History of coffee 5612891 224214937 2008-07-07T20:59:54Z Tzimtzum1 7414030 {{Mergefrom|Origins of coffee|date=June 2007}} {{Mergefrom|Social aspects of coffee|date=September 2007}} The '''history of coffee''' has been recorded as far back as the [[eleventh century]]<ref>Coffee Timeline, at History of Coffee: http://www.telusplanet.net/public/coffee/history.htm</ref>. During that time,coffee remained largely confined to [[Ethiopia]] where its native beans were first cultivated. Ethiopian highlanders first cultivated the coffee bean. However, the [[Arab]] world began expanding its trade horizons, and the beans moved into northern [[Africa]] and were mass-cultivated. From there, the beans entered the [[India]]n and [[Europe]]an markets, and the popularity of the beverage spread. ==Origins== {{main|Origins of coffee}} [[Image:Coffeepalestine1.jpg|thumb|200px|Arab women grinding coffee the old fashioned way. 1905.]] The word "coffee" entered English in [[1598]] via Italian ''caffè''. This word was created via [[Turkish language|Turkish]] ''kahve'', which in turn came into being via [[Arabic language|Arabic]] ''qahwa'', a truncation of ''qahhwat al-bun'' or ''wine of the bean''. Traditional [[Islam]] prohibits the use of alcohol as a beverage, and coffee provided a suitable alternative to [[wine]]. There are several legendary accounts of the origin of the drink itself. One account involves the Yemenite Sufi mystic Shaikh ash-Shadhili. When traveling in Ethiopia, the legend goes, he observed goats of unusual vitality, and, upon trying the berries that the goats had been eating, experienced the same vitality. A similar myth attributes the discovery of coffee to an Ethiopian goatherder named [[Kaldi]] and the [[Legend of Dancing Goats]]. One possible origin of both the beverage and the name is the [[Kingdom of Kaffa]] in [[Ethiopia]], where the coffee plant originated (its name there is ''bunn'' or ''bunna''). ==The Muslim world== [[Image:Bedouincoffeecup.jpg|thumb|[[Syrian]] [[Bedouin]] from a beehive village in [[Aleppo]], [[Syria]], sipping the traditional murra coffee, [[1930]].]] The earliest mention of coffee may be a reference to [[Bunchum]] in the works of the 10th century CE [[Persian people|Persian]] physician [[Rhazes|Razi]], but more definite information on the preparation of a beverage from the roasted coffee berries dates from several centuries later. The most important of the early writers on coffee was Abd al-Qadir al-[[Jaziri]], who in 1587 compiled a work tracing the history and legal controversies of coffee entitled "Umdat al safwa fi hill al-qahwa".<ref>The 19th-century orientalist Antoine Isaac [[Silvestre de Sacy]] edited the first two chapters of al-[[Jaziri]]'s manuscript and included it in the second edition of his [[Chrestomathie Arabe]] (Paris, 1826, 3 vols.). [[Galland]]'s 1699 work was recently reissued (Paris: Editions La Bibliothque, 1992).</ref> He reported that one [[Sheikh]], Jamal-al-Din al-Dhabhani, mufti of Aden, was the first to adopt the use of coffee (circa 1454). Coffee's usefulness in driving away sleep made it popular among Sufis. A translation<ref> Al-Jaziri's manuscript work is of considerable interest with regards to the history of coffee in Europe as well. A copy reached the French royal library, where it was translated in part by [[Antoine Galland]] as [[De l'origine et du progrès du Cafe]].</ref> traces the spread of coffee from Arabia Felix (the present day Yemen) northward to [[Mecca]] and [[Medina]], and then to the larger cities of [[Cairo]], [[Damascus]], [[Baghdad]], and [[Istanbul]].{{Fact|date=March 2007}} Coffee beans were first exported from Ethiopia to [[Yemen]]. Yemeni traders brought coffee back to their homeland and began to cultivate the bean.{{Fact|date=March 2007}} The first coffee house was Kiva Han, which opened in Istanbul in 1471<ref name = Meyers>{{cite web| last =Meyers | first =Hannah | title ="Suave Molecules of Mocha" -- Coffee, Chemistry, and Civilization | work = | publisher = | date =2005-03-07 | url = http://www.newpartisan.com/home/suave-molecules-of-mocha-coffee-chemistry-and-civilization.html | | accessdate =2007-02-03}}</ref> Coffee was at first not well received. In 1511, it was forbidden for its stimulating effect by conservative, orthodox imams at a theological court in [[Mecca]]. However, the popularity of the drink led these bans to be overturned in 1524 by an order of the [[Ottoman Dynasty|Ottoman Turkish]] [[Sultan]] [[Selim I]]. In [[Cairo]], Egypt, a similar ban was instituted in 1532, and the coffeehouses and warehouses containing coffee beans were sacked.<ref><!--p. 291 f. was translated as "pages=291" inside the cite book template-->{{cite book |author=J. E. Hanauer | title= Folk-lore of the Holy Land | year= 1907 |pages=291 |chapter=About Coffee | quote=(...) [All] the coffee-houses [were] closed, and their keepers pelted with the sherds of their pots and cups. This was in 1524, but by an order of Selìm I., the decrees of the learned were reversed, the disturbances in Egypt quieted, the drinking of coffee declared perfectly orthodox}}. </ref> Similarly, coffee was banned by the [[Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church|Ethiopian Orthodox Church]] some time before the 17th century, along with smoking tobacco and chewing the mild stimulant [[khat]], as it was seen as a Muslim and pagan practice.