History of elephants in Europe
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The '''history of elephants in Europe''' dates back to the [[ice age]]s, when [[mammoth]]s (various species of prehistoric [[elephant]]) roamed the northern parts of the Earth, from [[Europe]] to [[North America]] ([[mastodon]]s only occurred in North America.) There was also the [[dwarf elephant]] of Cyprus (''Palaeoloxodon cypriotes''), Sicily-Malta (''Palaeoloxodon falconeri'') and mainland (''Palaeoloxodon antiquus''). However, these became extinct several thousand years ago, and subsequently the presence of elephants in Europe is only due to importation of these animals.
[[Image:Demetrius I of Bactria.jpg|thumb|200px|The founder of the [[Indo-Greek Kingdom]] [[Demetrius I of Bactria|Demetrius I]] (205-171 BC), wearing the scalp of an elephant, symbol of his conquest of India.]]
Europeans first came in contact with elephants in [[327 BC]], when [[Alexander the Great]] descended into India from the [[Hindu Kush]], but Alexander was quick to adopt them. Four elephants guarded his tent, and shortly after his death his associate Ptolemy issued coins showing Alexander in the elephant headdress that became a royal emblem also in the Hellenized East. Aristotle depended on first-hand information for his account of elephants, but like most Westerners he believed the animals live for two hundred years. Roman scouts in the royal Syrian parks shortly before the last of the [[Seleucid]]s fell to Rome had orders to hamstring every elephant they could capture, and while elephants performed in the circuses of Rome, [[Shapur]]'s war elephants in the mid 4th century numbered in the hundreds (Fox 1973 p 338).
Elephants disappeared from Europe after the Roman Empire. As exotic and expensive animals, they were exchanged as presents between European rulers, who exhibited them as luxury pets, beginning with [[Harun ar-Rashid]]'s gift of an elephant to [[Charlemagne]].
<!-- An example of the lack of presences of elephants in Europe is that the [[chess piece]] representing an elephant (''pīl'' in Persian, ''al-fil'' in Arabic) became the meaningless ''alfil'' in Castilian and ''[[bishop (chess)|bishop]]'' in English. --but it remained "elephant" in Russian, so what's the point? -->
Historical accounts of elephants in Europe include:
* The 20 elephants in the army of [[Pyrrhus of Epirus]], which landed at [[Taranto|Tarentum]] in 280 BC for the first [[Battle of Heraclea]], recorded in [[Plutarch]]'s ''Lives'', [[Polybius]], [[Dionysius of Halicarnassus]] and [[Livy]]. "The most notable elephant in Greek history, called Victor, had long served in Pyrrhus's army, but on seeing its [[mahout]] dead before the city walls,it rushed to retrieve him: hoisting him defiantly on his tusks, its took wild and indiscriminate revenge for the man it loved, trampling more of its supporters than its enemies" (Fox 1973). Coins of Tarentum after this battle also featured elephants.
* The 37 elephants in [[Hannibal]]'s army that crossed the [[Rhône River|Rhône]] in October/November 218 BC during the [[Second Punic War]], recorded by [[Livy]].
* The first historically recorded elephant in northern Europe was the animal brought by [[Roman emperor|emperor]] [[Claudius]], during the [[Roman invasion of Britain]] in AD 43, to the British capital of [[Colchester, Essex|Colchester]].
* [[Abul-Abbas]], the [[Asian elephant]] given to [[Charlemagne]] by Harun ar-Rashid in 797 or 802. The animal died in 810, of pneumonia.
* The ''[[Annals of Innisfallen]]'' record that King [[Edgar of Scotland]] gave a large, exotic animal to [[Muirchertach Ua Briain]] in 1105, possibly an elephant but more probably a [[camel]]. (''Annals of Innisfallen'', s.a. 1105; [[A. A. M. Duncan]], ''Scotland: The Making of the Kingdom'' (1975), p. 128)
[[Image:RomanesqueElephant.jpg|thumb|250px|right|A Romanesque painting of a [[war elephant]]. Spain, 11th century.]]
*The [[Cremona elephant]] was presented to [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor]] by [[Al-Kamil]] in 1229.
[[Image:Paris.elefant.jpg|thumb|300px|The elephant of Louis IX as depicted by Matthew Paris.]]
