out with a low [[Gross Domestic Product|GDP]], it would use the [[textile]] industry as the foundation to boost the economy. China's [[cultural revolution]] would put Hong Kong on a new political stage. Events like the [[Hong Kong 1967 riots|1967 riot]] would fill the streets with [[Improvised explosive device|home-made bomb]]s and chaos. Bomb disposal experts from the police and the [[British military]] defused as many as 8,000 home-made bombs. Statistics rated 1 in every 8 bombs were genuine.<ref>Wiltshire, Trea. [First published 1987] (republished & reduced 2003). Old Hong Kong - Volume Three. Central, Hong Kong: Text Form Asia books Ltd. Page 12. ISBN Volume Three 962-7283-61-4</ref>
Family values and Chinese tradition would be challenged like never before as people spent more time in the factories than at home. Other obstacles include water shortages, long working hours coupled with extremely low wages were all trademarks of the era. The [[H3N2|Hong Kong Flu]] of [[1968]] would infect 15% of the population.<ref name="Starling">Starling, Arthur. [2006] (2006) Plague, SARS, and the Story of Medicine in Hong Kong. HK University Press. ISBN 9622098053</ref> Amidst all the struggle, "Made in Hong Kong" went from a label that marked cheap low-grade products to a label that marked high-quality products.<ref>Buckley, Roger. [1997] (1997). Hong Kong: The Road to 1997 By Roger Buckley. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521469791</ref>
===The 1970s===
[[Image:Hong Kong 1978.jpg|thumb|right|300px|[[Hong Kong]], 1970s]]
{{main|1970s in Hong Kong}}
The 1970s also saw the extension of [[Education in Hong Kong|government subsidized education]] from six years to nine years and the creation of Hong Kong's [[Country parks and conservation in Hong Kong|country parks system]].
The opening of the mainland Chinese market and rising salaries drove many manufacturers north. Hong Kong consolidated its position as a commercial and [[Tourism in Hong Kong|tourism centre]] in the South-East Asia region. High [[life expectancy]], [[literacy]], per-capita income and other socioeconomic measures attest to Hong Kong's achievements over the last four decades of the 20th Century. Higher income also led to the introduction of the first [[private housing estates]] with [[Taikoo Shing]]. The period saw a boom in residential high rises, many of the people's homes became part of Hong Kong's skyline and scenery.
In [[1974]], [[MacLehose of Beoch|Murray McLehose]] founded [[Independent Commission Against Corruption of Hong Kong|ICAC]], the Independent Commission Against Corruption, in order to combat corruption within the [[Hong Kong Police Force|police force]]. The extent of corruption was so widespread that a mass police petition took place resisting prosecutions. Despite early opposition to the ICAC by the police force, Hong Kong was quite successful in its anti-[[political corruption|corruption]] efforts, eventually becoming one of the [[Index of perception of corruption|least corrupt societies in the world]].
===The 1980s===
[[Image:hk1989a.jpg|thumb|right|300px|[[Hong Kong]], 1980s]]
{{main|1980s in Hong Kong}}
In [[1982]], the British Prime Minister, [[Margaret Thatcher]], hoped that the increasing openness of the PRC government and the [[Economic reform in the People's Republic of China|economic reform]] in the mainland would allow the continuation of British rule. The resulting meeting, led to the signing of [[Sino-British Joint Declaration]] and the proposal of the [[One country, two systems]] concept by [[Deng Xiaoping]]. Political news dominated the media, while [[Economy of Hong Kong|real estate]] took a major upswing. The financial world would also be rattled by panics, leading to waves of policy changes and [[Black Saturday (1983)|Black Saturday]]. Meanwhile Hong Kong was now recognized as one of the most wealthy representatives of the far east. At the same time, the warnings of the 1997 [[Transfer of the sovereignty of Hong Kong|handover]] raised [[emigration]] statistics to an all new historical level. Many would leave Hong Kong for [[United States]], [[Canada]], [[United Kingdom]] and any other destination with no communist influence.
[[Cinema of Hong Kong|Hong Kong's Cinema]] would enjoy one paramount run that would put it on the international map. Some of the biggest names included [[Jackie Chan]] and [[Chow Yun-Fat]]. The music world also saw a new group of [[cantopop]] stars like [[Anita Mui]] and [[Leslie Cheung]]. But everything seemed to be overshadowed by an uncertainty of the future.
