History of perpetual motion machines
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Arthur Rubin
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[[Image:WaterScrewPerpetualMotion.png|right|222px]]
The '''history of perpetual motion machines''' (also known as the '''history of free energy'''<ref>Lindemann, P. A. (1986). A history of free energy discoveries. Garberville, Calif: Borderland Sciences Research Foundation.</ref>) dates back to the [[Middle Ages]]. For millennia, it was not clear whether if [[perpetual motion]] devices were possible, but the development of modern [[thermodynamics]] has indicates that they are indeed impossible. In the history of [[over unity]] machines, many have attempted to construct the holy grail of energy production in spite of this. Proponents of perpetual motion machines often use other terms to describe their inventions including [[free energy suppression|free energy]] devices, mechanisms, or formulas and ''over unity'' machines (a name meaning that the ratio of output to input energy is greater than [[unity (mathematics)|unity]]).
==Types==
{{main|Perpetual motion#Classification}}
There are two types of '''''perpetuum mobile''''':
* ''Perpetua mobilia of the first kind'' are those devices that violate the [[first law of thermodynamics]], the principle of conservation of energy, creating energy out of nothing. Most attempts fall into this category.
* ''Perpetua mobilia of the second kind'' are devices that violate the [[second law of thermodynamics]]. Even though they obey the principle of conservation of energy, they attempt extraction of work from a single heat reservoir, violating the principle of no [[entropy]] decrease in an isolated macroscopic thermodynamic system. Basically the device would harvest the [[kinetic energy]] and [[Brownian motion]] of molecules in a heat reservoir, thereby cooling the reservoir, all the way to possibly absolute zero. Such an attempt of entropy decreasing is the theoretical [[Maxwell's demon]] thought experiment that attacks the macroscopic system at the microscopic level, which is not yet technologically feasible, and its theoretical possibility is still undecided. Such devices would also surpass the theoretical efficiency limits of the [[Carnot Cycle]].
==History timeline==
===Pre-1800s===
[[Image:Perpetuum mobile villard de honnecourt.jpg|thumb|222px|Perpetuum Mobile of [[Villard de Honnecourt]] (about 1230)]]
* The earliest designs of a perpetual motion machine dates back to [[1150]], by an [[India]]n [[Indian mathematics|mathematician]]-[[Indian astronomy|astronomer]], [[Bhāskara II|Bhaskara II]]. He described a wheel that he claimed would run forever.<ref>[[Lynn Townsend White, Jr.]] (April 1960). "Tibet, India, and Malaya as Sources of Western Medieval Technology", ''The American Historical Review'' '''65''' (3), p. 522-526.</ref>
* In medieval [[Bavaria]], the [[magic wheel]] or magnet wheel, was basically a wagon wheel that spun by itself. Magnets with lead plates on their backs were affixed to the wheel, like the seats on a [[Ferris Wheel]]. Each magnet was attracted to a magnet affixed to the base on the ground. The lead allegedly blocked attraction as each magnet passes by it, so the wheel would keep moving for a time before friction stopped it.{{Fact|date=June 2007}}
* In the [[13th century]], [[Villard de Honnecourt]] had a drawing of one in his sketchbook. Honnecourt was a [[France|French]] master [[stonemason|mason]] and architect. The sketchbook is made up of [[mechanics]] and [[architecture]].
* [[Leonardo da Vinci]] made a number of drawings of things he hoped would make [[energy]] for free.<ref>Leonardo da Vinci was generally against such devices, but drew a numerous amount of overbalanced wheels</ref><ref>Time-Life Books (1991). ''Inventive Genius''. 143 pages. Page 125. ISBN 0809476991</ref> Da Vinci examined a few overbalance wheels.<ref>
Philip J. Mirowski, (1991). ''More Heat Than Light: Economics As Social Physics: Physics As Nature's Economics'' 462 pages. Page 15.</ref> He also designed a [[centrifugal]] [[pump]] and the "[[chimney jack]]". The chimney jack was used to turn a [[roasting]] [[skewer]] (a reaction-type [[turbine]]).<ref>[http://www.tpub.com/fireman/44.htm Chapter 6, Gas turbines]; This states that da Vinci did build such devices.</ref>
* [[Johannes Taisnerius]], a [[Jesuit]] [[priest]], described a magnetic-based perpetual motion machine. Taisnerius's magnetic machine consisted of a [[ramp]], a [[lodestone|magnet stone]] and an [[iron]] [[ball]]. [[Pierre de Maricourt]] had earlier noted such a [[system]] which made use of the strength of the [[magnet]] stone. This runs into trouble because the [[line integral]] of force on a closed loop in a magnetic field is zero. Taisnerius passed Maricourt's work off as his own, which explains the similarity.
* In [[1518]], Mark Anthony Zimara designed a "self-blowing [[windmill]]". Zimara designed a self-blowing windmill that generated power from a set of [[bellows]]. The bellows blow the windmill [[sail]]s round.
* In the [[1500s|16th]] [[century]], [[John Dee]] reported seeing a perpetual motion machine during his travels (with a pension from [[Elizabeth I of England|Elizabeth I]]), but wasn't allowed a closer look.
* In [[1610]], [[Cornelis Drebbel]], an [[alchemy|alchemist]] and [[Magician (paranormal)|magician]], designed a slow perpetual motion machine that told the [[time]], [[calendar date|date]], and [[season]]. The [[gold]] machine was mounted in a [[globe]] on [[column|pillar]]s and was powered by changes in [[air pressure]] (a sealed glass tub with liquid varied in volume through atmospheric pressure changes, rewinding constantly).
* In [[1630]], [[Robert Fludd]], [[England|English]] [[physicist]] and [[mysticism|mystic]], proposed many machines. People were trying to patent variations of Fludd's machine in the [[1870s]]. Fludd's machine worked by recirculation by means of a [[water wheel]] and [[Archimedean screw]]. The device pumps the water back into its own supply tank.<ref>[http://www.uh.edu/engines/pmm1.jpg image of Archimedean screw as a PMM]</ref><ref> Image of Fludd's device. Originally at: www.windmillworld.com/mills/images/fludd1618.gif</ref>
* After [[1635]], many [[England|English]] perpetual motion machine [[patent]]s were granted. Several are variations of a machine developed in 12th century [[India]]. An original design is a [[cable]] projecting 150 [[mile]]s into the sky to [[Electromagnetic induction|induct]] electricity (technology at the time would limit its usefulness, as it [[weight|weighed]] 80 [[ton]]s).<ref>[http://www.uh.edu/engines/epi202.htm No. 202: ENGLISH INVENTIONS], 1901–1905 by John H. Lienhard</ref> By [[1903]], 600 such patents had been granted.
