Ho Chi Minh
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Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/Anthonyjohnphan|Anthonyjohnphan]] to last version by Closedmouth (using [[WP:HG|Huggle]])
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:''For the city named after him, see [[Ho Chi Minh City]].''
{{Infobox_President
| name=Hồ Chí Minh
| image=Hồ_Chí_Minh_Official_Picture.jpg
| nationality=[[Vietnam]]ese
| birth_date={{birth date|1890|5|19|mf=y}}
| birth_place=[[Nghe An Province|Nghệ An Province]], [[Vietnam]]
| death_date={{death date and age|1969|9|2|1890|5|19|mf=y}}
| death_place=[[Hanoi]], [[Vietnam]]
| spouse
| order= First [[President of Vietnam|President of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam]]
| term_start=[[September 2]], [[1945]]
| term_end=[[September 2]], [[1969]]
| predecessor=N/A
| successor=[[Tôn Đức Thắng]]
| party=[[Communist Party of Vietnam|Vietnam Workers' Party]]
| vicepresident=
| order2= Second [[Prime Minister of Vietnam|Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam]]
| term_start2=[[September 2]], [[1945]]
| term_end2=[[September 20]], [[1955]]
| predecessor2=N/A
| successor2=[[Phạm Văn Đồng]]
}}
'''Hồ Chí Minh''' {{Audio|HoChiMinh.ogg|listen}} (name {{pronounced|hò̤ tɕǐmɪ̄ɲ}}) ([[May 19]], [[1890]] – [[September 2]], [[1969]]) was a [[Vietnam]]ese [[revolutionary]] and statesman, who later became prime minister (1946–1955) and president (1946–1969) of the [[Democratic Republic of Vietnam]] (North Vietnam).
Ho led the [[Viet Minh]] [[independence movement]] from 1941 onward, establishing the communist-governed Democratic Republic of Vietnam in 1945 and defeating the [[French Union]] in 1954 at [[battle of Dien Bien Phu|Dien Bien Phu]]. He led the North Vietnamese in the [[Vietnam War]] until his death; six years later, the war ended with a North Vietnamese victory, and Vietnamese unification followed. He was named by [[Time Magazine]] as one of the [[Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century|100 most influential]] people of the 20th century,<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/time100/leaders/profile/hochiminh.html Time 100: Ho Chi Minh] by Stanley Karnow, April 13 1998</ref> while the former capital of [[South Vietnam]], [[Saigon]], was renamed [[Ho Chi Minh City]] in his honor.
===Early life===
Hồ Chí Minh was born, as Nguyễn Sinh Cung, in 1890 in Hoàng Trù Village, his mother's hometown. From 1895, he grew up in his paternal hometown of Kim Liên Village, Nam Đàn District, [[Nghe An Province|Nghệ An Province]], Vietnam. He had three siblings, his sister Bạch Liên (or Nguyễn Thị Thanh), a clerk in the [[French Army]], his brother [[Nguyễn Sinh Khiêm]] (or Nguyễn Tất Đạt), a [[Geomancy|geomancer]] and traditional herbalist, and another brother (Nguyễn Sinh Nhuận) who died in his infancy. Following [[Confucianism|Confucian]] traditions, at the age of 10 his father named him Nguyễn Tất Thành (Nguyễn the Accomplished).
Ho's father, Nguyễn Sinh Sắc, was a Confucian scholar, small time teacher and later an imperial magistrate in a small remote district Binh Khe (Qui Nhon). He was later sacked for torturing a peasant to death during his drunkenness. Different to his father, Ho were with french education, attended lycée in Huế, the alma mater of his later disciples, Phạm Văn Ðồng and Võ Nguyên Giáp. He later left his studies and chose to teach at Dục Thanh school in Phan Thiết.
====First sojourn in France====
On [[5 June]] [[1911]], Hồ Chí Minh left Vietnam on a French steamer, ''Amiral Latouche-Tréville'', working as a kitchen helper. Arriving in [[Marseille]], [[France]], he applied for the [[French Colonial Administrative School]] but his application was rejected.<ref>[http://www.hungviet.org/hcm/xinhoc.html Hồ applied for the French Colonial Administrative School]</ref> During his stay, he worked as a cleaner, waiter, and film retoucher. Hồ spent most of his free time in public libraries reading history books and newspapers to familiarize himself with [[Western Civilization|Western]] society and politics.