===The 1990s===
[[Image:HK1996t.jpg|thumb|right|300px|[[Hong Kong]], 1990s]]
{{main|1990s in Hong Kong|Transfer of the sovereignty of Hong Kong}}
On [[April 4]], [[1990]], the [[Hong Kong Basic Law]] was officially accepted as the mini-constitution of the Hong Kong SAR after the handover. The pro-Beijing bloc welcomed the Basic Law, calling it the most democratic legal system to ever exist in the PRC. The pro-democratic bloc criticized it as not democratic enough. In July 1992, [[Chris Patten]] was appointed as the last British [[Governor of Hong Kong]]. Patten had been Chairman of the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] in the UK until he lost his parliamentary seat in the [[United Kingdom general election, 1992|general election]] earlier that year. Relations with the PRC government in Beijing became increasingly strained, as Patten introduced democratic reforms that increased the number of elected members in the [[Legislative Council of Hong Kong|Legislative Council]]. This caused considerable annoyance to the PRC, which saw this as a breach of the Basic Law. On [[July 1]], [[1997]] Hong Kong was handed over to the People's Republic of China by the United Kingdom. The old Legislative Council, elected under Chris Patten's reforms, was replaced by the Provisional Legislative Council elected by a selection committee whose members were appointed by the PRC government. [[Tung Chee Hwa]], elected in December by a selection committee with members appointed by the PRC government, assumed duty as the first [[Chief Executive of Hong Kong]].
{|class="wikitable"
! width=50% | Unchanged after 1997
! width=50% | Changed after 1997
|-valign=top
|
#English is still taught in all schools. However, many schools teach in [[Cantonese (linguistics)|Cantonese]] in parallel with Mandarin and [[English language|English]].
#The border with the mainland continued to be patrolled as before.
#Hong Kong remained an individual member of various international organizations, such as the [[IOC]], [[APEC]] and [[WTO]].
#Hong Kong continues to negotiate and maintain its own aviation bilateral treaties with foreign countries and territories. Flights between Hong Kong and China mainland are treated as international flights (or more commonly known as inter-territorial flights in China mainland).
#Hong Kong SAR passport holders have easier access to countries in [[Europe]] and [[North America]], while mainland citizens do not. Citizens in mainland China can only apply for a visa to Hong Kong from the PRC Government. Many former colonial citizens can still use [[British National (Overseas)]] and [[British citizen]] passports after 1997. (''Main article: [[British nationality law and Hong Kong]]'')
#It continued to have more political freedoms than the [[mainland China]], including [[freedom of the press]].
#Cars in Hong Kong, unlike those in mainland China, continue to [[Driving on the left or right|drive on the left]].
#Electrical plugs ([[BS1363]]), TV transmissions ([[PAL|PAL-I]]) and many other technical standards from the United Kingdom are still utilised in Hong Kong. However, telephone companies ceased installing [[British Standard]] [[BS 6312]] telephone sockets in Hong Kong. HK also adopts the digital TV standard devised in mainland China. (''Main article: [[Technical standards in colonial Hong Kong]]'')
#Hong Kong retains a separate [[country calling code|international dialing code]] (852) and [[Hong Kong telephone numbering plan|telephone numbering plan]] from that of the [[China telephone numbering plan|mainland]]. calls between Hong Kong and the mainland still require international dialling.
#The former British military drill, marching and words of command in English continued in all disciplinary services including all civil organizations. The [[People's Liberation Army|PLA]] soldiers of the Chinese Garrison in Hong Kong have their own drills and Mandarin words of command.
#All statues of British monarchs like Queen Victoria and King George remain.
#Road names like "Queen's Road", "King's Road" remain.
||
#The Chief Executive of Hong Kong is now [[Elections in Hong Kong| elected]] by a selection committee with 800 members, who mainly are elected from among professional sectors and pro-Chinese business in Hong Kong. The governor was appointed by the United Kingdom.
#All public offices now fly the [[Flag of the People's Republic of China|flags of the PRC]] and the [[flag of Hong Kong|Hong Kong SAR]]. The [[Union Flag]] now flies only outside the British Consulate-General and other British premises.
#[[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II]]'s portrait disappeared from [[Hong Kong dollar|banknotes]], [[postage stamps]] and public offices. As of 2007, some pre-1997 coins and banknotes are still legal tenders and are in circulation.
#The 'Royal' title was dropped from almost all organisations that had been granted it, with the exception of the [[Royal Hong Kong Yacht Club]].