* In [[1638]], [[Edward Somerset, 2nd Marquess of Worcester]] developed a perpetual motion machine. He gained a royal appointment as an [[inventor]] and builder. [[Parliament of England|Parliament]] on [[June 3]], [[1663]], gave a 99-year patent for his "Watercommanding Engine" (a [[steam engine]]). Somerset demonstrated many water wheels to [[Charles I of England]], that had something to do with perpetual motion.<ref>[http://www.history.rochester.edu/steam/dircks/HIS111chap2.html#551 Century of Invention]; Account of Steam Engine as PMM.</ref>
* In [[1664]], Ulrich von Cranach, a war engineer, of [[Hamburg, Germany]] designed a perpetual [[ball]] moving machine that did not work in practice. The ball machine had a rotary cannonball which descended by an Archimedean screw along the periphery of a wheel (like a water wheel), rolled through a track, and then were carried back to the top using an Archimedean screw (powered by the ball-wheel). Arthur Ord-Hume illustrated this machine.
* [[Robert Boyle]] devised the "perpetual vase" ("perpetual goblet" or "hydrostatic paradox") which was discussed by Denis Papin in the Philosophical Transactions for 1685.
* [[Johann Bernoulli]] (also known as Jean Bernoulli) proposed a fluid energy machine. Bernoulli developed the [[brachistochrone problem]] in June [[1696]] and is regarded as a founder of the [[calculus|calculus of variation]].
* In [[1686]], [[Georg Andreas Böckler]], a [[Germany|German]] architect, engineer, and [[author]], designed 'self operating' self-powered [[water mill]]s and several perpetual motion machines using balls using variants of Archimedes screws. One of Böckler's machine used an overbalanced wheel and Archimedean screw.
[[Image:OrffyreusWheel.png|thumb|222px|Orffyreus Wheel. The device designed by [[Johann Bessler]].]]
* In [[1712]], [[Johann Bessler]], also known as [[Orffyreus]], investigated 300 different perpetual motion models and claimed he had the secret of perpetual motion. Though allegation of fraud surfaced later (from a maid in his employment), investigators at the time, such as the lawyer Willem Jacob s'Gravesande, reported no such fraud.
* In the [[1760s]], [[James Cox]] (with the help of [[John Joseph Merlin]]) develops a perpetual motion machine (known as the [[Cox's timepiece]]). The clock device is powered from changes in [[atmospheric pressure]] via a [[barometer]]. The clock still exists today [but was deactivated due to the clock's relocation].
* In [[1775]], the [[French Academy of Sciences|Royal Academy of Sciences in Paris]], made the statement that the Academy "''will no longer accept or deal with proposals concerning perpetual motion''". The reasoning was, that perpetual motion is impossible to achieve and that the search for it is time consuming and very expensive. According to the members of the academy, those bright minds dedicating their time and resources to this search, could be utilized much better in other, more reasonable endeavors. Nevertheless, many individuals continued to propose and build various "perpetual" machines, in a quest of attaining their end goal of free energy.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}
* In [[1790]], Doctor [[Conradus Schiviers]] made a [[belt (mechanical)|belt]] driven wheel. He also offered a machine in which several balls powered a water wheel and a bucket-chain (again raising the balls). Others tried to adapt his designs unsuccessful a century later.
===1800s===
* In [[1812]], [[Charles Redheffer]], in [[Philadelphia]], claimed to have developed a "generator" that could power other machines. Upon investigation, it was deduced that the power was being routed from the other connected machine. [[Robert Fulton]] exposed Redheffer's schemes during an exposition of the device in [[New York City]] ([[1813]]). Removing some concealing wooden strips, Fulton found a cat-gut belt drive went through a wall to an attic. In the attic, a man was turning a crank to power the device.<ref>[http://www.museumofhoaxes.com/redheffer.html Redheffer's Perpetual Motion Machine] </ref><ref>Information originally at www.skepticfiles.org/skep2/pmotion2.htm </ref><ref>[http://www.uh.edu/engines/epi438.htm No. 438: REDHEFFER'S PMM-I by John H. Lienhard]</ref>
* In [[1827]], [[Sir]] [[William Congreve (inventor)|William Congreve]], an English [[inventor]] and rocket pioneer, tried a machine running on [[capillary action]] that would disobey the law of never rising above their own level, so to produce a continual ascent and overflow. The device had an inclined plane over pulleys. At the top and bottom, there travels an endless band of sponge, a bed and, over this, again an endless band of heavy weights jointed together. The whole stands over the surface of still water. Congreve believed his system would go on continually.<ref> [http://www.hp-gramatke.net/pictures/perpet/congrev1.gif Image of machine running on capillary action]</ref><ref> [http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Sir_William_Congreve 1911 Encyclopedia: Sir William Congreve] </ref><ref>[http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Perpetual_Motion 1911 Encyclopedia: Perpetual Motion]</ref>
* In [[1866]], Henry Prince of Britain described the first partially [[waterline|submerge]]d [[perpetual motion machine]].
* In [[1868]], an [[Austria]]n, Alois Drasch, received a US patent for a machine that possessed a "thrust key-type [[gear]]ing" of a [[rotary engine]]. The vehicle driver could tilt a trough depending upon need. A heavy ball rolled in a cylindrical trough downward, and, with continuous adjustment of the device's levers and power output, Drasch believed that it would be possible to power a vehicle.<ref>[http://www.hp-gramatke.de/pmm_physics/german/page0300.htm pmm_physics German page0300]</ref>
* In [[1870]], E. P. Willis of [[New Haven, Connecticut]] made money off a "proprietary" perpetual motion machine. A story of the overly complicated device with a hidden source of energy appears in ''Scientific American'' article "''The Greatest Discovery Ever Yet Made''". Investigation into the device eventually found a source of power that drove it.<ref>[http://www.genealogyimagesofhistory.com/images/amotion.JPG Image of Scientific American]</ref>
* [[John Ernst Worrell Keely]] invented, reportedly, an induction resonance motion motor. He is supposedly to have used etheric 'technology'. In 1872, Keely announced that he discovered a principle for power production based on the vibrations of tuning forks. Scientists investigated his machine which appeared to run on water, though Keely endeavored to avoid this. Shortly after 1872, venture capitalists accused Keely of fraud (they lost nearly five million dollars). Keely's machine, it was discovered after his death, was based on hidden air pressure tubes.