===In the USA===
In 1912, again working as the cook's helper on a ship, Hồ Chí Minh traveled to the [[United States]]. From 1912 to 1913, he lived in [[New York City|New York]] ([[Harlem]]) and [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]], where he worked as a baker at the [[Omni Parker House|Parker House]] Hotel. He worked in menial jobs and later claimed to have worked for a wealthy family in [[Brooklyn]] between 1917 and 1918, and during this time he may have heard [[Marcus Garvey]] speak in [[Harlem]]. It is believed that while in the United States he made contact with [[Koreans|Korean]] [[nationalist]]s, an experience that developed his political outlook.<ref name="Quinn Judge">Sophie Quinn-Judge, ''Hồ Chí Minh: The Missing Years'', University of California Press, 2002 ISBN 0-520-23533-9</ref>
===In England===
At various points between 1913 and 1919, Hồ lived in [[West Ealing]], west [[London]], and later in [[Crouch End]], [[Hornsey]], north London. He is reported to have worked as a chef at the Drayton Court Hotel, on The Avenue, West Ealing.<ref>[http://www.ealing.gov.uk/services/leisure/local_history/historic_buildings/drayton_court_hotel.html The Drayton Court Hotel<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> It is claimed that Ho trained as a pastry chef under the legendary French master, [[Auguste Escoffier|Escoffier]], at the [[Carlton Hotel]] in the Haymarket, [[Westminster]], but there is no evidence to support this.<ref name="Quinn Judge"/> However, the wall of [[High Commission of New Zealand in London|New Zealand House]], home of the New Zealand [[High Commission]], which now stands on the site of the Carlton Hotel, displays a [[Blue plaque|Blue Plaque]], stating that Hồ worked there in 1913 as a waiter.<ref>[http://www.londontourist.org/attractions.html The London Tourism Guide - a free tourist and visitor guidebook for England's capital city<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
===Political education in France===
From 1919–1923, while living in [[France]], Hồ Chí Minh embraced [[communism]], through his friend Marcel Cachin ([[SFIO]]).{{Fact|date=January 2008}} Ho claimed to have arrived in Paris from London in 1917 but French police only have documents of his arrival in June 1919.<ref name="Quinn Judge"/> Following [[World War I]], under the name of Nguyễn Ái Quốc (Nguyen the Patriot), he petitioned for recognition of the civil rights of the Vietnamese people in [[French Indochina]] to the Western powers at the [[Versailles]] peace talks, but was ignored. Citing the language and the spirit of the [[U.S. Declaration of Independence]], Ho petitioned [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[Woodrow Wilson]] for help to remove the French from [[Vietnam]] and replace it with a new, nationalist government. His request was ignored.
In 1921, during the Congress of [[Tours]], France, Nguyen Ai Quoc became a founding member of the ''Parti Communiste Français'' ([[French Communist Party]]) and spent much of his time in [[Moscow]] afterwards, becoming the [[Comintern]]'s Asia hand and the principal theorist on colonial warfare. It was at this time that Nguyễn Ái Quốc took the name of "Hồ Chí Minh",{{Fact|date=November 2007}} a Vietnamese name combining a common surname (Hồ) with a given name meaning 'enlightened will' (Chí meaning 'will' (or spirit), and Minh meaning 'light'). During the Indochina War, the PCF would be involved with antiwar propaganda, sabotage and support for the revolutionary effort.
===In the Soviet Union and China===
In 1923, Hồ left Paris for [[Moscow]], where he was employed by the [[Comintern]], and participated in the Fifth Comintern Congress in June 1924, before arriving in Canton ([[Guangzhou]]), China, in November 1924. During 1925-26 he organized 'Youth Education Classes' and occasionally gave lectures at the [[Whampoa Military Academy]] on the revolutionary movement in Indochina. He left Canton again in April 1927 and returned to Moscow, spending some of the summer of 1927 recuperating from [[tuberculosis]] in the [[Crimea]], before returning to Paris once more in November. He then returned to Asia by way of [[Brussels]], [[Berlin]], [[Switzerland]], [[Italy]], from where he took a ship to [[Bangkok]] in [[Thailand]], where he arrived in July 1928. He remained in Thailand until late 1929 when he moved on to [[Hong Kong]], and [[Shanghai]]. In June 1931, he was arrested in [[Hong Kong]] and incarcerated by British police until his release in 1933. He then made his way back to the [[Soviet Union]], where he spent several more years recovering from [[tuberculosis]]. In 1938, he returned to [[China]] and served as an adviser with Chinese [[Communist]] armed forces.<ref name="Quinn Judge"/>
===In Thailand===
In 1928-29, Hồ Chí Minh stayed in the Thai village of Nachok.
===Independence movement===
In 1941, Hồ returned to Vietnam to lead the [[Viet Minh|Việt Minh]] independence movement. He oversaw many successful military actions against the [[Vichy French]] and Japanese occupation of Vietnam during [[World War II]], supported closely but clandestinely by the United States [[Office of Strategic Services]], and also later against the French bid to reoccupy the country (1946-1954). He was also jailed in China for many months by [[Chiang Kai-shek]]'s local authorities. After his release in 1943, he again returned to Vietnam. He was treated for malaria and dysentery by American [[Office of Strategic Services|OSS]] doctors.
