History of Southeast Asia 37702 221665129 2008-06-25T15:01:38Z 122.3.206.1 [[Image:ASEAN members.png|250px|thumb|right|Location of [[Southeast Asia]].]] [[Image:PtomelyAsiaDetail.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Detail of Asia in Ptolemy's world map. Gulf of the Ganges left, Southeast Asian peninsula in the center, China Sea right, with "Sinae" (China).]] The '''history of [[Southeast Asia]]''' has been characterized as interaction between regional players and foreign powers. Though 11 countries currently make up the region, the history of each country is intertwined with all the others. For instance, the Malay empires of [[Srivijaya]] and Malacca covered modern day Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore while the Burmese, Thai, and Khmer peoples governed much of [[Indochina]]. At the same time, opportunities and threats from the east and the west shaped the direction of Southeast Asia. The history of the countries within the region only started to develop independently of each other after European [[colonialism|colonialization]] was at full steam between the 17th and the 20th century. Evidences suggest that the earliest non-aboriginal [[Southeast Asia]]ns came from southern [[China]] and were [[Austronesian speakers]]. Contemporary research by anthropologists, linguists (Blust, Reid, Ross, Pawley), and archaeologists (Bellwood) suggests that the inhabitants of the [[Malay Archipelago]] migrated from southern China to islands of the Philippines around 2,500 BCE and later spread to modern day Malaysia and Indonesia. The earliest population of Southeast Asia was [[animist]] before [[Hinduism]] and [[Buddhism]] were exported from the [[Indian subcontinent]]. [[Islam]] arrived mostly through [[India]]n Muslims and later dominated much of the archipelago around the 13th century while [[Christianity]] came along when European colonization started around the 16th century. During the classical age, the existence of Southeast Asia had been known to the Greeks. The Greek astronomer [[Ptolemy]] in his ''Geographia'' named the [[Malay Peninsula]] as ''Aurea Chersonesus'' (Golden Peninsula) while [[Java (island)|Java]] was called ''Labadius''. Labadius was probably a corruption of Sanskrit ''Yavadvipa'' which refers to the same island. An ancient Hindu text may have earlier referred to [[Southeast Asia]] as ''[[Suwannaphum|Suvarnabhumi]]'' which means land of gold. The region has been an important source of spices and this was one of the reasons European explorers were attracted to the [[Far East]]. During the colonization period, states of the region became important assets to the British, the Dutch and the French. [[British Malaya]] for instance was the world's largest producer of tin and rubber while the [[Dutch East Indies]] was the source of Dutch's wealth. During the 1990s, Southeast Asia emerged as the fastest growing economy in the world. Its successes have made some to call Southeast Asia as an economic miracle and "[[Four Asian Tigers]]". Though the [[Asian Financial Crisis]] struck in the late 1990s and left many crippled, the economy of the region has started to pick up again at a more sustainable rate as demand from the [[United States of America|United States]] and [[People's Republic of China]] soar. ==Prehistory== ===Paleolithic=== [[Image:SEAsia.jpg|right|thumb|300px|[[Landform]]s of [[Southeast Asia]], from the relief globe at the [[Field Museum of Natural History]], [[Chicago]] ]] Before the latest ice period, much of the archipelago was not under water. Sometime around the [[Pleistocene]] period, the [[Sunda Shelf]] was flooded as thawing occurred and thus revealing current geographical features. The area's first known human-like inhabitant some 500,000 years ago was "[[Java Man]]" (first classified as Pithecanthropus erectus, then subsequently named a part of the species [[Homo erectus]]). Recently discovered was a species of human, dubbed "Flores Man" ([[Homo floresiensis]]), a miniature hominid that grew only three feet tall. Flores Man seems to have shared some islands with Java Man until only 10,000 years ago, when they became extinct. The oldest human settlement in Malaysia has been discovered in [[Niah Caves]]. The human remains found there have been dated back to 40,000 BC. Another remain dated back to 9,000 BC dubbed the "Perak Man" and tools as old as 75,000 years have been discovered in [[Lenggong]], Malaysia. ===Mesolithic and early agricultural societies=== [[Agriculture]] was a natural development based on necessity. Before agriculture, [[hunting