* In [[1881]], John Gamgee developed a [[liquid]] [[ammonia]] machine which could operate at the [[freezing point]] from [[vapor]]ation by radiant [[heat]]. The resultant expansion would drive a [[piston]]. The vapor does not condense to liquid to start the cycle over again, however, thus making the system inoperable. The [[Navy]] approved of the device and showed it to [[President]] [[James Garfield]].
* In [[1899]], J. M. Aldrich was arrested for getting investors for his free energy machine. Aldrich was never convicted. Reportedly, he continued to run his scheme. Ultimately, an interested investor, upon inspection of the device, found a hidden [[spring (device)|spring]].
* [[Mark Zimara|Mark Anthony Zimara]] of Italy had a huge air-powered machine (basically another attempt at a self blowing windmill).<ref>[http://www.chem.unsw.edu.au/staff/hibbert/perpetual/1stviol.htm Professor Hibbert's Perpetual Motion Pages]</ref> His device is described in Tallmadge G. Kasten's "''The Perpetual Motion Machine of Mark Antony Zimara''".
* The [[United States|American]], Horace Wickmam, received a [[patent]] regarding a machine with many [[rotation|rotating]] balls.
* A [[Scotland|Scottish]] [[shoe]]maker, known as ''Spence'', designed a [[magnetism|magnet]]ic based machine which later was discredited.
===1900 to 1950===
* In [[1900]], [[Nikola Tesla]], the Serbian American Physicist Inventor, wrote "A DEPARTURE FROM KNOWN METHODS--POSSIBILITY OF A "SELF-ACTING" ENGINE OR MACHINE, INANIMATE, YET CAPABLE, LIKE A LIVING BEING, OF DERIVING ENERGY FROM THE MEDIUM--THE IDEAL WAY OF OBTAINING MOTIVE POWER." claiming to have discovered an abstract method on which to base a perpetual motion machine of the second kind. No prototype was produced.
* In [[1917]], John Andrews, a [[Portugal|Portuguese]] [[chemist]], had a green powder which he claimed and demonstrated could transform water into gas (referred to as a "gas-water additive"). He reportedly convinced a Navy official that it worked. Andrews disappeared after [[negotiation]]s began. Andrews' [[Laboratory|lab]] was rummaged through and disheveled upon a return visit by [[United States Navy|USN]] [[officer (armed forces)|officials]].
* In [[1917]], [[Garabed T. K. Giragossian]] is claimed, reportedly [[fraud]]ulently, to have developed a free energy [[machine]]. Supposedly involved in a [[conspiracy theory|conspiracy]], [[Woodrow Wilson]] signed a resolution offering him protection. The device was a giant [[flywheel]] that was charged up with energy slowly and put out a lot of energy for just a second.<ref>[http://www.nuenergy.org/alt/garabed_fraud.htm The Herald of Christ's Kingdom. VOL. IX. August 1, 1926 No. 15. SIGNS IN THE DAY OF HIS PREPARATION] </ref><ref>[http://www.heraldmag.org/archives/1926_8.htm THE HERALD of Christ's Kingdom VOL. IX. August 1, 1926 No. 15] </ref>
* In the [[1910s]] and [[1920s]], [[Harry Perrigo]] of [[Kansas City, Missouri|Kansas City]], a graduate of [[MIT]], claims development of a free energy device. Perrigo claimed the [[energy]] source was "from thin air" or from [[Aether|ether]] [[wave]]s. Perrigo demonstrated the device before the [[Congress of the United States|U.S. Congress]] on [[December 15]], [[1917]]. Perrigo had a pending application (filed [[December 31]], [[1925]]; Serial Number 78,719) for the "Improvement in Method and Apparatus for Accumulating and Transforming Ether Electric Energy". Investigators report that his device contained a hidden motor.<ref>Ciations originally at www.kclibrary.org resources Subject area ID 77176</ref><ref> [http://www.twelvestar.com/Earthlight/issue03/Matter%20and%20Energy%203.html The Mystery of Matter and Energy, Part III by Guy McCarthy] </ref><ref>[http://www.nuenergy.org/pdf/perrigo.pdf Application of Harry E. Perrigo. Serial No.78,719. Filed December 31, 1925.]</ref>
* In the [[1920s]], [[Thomas Henry Moray]] demonstrated a "radiant energy device" to many people who were unable to find a hidden power source.
* On [[June 9]], [[1925]], [[Hermann Plauson]] receives {{US patent|1540998}}which ultilizes [[spark gap]]s to convert [[atmospheric energy]].<ref>{{US patent|1540998}}</ref>
* In [[1928]], [[Lester Hendershot]] got an [[Army]] [[commandant]] to endorse his free energy machine. This motor device is said to have had a concealed power source. According to his sons, Lester's notes were lost.<ref>[http://www.eskimo.com/~billb/freenrg/hender.txt HENDERSHOT DEVICE] </ref><ref>Information originally at www.gewo.applet.cz/earth/grid/hubbard.htm</ref>
* On [[March 8]], [[1928]], [[Edgar Cayce]] in [[Chicago, Illinois]], describes "[[perpetual motion machine|Motors with no Fuel]]" (Reading 4665-1).<ref>[http://www.keelynet.com/interact/archive/00000260.htm Cayce No Fuel Motor description]</ref><ref> [http://all-ez.com/nofuel1.htm Cayce on the No Fuel Motor ~ 1!]</ref>
* In [[1946]] [[John Searl]] ostensibly created the Searl Effect Generator (SEG) which he had seen how to build in a [[recurring dream]]<ref>[http://www.searleffect.com searleffect.com]</ref>
* After the [[1940s]], Howard Robert Johnson develops a permanent magnet motor. He receives a [[USPTO|US]] [[patent]], US4151431[http://www.google.com/patents?vid=USPAT4151431], on [[April 24]], [[1979]]. There is little information about the ultimate fate of his device.<ref>
[http://jnaudin.free.fr/html/johnmot.htm The Howard Johnson's permanent magnetic motor] </ref><ref>[http://www.newebmasters.com/freeenergy/index.shtml newebmasters.com freeenergy index] Information presented is 100% copyright free.</ref><ref> {{US patent|4151431}}
</ref><ref>L. David Roper, [http://www.roperld.com/science/LinearMotor.pdf Linear Motor].</ref>
===1951 to 1980===
* [[Viktor Schauberger]] claimed to have discovered some special [[vortex]] [[energy]] in [[water]]. Since his death in [[1958]], people are still studying his works.<ref>[http://www.frank.germano.com/viktorschauberger.htm Who was Viktor Schauberger?] frank.germano.com</ref>
[[Image:Testatika-Line.png|thumb|222px|right|Electrical circuit as explained in Potter's "Methernitha Back-Engineered" article.]]