* The elephant given by [[Louis IX of France]] to [[Henry III of England]], for his menagerie in the [[Tower of London]] in 1255 (see: [[Sandwich, Kent]]). Drawn from life by the historian [[Matthew Paris]] for his [[Chronica Majora]], it was the first elephant to be seen in England since Claudius' war elephant. Matthew Paris' original drawing can be found in his [[bestiary]], on display in the [[Parker Library]] of [[Corpus Christi College, Cambridge]]. The bestiary explains that while in residence at the Tower of London, the elephant enjoyed a diet of prime cuts of [[beef]] and expensive red wine, and is claimed to have died in 1257 from drinking too much wine. The accompanying text reveals that at the time, Europeans believed that elephants did not have [[knee]]s and so were unable to get up if they fell over (the bestiary contains a drawing depicting an elephant on its back being dragged along the ground by another elephant, with a caption stating that elephants lacked knees). Europeans also interpreted descriptions of [[howdah]]s to mean that Indian elephants were capable of carrying actual stone [[castle]]s on their backs, albeit only big enough to be garrisoned by three or four men. A carving of the elephant can be found on a contemporary miserichord in [[Exeter Cathedral]]. This animal may be the inspiration for the heraldic device 'Elephant and Castle,' the arms of the Cutlers' Company of London, a guild founded in the 13th Century responsible for making scissors, knives and the like. Its heraldry survived in an 18th century pub sign that in turn gave its name to a largely modern [[Elephant and Castle|district]] in South [[London]].
* In the 1470s, King [[Christian I of Denmark]] founded a chivalric order, the ''[[Order of the Elephant]]'', and had it confirmed by [[Pope Sixtus IV]]. The order is named for the battle elephants which symbolized the Christian Crusades. [[As of 2003|Today]], it continues to be awarded under statutes established by king [[Christian V of Denmark|Christian V]] in 1693, amended in 1958 to permit the admission of women to the order.
* The elephant given by [[Afonso V of Portugal]] to [[René d'Anjou]] about 1477.
* The merchants of [[Cyprus]] presented [[Ercole d'Este]] with an elephant in 1497.
* [[Suleyman the elephant]] was a present from the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] king [[John III of Portugal|John III]] to [[Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor]]. Travelling from Spain in 1551, it arrived un Vienna in 1552, but died in 1554.
* [[Hanno the elephant|Hanno]], or ''Annone'', was a [[white elephant]] presented by king [[Manuel I of Portugal]] to [[Pope Leo X]] on the occasion of his coronation in 1514. He died, probably of an intestinal obstruction misdiagnosed as angina, with Pope Leo at his side in 1518. His story is told in [[Silvio Bedini]]'s ''The Pope's Elephant'' (Nashville: Sanders 1998). At the [[Villa Madama]], in the garden facing the loggia, the Elephant Fountain designed by [[Giovanni da Udine]] depicts "Annone", whose tomb was designed by [[Raffaello Santi|Raphael]] himself.
*[[Hansken]], a female elephant from [[Ceylon]] that became famous in early 17th century Europe, touring through many countries demonstrating circus tricks, and sketched by [[Rembrandt]] and [[Stefano della Bella]].
==See also==
* [[War elephant]]
* [[List of historical elephants]]
* [[Dwarf elephant]]
==External links==
*[http://www.caslon.com.au/logo.htm Anecdotes of elephants as royal European status gifts.]
*[http://www.exeter-cathedral.org.uk/Tour/Tour12.html http://www.exeter-cathedral.org.uk/Tour/Tour12.html]
==References==
* Saurer, Karl and Elena M.Hinshaw-Fischli. ''They Called him Suleyman: The Adventurous Journey of an Elephant from the Forests of [[Kerala]] to the Capital of Vienna in the middle of the sixteenth Century'', collected in ''Maritime Malabar and The Europeans'', edited by K. S. Mathew, Hope India Publications: Gurgaon, 2003 ISBN 81-7871-029-3
*Robin Lane Fox, 1974. ''Alexander the Great''. Chapter 24 contains an excursus on Alexander and the elephant in Europe,
[[Category:Elephants]]
[[Category:History of Europe|Elephants]]