<ref>Merid W. Aregay, "The Early History of Ethiopia's Coffee Trade and the Rise of Shawa," in ''The Journal of African History'', Vol. 29, No. 1, Special Issue in Honour of Roland Oliver. (1988), p. 20</ref> However, in the second half of the 19th century, Ethiopian attitudes softened towards coffee drinking, and its consumption spread rapidly between 1880 and 1886; according to Richard Pankhurst, "this was largely due to [Emperor] [[Menelek II of Ethiopia|Menilek]], who himself drank it, and to [[Abuna Mattheos X|Abuna Matewos]] who did much to dispel the belief of the clergy that it was a Muslim drink."<ref>Richard Pankhurst, ''Economic History of Ethiopia'' (Addis Ababa: Haile Selassie I University, 1968), p. 198</ref> ==Europe== Coffee was first imported to Italy. The vibrant trade between the Italian city of [[Venice]] and the Muslims in North Africa, Egypt, and the East brought a large variety of African goods, including coffee, to this leading European port. Venetian merchants decided to introduce coffee to the wealthy in Venice, charging them heavily for the beverage. In this way, coffee was introduced to Europe. Coffee became more widely accepted after it was "baptized" by Pope Clement VIII in 1600 despite appeals to ban the Muslim drink. The first European coffee house (apart from those in the Ottoman Empire, mentioned above) was opened in Italy in 1645.<ref name = Meyers/> ===England=== Largely through the efforts of the [[British East India Company]] and the [[Dutch East India Company]], coffee became available in England no later than the 16th century according to [[Leonhard Rauwolf]]'s 1583 account. The first [[coffeehouse]] in [[England]] was opened in St. Michael's Alley in [[Cornhill, London|Cornhill]]. The proprietor was Pasqua Rosée, the servant of Daniel Edwards, a trader in Turkish goods. Edwards imported the coffee and assisted Rosée in setting up the establishment. The popularity of coffeehouses spread rapidly in Europe, and later, America. By 1675, there were more than 3,000 coffeehouses in England. The banning of women from coffehouses was not universal, but does appear to have been common in Europe. In Germany women frequented them, but in England they were banned<ref> {{cite web | last = | first = | title = Coffee History | url=http://humboldtcoffee.com/History.htm | accessdate = 2007-10-27 }}</ref>. Many believed coffee to have several medicinal properties in this period. For example, a [[1661]] [[Tract (literature)|tract]] entitled "A character of coffee and coffee-houses", written by one "M.P.", lists some of these perceived virtues: ::{{cquote|'Tis extolled for drying up the Crudities of the Stomack, and for expelling Fumes out of the Head. Excellent Berry! which can cleanse the English-man's Stomak of Flegm, and expel Giddinesse out of his Head.}} Not everyone was in favour of this new commodity, however. For example, the anonymous [[1674]] "Women's Petition Against Coffee" declared: ::{{cquote|…the Excessive Use of that Newfangled, Abominable, Heathenish Liquor called ''COFFEE'' […] has […] ''Eunucht'' our Husbands, and Crippled our more kind ''Gallants'', that they are become as ''Impotent'', as Age.[http://staff-www.uni-marburg.de/~gloning/wom-pet.htm]}} ===France=== [[Antoine Galland]] (1646-1715) in his aforementioned translation described the Muslim association with coffee, tea and chocolate: "We are indebted to these great [Arab] physicians for introducing coffee to the modern world through their writings, as well as sugar, tea, and chocolate." Galland reported that he was informed by Mr. de la Croix, the interpreter of [[Louis XIV of France|King Louis XIV]] of France, that coffee was brought to Paris by a certain [[Jean de Thévenot|Mr. Thevenot]], who had travelled through the East. On his return to that city in 1657, Thevenot gave some of the beans to his friends, one of whom was de la Croix. However, the major spread of the popularity of this beverage in Paris was soon to come. In 1669, Soleiman Agha, Ambassador from Sultan [[Mehmed IV]], arrived in Paris with his entourage bringing with him a large quantity of coffee beans. Not only did they provide their French and European guests with coffee to drink, but they also donated some beans to the royal court. Between July 1669 and May 1670, the Ambassador managed to firmly establish the custom of drinking coffee among Parisians. [[Image:Melange.jpg|thumb|[[Wiener Melange|Melange]] in Vienna]] ===Austria === The first coffeehouse in [[Austria]] opened in [[Vienna]] in 1683 after the [[Battle of Vienna]], by using supplies from the spoils obtained after defeating the [[Ottoman Empire|Turks]]. The officer who received the coffee beans, Polish military officer [[Jerzy Franciszek Kulczycki]], opened the coffee house and helped popularize the custom of adding sugar and milk to the coffee. Until recently, this was celebrated in Viennese coffeehouses by hanging a picture of Kulczycki in the window. ''Melange'' is the typical Viennese coffee, which comes mixed with hot foamed milk and a glass of water. The first coffeehouses in [[Poland]] were opened in [[Kraków]] in the 16th or 17th century because of their close trade ties with the East, most notably the Turks.