* [[Paul Bauman]], a [[Germany|German]] [[engineer]], develops a machine referred to as the "[[Testatika]]". The device's operation has been recorded as far back as [[1960s]] at a place called [[Methernitha]] (near [[Berne]], [[Switzerland]]). Supposedly, the [[community]] benefits from the [[invention]].<ref>[http://www.methernitha.com Methernitha comunity site]</ref>
* In [[1962]], physicist [[Richard Feynman]] postulated a [[Brownian ratchet]] that would extract meaningful work from [[Brownian motion]], though he went on to demonstrate how such a device would fail to work in practice.
* In [[1966]], [[Josef Papp]] (sometimes referred to as ''Joseph Papp'' or ''Joseph Papf'') supposedly developed an alternative [[car engine]] that used [[noble gas|inert gases]]. He gained a few investors but when the engine was publicly demonstrated, an explosion killed one of the observers and injured two others. Mr. Papp blamed the accident on interference by physicist [[Richard Feynman]], who later shared his observations in an article in LASER, Journal of the Southern Californian Skeptics.<ref> [http://www.museumofhoaxes.com/comments/papparticle2.html R. Feynman on Papp perpetual motion engine; Originally published in LASER, Journal of the Southern Californian Skeptics]</ref> Papp continued to accept money but never demonstrated another engine.
* [[Guido Franch]] reportedly had a process of [[Alchemy|transmuting]] water atoms into high-[[octane]] [[gasoline]] compounds (named ''[[Mota fuel]]'') that would decrease the price of gasoline down to 8 cents per gallon. This process involved a [[green]] [[Powder (substance)|powder]] (this claim may be related to the similar ones of John Andrews (1917)). He was brought to court for [[fraud]] in [[1954]] but [[acquittal|acquitted]]; but in [[1973]] was convicted. [[Judge|Justice]] William Bauer and Justice Philip Romiti both observed a demonstration in the 1954 case.<ref>[http://www.straightdope.com/classics/a2_399.html The Straight Dope: Is there a pill that can turn water into gasoline?<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://befreetech.com/energysuppression.htm Suppressed Energy Technologies<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://quanthomme.free.fr/energielibre/systemes/PageChercheurAEC2.htm CHERCHEURS 2/3<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
* In [[1958]], [[Otis Carr]] from [[Oklahoma]], formed a company to manufacture [[unidentified flying object|UFO]]-styled [[spacecraft|spaceship]]s and [[hovercraft]]s. Carr sold [[stock]] for this [[Commerce|commercial]] endeavor. He also promoted [[Second law of thermodynamics|free energy]] [[machine]]s. He claimed inspiration from [[Nikola Tesla]], among others. [[As of 2004]], [[Dennis Lee (inventor)]] is using his devices.<ref>[http://www.keelynet.com/gravity/carr3.htm Otis Carr Flying Machine - KeelyNet 12/23/01<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www2.ocn.ne.jp/~alloy/Fe01.htm FreeEnergy01<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
* [[David McClintock]] claimed to use [[air]] as a [[fuel]] and had a [[patent]] (US2982261 [registered to a ''Cleo L. McClintock'']). The "[[McClintock Air Motor]]" is described as a hybrid between a [[diesel engine]] and a [[rotary engine]]. It, reportedly, consumed no conventional fuel and was self-running (driving an internal [[air compressor]]). The device had three [[cylinder (engine)|cylinder]]s with a [[compression ratio]] of 27 to 1, generated high [[torque]] [[output]]s, produced [[heat]], and had a solar and planetary [[gear]]s.<ref>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=/netahtml/srchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=2982261.WKU.&OS=PN/2982261&RS=PN/2982261 Patent Database Search Results: <SRCH> in <BANR><!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://colossus2.cvl.bcm.tmc.edu/~wje/free_energy/mcelwaine.txt] </ref><ref>[http://www.sumeria.net/free/mcelw.html sumeria.net<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
* [[Edwin V. Gray]] reportedly develops a [[Electro-Magnetic Association Motor|Electro-Magnetic Association (EMA) Motor]]. Skeptical investigation to examine the device was denied (and no neutral or knowledgeable person has tested the device. Skeptics state that the device contains 'depleted' [[Battery (electricity)|batteries]]). Supposedly, he un[[ethic]]ally raises funding from investors. Gray died in April, [[1989]], under mysterious circumstances.<ref>[http://www.free-energy.cc/graybio.html A Biography of Edwin Vincent Gray - Free-Energy<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.free-energy.cc/gray.html Edwin Gray Sr - Info, Articles, Patents, and more<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.keelynet.com/evgray/tb1.htm Terry Bastians EV Gray circuit - 06/27/01<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
* In the [[1970s]] David Hamel produces the Hamel device {{Fact|date=February 2007}}
* In [[1977]], Arnold Burke, a [[religion|religious]] man, develops a device referred to as "[[Book of Jeremiah|Jeremiah]] 33:3" (the [[Bible|biblical]] passage reads "''Call to me, and I will answer you, and will tell you great and hidden things which you have not known''"). Burke collects [[money|$]]800,000 in investments for his "''[[self acting pump]]''". In [[1979]], an [[open]] [[Experiment|test]] is conducted and the [[investigator]]s reportedly discover a hidden power source of [[electricity]]. Burke and associates later raise $250,000 to pay for a [[fraud]] [[convict]]ion. Burke still claims his device operates.<ref>[http://www.phact.org/e/z/Perpmtn2.htm Real science or rotten scams?<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
* On [[December 20]] of [[1977]], Emil T. Hartman received {{US patent|4215330}} titled "''Permanent magnet propulsion system''". (ed., this device is related to the [[Simple Magnetic Overunity Toy]] ([[SMOT]]))
* In [[1977]], [[Robert George Adams]] (of [[New Zealand]]) develops the [[Adams Motor]]. Adams had a lot of theories about the [[Aether]] .He has sought to receive [[patent]]s on his work (and has received a [[United Kingdom|UK]] [[Patent]], GB2282708, with Harold Aspden). Debates over the motor's power measurement still exist. Around 80 [[year]]s old, Adams is said to have a [[scientific]] [[education]] and has talked over areas of [[alternative physics]].<ref>[http://www.aethmogen.com/ Aethmogen Home Page<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://l2.espacenet.com/espacenet/abstract?CY=gb&LG=en&PNP=GB2282708&PN=GB2282708&CURDRAW=1&DB=EPD&DRDB=EP1 esp@cenet - Document Bibliography and Abstract - Electrical motor-generator<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.geocities.com/theadamsmotor/cdmotor.html CD version of Adams motor<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://jnaudin.free.fr/html/admsv41.htm JLN Labs - Adams Motor V4.1<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://jlnlabs.online.fr/projects/pod/index.htm The Power On Demand ( POD ) project<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://members.tripod.com/simplemotor/kit6.htm Assembly Instructions for Kit #6<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.icehouse.net/john1/idea.html Ideas And Motors<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www-personal.umich.edu/~reginald/adams.html Adams Magnetic Motor<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://users.commspeed.net/tbabbitt/Adams.htm]</ref>
* In [[1978]], Robert Stewart developed a [[freon]] machine which could operate at the [[freezing point]] from vaporation by radiant [[heat]] for a [[closed system|closed cycle]] [[engine]]. The vapor does not condense to liquid to start the cycle over again, however, thus making the system inoperable. This design may be related to John Gamgee's work (1882). Stewart reportedly gained over $3,000,000 of investment money (much from [[farmer]]s). Stewart later disappeared.