and gathering]] sufficed to provide food. The [[chicken]] and [[pig]] were domesticated here, millennia ago. So much food was available that people could gain status by giving food away in feasts and festivals, where all could eat their fill. These ''big men'' (Malay: ''orang kaya'') would work for years, accumulating the food (wealth) needed for the festivals provided by the ''orang kaya''. These individual acts of generosity or kindness are remembered by the people in their oral histories, which serves to provide ''credit'' in more dire times. These customs ranged throughout Southeast Asia, stretching, for example, to the island of [[Papua]]. The agricultural technology was exploited after population pressures increased to the point that systematic intensive farming was required for mere survival, say of [[yam (vegetable)|yams]] (in Papua) or [[rice]] (in Indonesia). [[Paddy field|Rice paddies]] are well-suited for the monsoons of [[Southeast Asia]]. The rice paddies of Southeast Asia have existed for millennia, with evidence for their existence coeval with the rise of agriculture in other parts of the globe. Yam cultivation in Papua, for example, consists of placing the tubers in prepared ground, heaping vegetation on them, waiting for them to propagate, and harvesting them. This work sequence is still performed by the women in the traditional societies of Southeast Asia; the men might perform the heavier duties of preparing the ground, or of fencing the area to prevent predation by pigs. The earliest known community in Thailand - dated 3,000 BC - was located in [[Ban Chiang]]. In [[Burma]] around 1,500 BC, the [[Mon people|Mon]] started to move in while the [[Tai peoples|Tai]] people later came from southern China to reside in the mainland in the first millennium AD. ===Early Metal Phases in Southeast Asia=== It was around 2,500 BC that the [[Austronesian people]] started to populate the archipelago and introduced primitive ironworks technology that they had mastered to the region. By around the 5th century BC, people of the [[Dong Son culture]], who lived in what is now [[Vietnam]], had mastered basic metal working. Their works are the earliest known metal object to be found by archeologists in Southeast Asia. ==Ancient and classical kingdoms== [[Southeast Asia]] has been inhabited since [[prehistoric]] times. The communities in the region evolved to form complex cultures with varying degrees of influence from [[India]] and [[China]]. The ancient kingdoms can be grouped into two distinct categories. The first is [[agrarian]] kingdoms. Agrarian kingdoms had agriculture as the main economic activity. Most agrarian states were located in mainland Southeast Asia. Examples are the [[Ayutthaya Kingdom]], based on the [[Chao Phraya]] River delta and the [[Khmer Empire]] on the [[Tonle Sap]]. The second type is [[Maritime nation|maritime]] states. Maritime states were dependent on sea trade. [[Sultanate of Malacca|Malacca]] and [[Srivijaya]] were maritime states. A succession of trading systems dominated the trade between China and India. First, goods were shipped through [[Funan]] to the [[Isthmus of Kra]], portaged across the narrow , and then [[transhipped]] for India and points west. Around the sixth century, CE merchants began sailing to Srivijaya where goods were transhipped directly. The limits of technology and contrary winds during parts of the year made it difficult for the ships of the time to proceed directly from the Indian Ocean to the South China Sea. The third system involved direct trade between the Indian and Chinese coasts. Very little is known about Southeast Asian religious beliefs and practices before the advent of Indian merchants and religious influences from the second century BCE onwards. Prior to the 13th century, [[Buddhism]] and [[Hinduism]] were the main religions in Southeast Asia. The first dominant power to arise in the archipelago was [[Srivijaya]] in [[Sumatra]]. From the fifth century CE, the capital, [[Palembang]], became a major seaport and functioned as an [[entrepot]] on the [[Spice Route]] between India and China. Srivijaya was also a notable center of [[Vajrayana]] Buddhist learning and influence. Srivijaya's wealth and influence faded when changes in nautical technology in the tenth century CE enabled Chinese and Indian merchants to ship cargo directly between their countries and also enabled the [[Chola dynasty|Chola]] state in southern India to carry out a series of destructive attacks on Srivijaya's possessions, ending Palembang's entrepot function. In the [[Philippines]], the [[Laguna Copperplate Inscription]] dating from 900 CE relates a granted debt from a ''Maharlika'' caste nobleman named ''Namwaran'' who lived in the [[Manila]] area. This document shows strong Srivijayan influence, and mentions a leader of [[Medan]], [[Sumatra]]. [[Java (island)|Java]] was dominated by a kaleidoscope of competing agrarian kingdoms including the [[Sailendra]]s, [[Kingdom of Mataram|Mataram]], and finally [[Majapahit]]. ==European colonization== [[Image:IndoChina1886.jpg|250px|thumb|Map of the mainland in 1886.]] [[European ethnic groups|European]]s first came to Southeast Asia in the sixteenth century. It was the lure of trade that brought Europeans to Southeast Asia while missionaries also tagged along the ships as they hoped to spread [[Christianity]] into the region. [[Portugal]] was the first European power to establish a bridgehead into the lucrative Southeast Asia trade route with the conquest of the [[Sultanate of Malacca]] in 1511. The [[Netherlands]] and [[Spain]] followed and soon superseded Portugal as the main European powers in the region. The Dutch took over [[Malacca]] from the Portuguese in 1641 while Spain began to colonize the [[Philippines]] (named after [[Phillip II of Spain]]) from 1560s. Acting through the [[Dutch East India Company]], the Dutch established the city of Batavia (now [[Jakarta]]) as a base for trading and expansion into the other parts of [[Java (island)|Java]] and the surrounding territory. Britain, in the form of the [[British East India Company]], came relatively late onto the scene. Starting with [[Penang]], the British began to expand their Southeast Asian empire. They also temporarily possessed Dutch territories during the [[Napoleonic Wars]], In 1819 [[Stamford Raffles]] established [[Singapore]] as a key trading post for Britain in their rivalry with the Dutch. However, their rivalry cooled in 1824 when an [[Anglo-Dutch treaty]] demarcated their respective interests in Southeast Asia. From the 1850s onwards, the pace of colonization shifted to a significantly higher gear. This phenomenon, denoted [[New Imperialism]], saw the conquest of nearly all Southeast Asian territories by the colonial powers. The Dutch East India Company and British East India Company were dissolved by their respective governments, who took over the direct administration of the colonies. Only [[Thailand]] was spared the experience of foreign rule, although, Thailand itself was also greatly affected by the power politics of the Western powers. By 1913, the British occupied [[Burma]], [[British Malaya|Malaya]] and the [[Borneo]] territories, the [[France|French]] controlled [[Indochina]], the Dutch ruled the [[Netherlands East Indies]] while [[Portugal]] managed to hold on to [[Portuguese Timor]]. In the Philippines, Filipino revolutionaries declared independence from Spain in [[1898]] but was handed over to the United States despite protests as a result of the [[Spanish-American War]]. Colonial rule had a profound effect on Southeast Asia. While the colonial powers profited much from the region's vast resources and large market, colonial rule did develop the region to a varying extent. Commercial agriculture, mining and an export based economy developed rapidly during this period. Increased labor demand resulted in mass immigration, especially from [[British India]] and [[China]], which brought about massive demographic change. The institutions for a modern [[nation state]] like a state bureaucracy, courts of law, print media and to a smaller extent, modern education, sowed the seeds of the fledgling [[nationalism|nationalist]] movements in the colonial territories. ==Decolonization== In the inter-war years, these nationalist movements grew and often clashed with the colonial authorities when they demanded [[self-determination]]. With the rejuvenated nationalist movements in wait, the Europeans returned to a very different Southeast Asia after [[World War II]]. [[Indonesia]] declared independence in [[17 August]] [[1945]] and subsequently fought a bitter war against the returning Dutch; the Philippines were granted independence in 1946; Burma secured their independence from Britain in 1948, and the [[France|French]] were driven from [[Indochina]] in 1954 after a bitterly fought war against the Vietnamese nationalists. The newly-established [[United Nations]] provided a forum both for nationalist demands and for the newly demanded independent nations. During the [[Cold War]], countering the threat of [[communism]] was a major theme in the [[decolonization]] process. After