#Legal references to the 'Crown' were replaced by references to the 'State', and [[barrister]]s who had been appointed [[Queen's Counsel]] would now be known as [[Senior Counsel]].
#[[Public holidays in Hong Kong|Public holidays]] changed, with the [[Queen's Birthday|Queen's Official Birthday]] and other British-inspired occasions being replaced by PRC National Day and Hong Kong SAR Establishment Day.
#All the red [[Royal Mail]] [[pillar box]]es were removed from the streets of Hong Kong and replaced by green [[Hongkong Post]] boxes.
#British citizens (without right of abode in HK) are no longer able to work in Hong Kong for one year without a visa; the policy was changed on [[April 1]], [[1997]].
#Secondary education will move away from the English model of five years secondary schooling plus two years of university matriculation to the Chinese model of three years of junior secondary plus another three years of senior secondary. University education extends from three years to four.
|-
</table>
==Modern Hong Kong under China (post 1997 - Present)==
[[Image:Hongkong Evening Skyline.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Hong Kong, 2000s]]
===The 2000s===
{{main|2000s in Hong Kong}}
The new millennium signalled a series of events. A sizeable portion of the population that was previously against the handover found itself living with the adjustments. [[Hong Kong Basic Law Article 23|Article 23]] became a controversy, and led to a [[Hong Kong Basic Law Article 23#Timeline|marches]] in different parts of Hong Kong with as many as 750,000 people out of a population of approximately 6,800,000 at the time. The government also dealt with the [[Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome|SARS outbreak]] in [[2003]]. Other health crisis such as the [[Global spread of H5N1|Bird Flu Pandemic]] (H5N1) gained momentum from the late 90s, and led to the disposal of millions of chicken and poultry. The slaughtering put Hong Kong at the center of global discussions. At the same time, the economy is trying to rebound fiscally. [[Hong Kong Disneyland]] was also introduced in the much turbulent time. In a very short time, the political climate heated up and the [[Chief Executive of Hong Kong|Chief Executive]] position would be challenged culturally, politically and managerially.
==See also==
[[Image:Flag of Hong Kong.svg|thumb|right|200px|[[Flag of Hong Kong]]]]
*[[History of China]] ([[Timeline of Chinese history|timeline]])
*[[History of the People's Republic of China]]
*[[British Empire]]
*[[British nationality law and Hong Kong]]
*[[Secretary of State for War and the Colonies]] (1801-1854)
*[[Secretary of State for the Colonies]] (1768-1782 and 1854-1966)
*[[Secretary of State for Commonwealth Affairs]] (1966-1968)
*[[Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs]] (since 1968)
*[[Governor of Hong Kong]]
*[[Declared monuments of Hong Kong]]
*[[Museums in Hong Kong]]
== Further reading ==
* Linda Butenhoff: ''Social movements and political reform in Hong Kong,'' Westport, Conn. [u.a.] : Praeger 1999, ISBN 0-275-96293-8
==External links==
{{Portal Hong Kong}}
* [http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/CE/Museum/History/en/index.php Hong Kong Museum of History website]
* [http://www.asiasociety.org/speeches/wong.html A speech script on history of Hong Kong]
* [http://www.hku.hk/hkprehis/biblio2.htm Bibliography of Hong Kong Archaeology on the University of Hong Kong website]
*[http://www.stanfordprojects.co.uk/index.html "Story of the Stanford family and the effect of the fall of Hong Kong in 1941."]
*[http://sunzi1.lib.hku.hk/bldho/ Basic Law Drafting History Online] -University of Hong Kong Libraries, Digital Initiatives
*[http://xml.lib.hku.hk/gsdl/db/oelawhk/search.shtml/ Historical Laws of Hong Kong Online] - University of Hong Kong Libraries, Digital Initiatives
*Sidney C. H. Cheung, [http://www.asa2000.anthropology.ac.uk/cheung/cheung.html Martyrs, Mystery and Memory Behind the Colonial Shift] - Anti-British resistance movement in 1899
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{History of Asia}}
[[Category:History of Hong Kong| ]]
[[Category:National histories|Hong Kong]]
[[es:Historia de Hong Kong]]
[[fr:Histoire de Hong Kong]]
[[gl:Historia urbana de Hong Kong]]
[[ja:香港の歴史]]
[[vi:Lịch sử Hồng Kông]]
[[zh-yue:香港史]]
[[zh:香港歷史]]