* Rory Johnson, of [[Elgin, Illinois]], claims development of a [[magnetic motor]] that operates by a [[cold fusion]], [[laser]]-activated process. The device weighed 475 [[pound (mass)|lb]] (215 k[[gram|g]]). The fuel source was said to have been 2 lb (1 kg) of [[deuterium]]. The device reportedly produces 525 [[horsepower|hp]] (391 [[kilowatt|k]]W). Johnson stated that it would drive a large [[truck]] or [[bus]] 100,000 [[mile]]s (160,000 k[[metre|m]]). Johnson entered into several [[contract]]s over his device. Johnson later moved all his [[laboratory|lab]] [[equipment]] to [[California]] and died shortly afterwards.<ref>[http://www.electrifyingtimes.com/erik_masen_suppression.html SUPPRESSION FROM HIGHER UP Inventors Beware<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>http://users.rcn.com/zap.dnai/zeropoint/rorymotr.txt</ref>
* In [[1978]], R. Jeseph Maglich, a [[physicist]], claims development of an overunity device which brought under control and put to use [[fusion power]] from [[sea water]]. This may be related to the fusion generator developed first by Doctor ''Bogdan Maglish'' at [[Princeton, New Jersey]] (in [[1973]]).<ref>[http://yarchive.net/nuke/migma_fusion.html "Migma" fusion (Arthur Carlson; Gordon D. Pusch)<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>http://www.ibiblio.org/pub/academic/physics/Cold-fusion/fd-latest/thruFD3267</ref><ref>[http://www.nuenergy.org/alt/maglich.htm Helium-3 Aneutronic Energy<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>http://www.hienergyinc.com/company/bio_maglich.htm</ref>
[[Image:USPatent4151431-1.png|thumb|222px|[[Howard R. Johnson (inventor)|Howard R. Johnson]]'s {{US patent|4151431}}]]
* On [[February 14]] of [[1978]], Daniel Baker received {{US patent|4074153}}, titled "''Magnetic propulsion device''",
* In [[1979]], [[Howard R. Johnson (inventor)|Howard R. Johnson]] receives {{US patent|4151431}} which is titled "''[[Permanent magnet motor (free energy)|Permanent magnet motor]]''".
* Keith Kenyon claims development of an overunity device. [[Calculation]]s seemed to not take [[power factor]] (also known as [[phase angle]]) into account. Demonstration never openly hooked up the output to its input.
* Bill Muller and Carmen Muller, both of [[Germany]], develop "The [[Muller Motor]] - Generator". They raise investments for the device. Reportedly, no demonstration and examination of a working model has taken place.<ref>[http://www.theverylastpageoftheinternet.com/menu/muller.htm The Muller Motor<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.hcrs.at/MULLER.HTM Muller Motor/Generator<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.geocities.com/koneheadx/mullerplategenerator.html Muller Plate Generator Project<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
* Stephen Walker begins promoting a permanent magnet motor. [[2002|As of November 2002]], Stephen claims working samples will be available by [[mail]]. By [[December 12]] of that same year, Stephen rescinds the offer (contact unavailable). [[2004|As of 2004]], again is promising the device.
===1981 to 1999===
* In [[1984]], [[Joseph Newman (inventor)|Joseph Newman]] claims development of a free energy device based, reportedly, on [[alternative physics]]. Newman sued the [[United States|U.S.]] [[patent]] [[office]] to recognize his device. Previous analysis of the device incorrectly measured the true power [[output]] of the machine. Calculation for power did not account for the non-[[sinusoid]]al [[current (electricity)|current]] consumption. Newman, initially open to testing, now (reportedly) refuses to ship a unit for testing. In the [[1970s]], Newman presented a week-long demonstration in the [[Louisiana Superdome]] in [[New Orleans]] (attended by 9,000 people from across the country). Newman is suing some former investors, who, he claims, are trying to steal the design.
* In 1984, the ''Kromery converter''<ref>[http://www.totse.com/en/fringe/free_energy/nrk87.html this page]</ref> purports to exploit resonance effects to cause a lead-acid battery to recharge itself. Glowing claims are made for its performance. However, the "explanation" given for the operation of the converter is scientifically illiterate, incoherent rubbish, and the tests described on the page are meaningless.
* In [[1985]], Greg Watson of [[Australia]] claims the development of the ''[[Simple Magnetic Overunity Toy]]'' ([[SMOT]]). In the SMOT, a steel ball is pulled up a ramp by magnetism and then falls, so the magnetic energy is converted into kinetic energy. Watson claims that an effect called "regauging" then happens, allowing the process to be repeated without the application of outside energy. In [[1997]], he sells kits for the device. Skeptics state that attempts at replication have failed. Reportedly, investors were not able to regain their investments.
* [[John Bedini]] claimed development of several free energy devices.<ref>[http://www.keelynet.com/bedmot/fullpress.htm Bedini - 1984 Full Press report scans - 09/22/02 - KeelyNet<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.icehouse.net/john1/index11.html Welcome to Bedini Technology<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.icehouse.net/john34/bedinibearden.html 20 Bedini<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Bedini has, reportedly, refused to allow independent investigation.