{{Fact|date=October 2007}} ==Production== The introduction of coffee to the Americas is attributed to France through its colonization of many parts of the continent starting with the Martinique and the colonies of the West Indies where the first French coffee plantations were founded. The first coffee plantation in [[Brazil]] occurred in [[1727]] when Lt. Col. Francisco de Melo Palheta smuggled seeds from [[French Guiana]]. By the 1800s, Brazil’s harvests would turn coffee from an elite indulgence to a drink for the masses. Brazil, which like most other countries cultivates coffee as a commercial commodity, relied heavily on slave labor from [[Africa]] for the viability of the plantations until the [[abolition]] of slavery in [[1888]]. The success of coffee in 17th-century Europe was paralleled with the spread of the habit of [[tobacco smoking]] all over the continent during the course of the [[Thirty Years' War]] ([[1618]]&ndash;[[1648|48]]). For many decades in the 19th and early 20th centuries, Brazil was the biggest producer of coffee and a virtual monopolist in the trade. However, a policy of maintaining high prices soon opened opportunities to other nations, such as [[Colombia]],<ref>{{citebook|title=Coffee in Colombia, 1850–1970: An Economic, Social and Political History |author= Marco Palacios||year=2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|id=ISBN 0521528593}}</ref> [[Guatemala]], [[Indonesia]] and [[Viet Nam]], now second only to Brazil as the major coffee producer in the world. Large-scale production in Vietnam began following normalization of trade relations with the US in 1995.<ref>[http://www.ineedcoffee.com/02/04/vietnam/ Vietnam: Silent Global Coffee Power] by Alex Scofield</ref> Nearly all of the coffee grown there is Robusta.<ref>International Coffee Organization. Total Production of Exporting Countries: Crop Years 2000/01 to 2005/06. [http://www.ico.org/prices/po.htm] Accessed December 8, 2006.</ref> Despite the origins of coffee cultivation in Ethiopia, that country produced only a small amount for export until the Twentieth Century, and much of that not from the south of the country but from the environs of [[Harar]] in the northeast. The [[Kingdom of Kaffa]], home of the plant, was estimated to produce between 50,000 and 60,000 kilograms of coffee beans in the 1880s. Commercial production effectively began in 1907 with the founding of the inland port of [[Gambela, Ethiopia|Gambela]], and greatly increased afterwards: 100,000 kilograms of coffee was exported from Gambela in 1908, while in 1927-8 over 4 million kilograms passed through that port.<ref>Pankhurst, ''Economic History'', p. 202</ref> Coffee plantations were also developed in [[Arsi Province]] at the same time, and were eventually exported by means of the [[Imperial Railway Company of Ethiopia|Addis Ababa - Djibouti Railway]]. While only 245,000 kilograms were freighted by the Railway, this amount jumped to 2,240,000 kilograms by 1922, surpassed exports of "Harari" coffee by 1925, and reached 9,260,000 kilograms in 1936.<ref>Pankhurst, ''Economic History'', p. 203</ref> Australia is a minor coffee producer, with little product for export, but its coffee history goes back to 1880 when the first of 500 acres began to be developed in an area between northern New South Wales and Cooktown. Today there are several producers of Arabica coffee in Australia that use a mechanical harvesting system invented in 1981. [http://www.arabicas.com.au/story.html] ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== *[http://harowo.com/2006/06/19/1377/ The Blessed Bean - history of coffee]. Retrieved June 19th, 2006. *1949 Encyclopedia Britannica. Otis, McAllister & Co. 1954 *Birsel, Salâh. - Kahveler kitabı. - 1. baskı. - Istanbul : Koza Yayınları, 1975. - (Olaylar-belgeler-anılar ; 8). *Burn, Jacob Henry, d. (1869). ''A descriptive catalogue of the London traders, tavern, and coffee-house toke. 2nd ed''. London. *Chew, Samual C (1974). ''The Crescent and the Rose''. Oxford University Press, New York. *Darby, M. (1983) ''The Islamic Perspective, An aspect of British Architecture and Design in the 19th century''. Leighton House Gallery, London. *Davids, Kenneth (1991). ''Coffee''. *Ellis, Aytoun (1956). ''The Penny Universities : A History of the Coffee-Houses.'' London : Secker & Warburg. *Galland, Antoine (1699) ''De l’origine et du progrez du café'', Éd. originale J. Cavelier Paris, 1992- La Bibliothèque, coll. L'Écrivain Voyageur *Illy, Francesco & Riccardo (1989). ''From Coffee to Espresso'' *Ibn al-Imād al-Hanbali (d.1089 AH/1679 AD). Shadharāt al-dhahab fi akhbār man dhahab, al-Juz' 8. Cairo, 1931. {{Coffee}} [[Category:Coffee]] [[Category:History of food and drink|Coffee]] [[ja:コーヒーの歴史]]