suppressing the communist insurrection during the [[Malayan Emergency]] from 1948 to 1960, Britain granted independence to [[Federation of Malaya|Malaya]] and later, [[Singapore]], [[Sabah]] and [[Sarawak]] in 1957 and 1963 respectively within the framework of the [[Federation of Malaysia]]. In one of the most bloody single incidents of violence in Cold War Southeast Asia, General Suharto [[Overthrow of Sukarno|seized power in Indonesia]] in 1965 and initiated a massacre of approximately 500,000 alleged members of the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI). Recent evidence from the US National Security Archive published by George Washington University suggests this massacre was carried out with the support of the United States embassy in Jakarta, which supplied lists of names of suspected PKI members to Suharto. [http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB52/#FRUS] The United States intervention against communist forces in Indochina during a conflict commonly referred to in the United States as the [[Vietnam War]] meant that [[Vietnam]], [[Laos]] and [[Cambodia]] had to go through a prolonged and protracted war in their route to independence. In 1975, Portuguese rule ended in East Timor. However, independence was short-lived as Indonesia annexed the territory soon after. Finally, Britain ended its protectorate of the Sultanate of [[Brunei]] in [[1984]], marking the end of European rule in Southeast Asia. ==Contemporary Southeast Asia== <!-- Unsourced image removed: [[Image:Lit-up CBD from Raffles City - RGW.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Skyline of Singapore city]] --> Modern Southeast Asia has been characterized by high economic growth by most countries and closer regional integration. [[Indonesia]], [[Malaysia]], the [[Philippines]], [[Singapore]] and [[Thailand]] have traditionally experienced high growth and are commonly recognized as the more developed countries of the region. As of late, [[Vietnam]] too had been experiencing an economic boom. However, [[Myanmar]], [[Cambodia]], [[Laos]] and the newly independent [[East Timor]] are still lagging economically. On [[August 8]], [[1967]], [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations]] (ASEAN) was founded by Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and the Philippines. Since Cambodian admission into the union in 1999, East Timor is the only Southeast Asian country that is not part of ASEAN, although plans are under way for eventual membership. The association aims to enhance cooperation among Southeast Asian community. [[ASEAN Free Trade Area]] has been established to encourage greater trade among ASEAN members. ASEAN has also been a front runner in greater integration of Asia-Pacific region through [[East Asia Summit]]s. ==See also== *[[Buddhism in Southeast Asia]] *[[Hinduism in Southeast Asia]] *[[History of Asia]] *[[History of present-day nations and states]]: ** [[History of Brunei]] ** [[History of Cambodia]] ** [[History of East Timor]] ** [[History of Indonesia]] ** [[History of Laos]] ** [[History of Malaysia]] ** [[History of Myanmar]] ** [[History of the Philippines]] ** [[History of Singapore]] ** [[History of Thailand]] ** [[History of Vietnam]] ==Further reading== *Church, Peter. ''A Short History of South East Asia'', 4th Edition ISBN 0-470-82181-7 *Heidhues,Mary Somer. "'Southeast Asia: A Concise History" ISBN 0-500-28303-6 *{{cite book | author=[[R.C. Majumdar|Majumdar, R.C.]] | title=India and South-East Asia | publisher=I.S.P.Q.S. History and Archaeology Series Vol. 6 | year=1979 | id=ISBN 81-7018-046-5}} *Osborne, Milton. ''Southeast Asia. An introductory history''. ISBN 1-86508-390-9 *Tarling, Nicholas (ed). ''The Cambridge history of Southeast Asia'' Vol I-IV. ISBN 0-521-66369-5 *{{cite book | author=[[Paul Michel Munoz|Munoz, Paul Michel]] | title=Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula | publisher=Editions Didier Millet | year=2006 | id=ISBN 9814155675}} ==External links== * [http://www.i3pep.org/archives/2004/11/18/ancient-southeast-asia/ Ancient Southeast Asia] * [http://www.aseanfocus.com/publications/history_of_sea.html A Short History of South East Asia] * [http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Topic:Southeast_Asian_History Wikiversity - Department of Southeast Asian History] [[Category:History of Southeast Asia]] [[de:Maharlika]] [[fr:Histoire de l'Asie du Sud-Est]] [[ko:동남아시아사]] [[id:Sejarah Asia Tenggara]] [[tl:Mga estado sa lipunan sa Pilipinas bago ang kolonisasyon]] [[vi:Lịch sử Đông Nam Á]]