* In [[1986]], [[Bruce De Palma]] claimed development of an [[Over-unity|overunity]] machine (referred to as the "''N-Machine''" or "''N Machine''") that was described as a closed path Homopolar [[electrical generator|generator]] with [[output]] four times more power than consumed. It used a one-piece rotor rather than today's conventional two piece rotor and stator electric generators. It was basically a magnetized [[gyroscope]]. De Palma has been unwilling to help independent investigators, like [[PSITRON]], analyze his device. One [[Electrical Engineering]] [[professor]] analysed this device, but skeptics claim the investigation contained a [[measurement]] [[error]]. De Palma was an associate of [[Richard C. Hoagland]]. De Palma died in [[1997]].<ref>[http://depalma.pair.com/ The Home of Primordial Energy - THE Place for information from BRUCE DePALMA<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.enterprisemission.com/hyper2a.php The Enterprise Mission - Hubble's New Runaway Planet - Part II<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.borderlands.de/projects.n-machine.php3 Untersuchungen an der N-Maschine<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://quanthomme.free.fr/energielibre/energie/MG_PalmaKawai1.htm De Palma à Kawai 1/2<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.monstein.de/paraphysics/C_Generator/CGeni.htm] </ref><ref>[http://www.mufor.org/nmachine.html]
</ref>
* Since [[1988]], [[Dennis Lee (inventor)|Dennis Lee]] has promised to demonstrate free [[electricity]]. Lee claims possession of a [[Fischer engine]], a [[Counter Rotating Device]] (CRD) device, and an [[overunity motor]]. Lee has a mixture of [[religion|religious]] and extremist [[politics|politic]]al beliefs. Lee has invested in [[John Searl]]'s endeavors, [[Stanley Meyer]]'s endeavors, and, in [[2001]], joined [[Paul Pantone]] in a [[US state]] tour. Tom Napier believes Lee's device may have resurrected Gamgee's designs (1881).<ref>[http://www.phact.org/e/dennis17.htm FAQ page Dennis Lee's amazing claims<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
* [[Stephan Marinov]], a [[Bulgaria]]n [[physicist]], claims the development of a free energy machine. Marinov, supposedly, measured [[Wiktionary:absolute|absolute]] [[speed]] and [[direction]] of the [[Milky Way]] inside a closed room by "''first means''" and "''third means''". Marinov states that he was contacted by the Methernitha "''[[cult]]''" and discovered their secret. Before releasing the [[information]], he committed [[suicide]] on [[July 15]], [[1997]].<ref>[http://www.padrak.com/ine/PAPPAS_SM.html Update on Stefan's Marinov Death - Emails from Panos Pappas<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://killdevilhill.com/physicschat/messages2/4569.html Physics: The further the spiritual evolution of mankind advances, the more certain it se<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
* [[Reidar Finsrud]] of [[Frogn]], [[Norway]], develops a "moving sculpture" in which he claims a [[metal]] [[ball]] can theoretically move forever without outside influence. He claims the ball will continue to move "until the sculpture falls apart". The ball has been reported to move for many days uninterrupted.<ref>[http://www.keelynet.com/energy/finsrud.htm Finsrud #1<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.theverylastpageoftheinternet.com/magneticDev/finsrud/finsrud.htm Visit to Reidar Finsrud<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>http://www.keelynet.com/energy/finsrud2.txt</ref><ref>http://www.keelynet.com/energy/finsrud3.txt</ref><ref>[http://www.ch190.thinkquest.hostcenter.ch/beispiele/magnetismus/index.html] </ref><ref>[http://www.padrak.com/ine/FINSRUD1.html Three Articles on the Finsrud Perpetual Motion Sculpture<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
* Dr. [[Yuri S. Potapov]] of [[Kishinev]], [[Moldova]], claims development of (and subsequently sold) an [[overunity]] electrothermal water-based generator (referred to as "Yusmar 1"). He founded the YUSMAR company to promote his device. Reportedly, the device did not work and investors were not able to regain their investments.<ref>[http://english.pravda.ru/main/2001/09/19/15591.html Holiday makers buy tours to the Russian army - Pravda.Ru<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.earthtech.org/experiments/ ETI - Experiments<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref> [http://www.planetarymysteries.com/energy/ie.html]</ref><ref>[http://www.padrak.com/ine/CSOURCES.html Commercial Sources<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
* CETI claimed development of a device that outputs anomalous (yet small) amounts of heat - maybe [[cold fusion]]. Skeptics state that inaccurate measure for [[friction]] effects from the cooling flow through the [[pellet]]s may be responsible for the data. [[Jed Rothwell]] (editor of [[Infinite Energy Magazine]]) states that "tests with CETI cells at [[Motorola]], SRI and the [[French Atomic Energy Commission]] show no measurable friction.<ref>[http://www.padrak.com/ine/CFARNOSIX.html 'Cold Fusion' Breakthrough<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.phact.org/e/skeptic/ceti.htm CETI : Patterson Cell - taking a scientific look<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
* Paramahamsa Tewari of [[India]] claimed development of a device that is 200% [[thermodynamic efficiency|efficient]] [[electrical generator]]. (Skeptics claim his [[measurement]] is questionable).<ref>[http://www.phact.org/e/z/tewari.htm My experience with the Space Power Generator of Mr Paramahamsa Tewari<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>http://www.tewari.org/</ref><ref>[http://depalma.pair.com/Tewari/Tpatent.html Space Power Generator Patent<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://antigravitypower.tripod.com/FreeEnergy/p.tewari.html Paramahamsa Tewari/Free Energy/AG<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
* Bruce Perreault has claimed to discover a new [[Chemical element|element]], developed the [[plasmatron]], designed an [[ion]] [[pump]], and is developing several "radiant energy" devices.<ref>[http://www.nuenergy.org/ Nu Energy Research Institute<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.nuscam.com/ Welcome to NuScam.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.nuenergy.org/iw/2003/perreault2003.htm Inventor Bruce A. Perreault<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
* Brian Collin of [[Australia]] claims he received a [[revelation]] from [[God]] that inspired him to make a free energy device. Investors have not been able to recoup their funding (around $80,000). No information is available (as of 2004) as to if the design was tested.
* Around [[1990]], Don Watts of [[Las Vegas, Nevada|Las Vegas]], claimed development of the [[Centrifugal Energy Amplification and Conversion Unit]] (CEACU). Rumors state that there was a [[patent]] for the device. Reportedly, the devices was part of an [[investment]] [[fraud]] [[scheme]].<ref>[http://www.keelynet.com/energy/clem1.htm Richard Clem Engine<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.keelynet.com/energy/clem3.htm Richard Clem Update #3 - from his daughter - KeelyNet 04/26/02<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www3.sympatico.ca/slavek.krepelka/gismos/clem1.htm Richard Clem Engine<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
* During the [[1990s]], Kawai and Takahashi, both of [[Japan]], claimed to have independently developed magnetic motors. These have been reportedly evaluated by Magnetic Power, Inc. Neither device tested has proven to function as [[overunity]] under [[load]], according to the investigators. Skeptics state that it did nothing more than drain batteries. Reportedly, there are patents issued in Japan for both the ''Takahashi engine'' and the ''Kawai engine''. The Takahashi engine is, supposedly, being used in a [[motor-scooter]] that can be driven long range on one battery (at around 50 [[Miles per hour|mph]]). As of last reports, production has begun on the engine and the inventor is scaling up the motor to drive [[automobile]]s.<ref>[http://www.keelynet.com/interact/Arc_1_98-7_98/00000765.htm Keely Net Mail List: Re : Kawai & Takahashi<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>http://www.hsv.com/writers/bearden/flash/flash.htm</ref><ref>[http://www.cheniere.org/correspondence/070301.htm The Tom Bearden Website<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.cheniere.org/correspondence/101303.htm The Tom Bearden Website<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.cheniere.org/correspondence/051903a.htm The Tom Bearden Website<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.cheniere.org/correspondence/022601.htm The Tom Bearden Website<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.explorepub.com/articles/beardon/overunity.html REGAUGING: Master Overunity Mechanism<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
* In [[1991]], Troy Reed of [[Oklahoma]] claimed development of a small permanent magnet motor prototype (and, later, a larger unit). The device consists of permanent magnets placed on four disks (eight each). Two outer disks are stationary. Two inner ones are mounted on a common rotating shaft. Reed has issued [[licence]]s for manufacturing the motor and received investment money for the [[overunity]] device.<ref>[http://www.free-energy.cc/background.html Product Information and Ordering from Free Energy Website - Edwin Gray, Nikola Tesla, and Dr Peter Lindemann<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.geocities.com/Area51/Shadowlands/6583/project114.html A Review Of Zero Point Energy And Free Energy Theory, Progress, And Devices<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.luisprada.com/Protected/the_world_of_free_energy.htm The World of Free Energy<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://quanthomme.free.fr/energielibre/energie/MG_ReedWerjefelt1.htm De Reed à Werjefelt 1/2<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
* In [[1996]], [[Stanley Meyer]] of [[Fayette County, Ohio|Fayette County]], [[Ohio]], claims development of a [[water]]-powered [[Automobile|car]]. Meyer has obtained over 28 patents. Meyer has a mixture of [[Christianity]] and [[Patriotism|patriotic]] [[politics]] intertwined with [[protoscience]] theory. Meyer was convicted of fraud (after testing a [[Water]] [[Fuel Cell]] before an [[Ohio]] [[judge]]). Meyer was not [[prosecution|prosecuted]] for the [[invention]], but for selling "[[dealership]]s". Meyer refused independent measurement and investigation of his device. Meyers died in early [[1998]].<ref>[http://www.padrak.com/ine/NEN_4_11_1.html Letter From Water Fuel Cell (regarding Stanley Meyer's Water Fuel Cell Project)<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://quanthomme.free.fr/carburant/WFCMeyer.htm Water Fuel Cell<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.alkalizeforhealth.net/hybridcars.htm Alkalize For Health - Gas-Electric Hybrid Cars are Available Now! - Cancer Alternatives<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.wasserauto.de/html/stanley_meyer.html Stanley Meyer<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
* In January [[1998]], Barbara Hickox of [[New Mexico]] announces the possession of the [[patent]] US4249096, Electric Dynamo (1981). The device consists of a central rotating helix non-conductive cylinder into which small cylindrical permanent magnets are placed (one pole outward). The cost of the systems, reportedly, totals around $7500. Hickox reportedly developed the device with [[Howard Hughes]] and his test pilot. Skeptics state that the system is based on "''fusion power''".<ref>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=/netahtml/srchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=4249096.WKU.&OS=PN/4249096&RS=PN/4249096 Patent Database Search Results: <SRCH> in <BANR><!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.geocities.com/Area51/Shadowlands/6583/project114.html A Review Of Zero Point Energy And Free Energy Theory, Progress, And Devices<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.keelynet.com/unclass/lost1.htm Lost Discoveries<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
* In [[1999]], Sanjay Amin of [[Youngstown, Ohio]], established ''Entropy Systems Inc.'' (ESI). The company received $3.5 million dollar investment for a device that is claimed to violate the [[second law of thermodynamics]], producing power by absorbing [[heat]] from [[Earth's atmosphere|atmospheric]] [[air]] (and that external reservoir can be at any [[temperature]] (even sub-zero)). The [[technology]] had been [[patent]]ed in the [[United States]], [[Europe]], and [[Australia]]. The technology has been tested by experts at the [[Ford Motor Company]], [[Youngstown University]], [[Purdue University]], and [[Pennsylvania State University]]. Skeptics state that there was a measurement error in the previous investigations.<ref>[http://www.phact.org/e/z/amin.htm free energy claims of Entropy Systems Inc - Sanjay Amin<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://skepdic.com/refuge/entropysystems.html Entropy Systems Inc<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.keelynet.com/interact/archive/00000903.htm Interact on KeelyNet Mail List: Amin Cycle/Entropy Systems Inc<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.unusualresearch.com/amin/amincyc.htm Entropy - The key To Unlimited Resources: Amin's Cycle<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.wired.com/news/technology/0,1282,21641,00.html The Little Engine that Might<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.wired.com/news/technology/0,1282,37963,00.html Miracle Engine's Tank Is Empty<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
* In [[1999]], Robert "Paul" LeBreton claimed development of the "''Millennium Motor''" (in essence, a permanent magnet motor). The device, supposedly, operates without fuel or vehicle battery packs. A 600 horsepower (447 kW) prototype reportedly has been constructed. Skeptics claim he is mentally disturbed.<ref>[http://www.zpenergy.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=162 Zpenergy.Com - U.S. Navy Gives Thumbs Up On Self-Sustaining Magnet Motor<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
* In [[1999]], Renzo Boscoli of [[Italy]] claims to have developed a method for low-energy nuclear reactions. Boscoli did not give a demonstration nor supply proof that was promised to [[Infinite Energy Magazine]] investigators.<ref>[http://fusor.net/old-boards/songs.com/msgs/msg-820.html Philo T. Farnsworth Fusion Discussion Board<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.madsci.org/posts/archives/may2000/959175834.Ph.r.html Re: Is Renzo Boscoli a genious, or a fraud<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.infinite-energy.com/iemagazine/issue28/brightshining.html Breaking Through Editorial: The Bright Shining Hope<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
===2000s===
* In [[2001]], Carl Tilley and Robert Kibbey in [[Tennessee]] claimed to have built an over-unity device. A [[9 February]] [[2001]] [[Technology demo|demonstration]] failed and they have not attempted a demonstration since.
* In [[2002]], the [[GWE]] ([[Genesis World Energy]]) group claimed to have 400 people who developed some device that appears to separate [[water]] into H<sub>2</sub> and O<sub>2</sub> using less [[energy]] than conventionally thought possible. No independent confirmation was ever made of their claims, and in [[2006]], company founder Patrick Kelly was sentenced to five years in prison for stealing funds from investors<ref>[http://www.nj.gov/oag/newsreleases06/pr20061109d.html State of New Jersey<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>.
[[Image:MEGcircuit.png|thumb|right|222px|Motionless Electrical Generator circuit as explained in US6362718]]
* On [[March 26]], [[2002]], the ''[[Motionless Electrical Generator]]'' (MEG) was patented (U.S. Patent 6362718) by five inventors: Stephen L. Patrick, Thomas E. Bearden, James C. Hayes, James L. Kenny, and Kenneth D. Moore. There is as yet no working prototype, and in [[2006]], Bearden claimed he still needed 10 to 12 million dollars to develop a commercial product based on the technology<ref>Tom Bearden,"''[http://www.cheniere.org/correspondence/051605.htm correspondence 051605]''". Date: Mon, 16 May 2005 12:11:01 -0500 </ref>.
* In [[2006]], [[Steorn]] Ltd. claimed to have built an overunity device based on rotating magnets, and took out an advertisement soliciting scientists to test their claims. The selection process for twelve began in September of 2006 and concluded in December 2006[http://steorn.net/en/news.aspx?p=2&id=911] . The selected jury has started investigating Steorn's claims. A public demonstration scheduled for July 4th 2007 was canceled due to "technical difficulties." [http://steorn.net/en/news.aspx?p=2&id=981]
* In late 2006, [[Erke Energy Research and Engineering Corporation]] located in Istanbul, Turkey claimed to have produced a free energy generator 'based on the principle of inertia'. No further details were provided
* In 2008, Thane Heins claimed to have developed a perpetual motion machine based on "Back EMF" He christened the device [[Perepiteia]], and it is currently under review by physicists.
{{-}}
==Notes==
{{reflist|3}}
==References==
===General information===
* Krieg, Eric, "''[http://www.phact.org/e/dennis4.html Eric's history of Perpetual Motion and Free Energy Machines]''".
** '''''This article is based on Krieg's work.'''''
===Information resources===
* Allan, Sterling D., "''[http://www.greaterthings.com/News/FreeEnergy/Directory/Inventors/ Free Energy Inventors]''". [[December 11]], [[2003]].
* Hans-Peter, "''[http://www.hp-gramatke.net/perpetuum/english/page7100.htm Perpetual Motion Chronology]''". [http://www.hp-gramatke.net/perpetuum/ HP's Perpetuum Mobile].
* MacMillan, David M., et al., "''[http://www.database.com/~lemur/rb-perpetual.html The Rolling Ball Web], An Online Compendium of Rolling Ball Sculptures, Clocks, Etc''".
* Lienhard, John H., "''[http://www.uh.edu/engines/epi33.htm Perpetual motion]''". [[The Engines of Our Ingenuity]], 1997.
* Gousseva, Maria, "''[http://english.pravda.ru/science/19/94/379/9675_energy.html Alleged Creation of Perpetual Energy Source Splits Scientific Community]''". Pravda.ru.
* "''[http://www.lhup.edu/~dsimanek/museum/patents.htm Patents for Unworkable Devices]''". [http://www.lhup.edu/~dsimanek/museum/unwork.htm The Museum of Unworkable Devices].
* "''[http://www.lhup.edu/~dsimanek/museum/people/people.htm Perpetual Motion Pioneers] (The Movers and Shakers)''". The Museum of Unworkable Devices.
* [[1911 Encyclopedia]], "''[http://67.1911encyclopedia.org/P/PE/PERPETUAL_MOTION_OR_PERPETUUM_MOBILE.htm perpetual motion]''". LoveToKnow, Corp.
* Boes, Alex, "''[http://www.museumofhoaxes.com/ Museum of Hoaxes]''".
* Kilty, Kevin T., "''[http://www.kilty.com/pmotion.htm Perpetual Motion]''". 1999.
* Bearden, Tom, "''[http://www.cheniere.org/techpapers/Fact_Sheets/Fact%20Sheet%20-%20Perpetual%20Motion%2038.doc PERPETUAL MOTION VS. “WORKING MACHINES CREATING ENERGY FROM NOTHING”]''". 2003, Revised 2004.
* [http://www.lhup.edu/~dsimanek/museum/test-pm.htm The Basement Mechanic's Guide to Testing Perpetual Motion Machines]
* [http://www.veljkomilkovic.com/Veciti_motoriEng.html Perpetuum mobile page] by [[Veljko Milković]]
* [http://www.besslerwheel.com Bessler's Wheel]
==Further reading==
* Ord-Hume, Arthur W. J. G., "''Perpetual Motion: The History of an Obsession''". New York, St. Martin's Press. 1977. ISBN 0-312-60131-X
* Angrist, Stanley W., "''Perpetual Motion Machines''". Scientific American. January, 1968.
* "''Directions for constructing a Perpetual Motion Machine without the Use of Water or a Weight''".
* Childress H, David, [http://www.lonezone.com/2000/catalog/6910.html The Free-Energy Device Handbook] (Magic Wheel and others)
[[Category:Thermodynamics]]
[[Category:Perpetual motion machines| History]]
[[Category:History of technology|Perpetual motion machines]]
[[Category:Technology timelines|Perpetual motion machines]]
[[nl:Vrije-energiegenerator]]