After the [[August Revolution]] (1945) organized by the Việt Minh, Hồ became Chairman of the Provisional Government (Premier of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam) and issued a declaration of independence that borrowed much from the French and American declarations.<ref>{{cite book
| last = Zinn
| first = Howard
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = A People's History of the United States: 1492-Present
| publisher = Harper Perennial
| date = 1995
| location = New York
| pages = 460
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = 0060926430 }}</ref> Though he convinced Emperor [[Bao Dai|Bảo Đại]] to abdicate, his government was not recognized by any country. He repeatedly petitioned American President [[Harry Truman]] for support for Vietnamese independence,<ref>[http://rationalrevolution.net/war/collection_of_letters_by_ho_chi_.htm Collection of Letters by Ho Chi Minh<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> citing the [[Atlantic Charter]], but Truman never responded.<ref>{{cite book
| last = Zinn
| first = Howard
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = A People's History of the United States: 1492-Present
| publisher = Harper Perennial
| date = 1995
| location = New York
| pages = 461
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = 0060926430 }}</ref>
In 1945, in a power struggle, the Viet Minh killed members of rival groups, such as the leader of the Constitutional Party, the head of the Party for Independence, and [[Ngo Dinh Diem]]'s brother, [[Ngo Dinh Khoi]].<ref>Joseph Buttinnger, ''Vietnam: A Dragon Embattled'', vol. 1. (New York: Praeger, 1967)</ref> Purges and killings of [[Trotskyists]], the rival anti-Stalinist communists, have also been documented<ref>See: ''[[The Black Book of Communism]]''</ref>. In 1946, when Hồ traveled outside of the country, his subordinates imprisoned 25,000 non-communist nationalists and forced 6,000 others to flee.<ref>Cecil B. Currey, ''Victory At Any Cost'' (Washington: Brassey's, 1997), p. 126</ref> Hundreds of political opponents were also killed in July that same year.<ref> Spencer Tucker, ''Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: a political, social, and military history'' (vol. 2), 1998</ref> All rival political parties were banned and local governments purged<ref>John Colvin, ''Giap: the Volcano under the Snow'' (New York: Soho Press, 1996), p.51</ref> to minimise opposition later on.
===Birth of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam===
On [[September 2]], [[1945]], after Emperor [[Bao Dai]]'s abdication, Hồ Chí Minh read the Declaration of Independence of Vietnam,<ref>[http://coombs.anu.edu.au/%7Evern/van_kien/declar.html Vietnam Declaration of Independence<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> under the name of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. With violence between rival Vietnamese factions and French forces spiraling, the British commander, [[Douglas Gracey|General Sir Douglas Gracey]] declared martial law. On [[September 24]], the Viet Minh leaders responded with a call for a general strike.<ref>Stanley Karnow, ''Vietnam a History''</ref>
In September 1945, a force of 200,000 Chinese Nationalists arrived in [[Hanoi]]. Hồ Chí Minh made arrangement with their general, Lu Han, to dissolve the Communist Party and to hold an election which would yield a coalition government. When Chiang Kai-Shek later traded Chinese influence in Vietnam for French concessions in Shanghai, Hồ Chí Minh had no choice but to sign an agreement with France on [[March 6]], [[1946]], in which Vietnam would be recognized as an autonomous state in the Indochinese Federation and the [[French Union]]. The agreement soon broke down. The purpose of the agreement was to drive out the Chinese army from North Vietnam. Fighting broke out with the French soon after the Chinese left. Hồ Chí Minh was almost captured by a group of French soldiers led by [[Jean-Etienne Valluy]] at [[Việt Bắc]], but was able to escape.
In February 1950, Hồ met with [[Stalin]] and [[Mao]] in Moscow after the [[Soviet Union]] recognized his government. They all agreed that China would be responsible for backing the [[Viet Minh]].<ref>Luo Guibo, pp. 233-6</ref> Mao's emissary to Moscow stated in August that China planned to train 60-70,000 Viet Minh in the near future.<ref>Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, "Chronology," p. 45.</ref> China's support enabled Ho to escalate the fight against France.
According to a story told by Journalist [[Bernard Fall]], after fighting the French for several years, Hồ decided to negotiate a truce. The French negotiators arrived at the meeting site, a mud hut with a thatched roof. Inside they found a long table with chairs and were surprised to discover in one corner of the room a silver ice bucket containing ice and a bottle of good Champagne which should have indicated that Hồ was ready to negotiate. One demand by the French was the return to French custody of a number of Japanese military officers who had been helping the Vietnamese armed forces, in order for them to stand trial for war crimes committed during [[World War II]]. Hồ replied that the Japanese officers were allies and friends whom he could not betray. Then he walked out, to seven more years of war. (From ''Last Reflections on a War'', Fall's last book, published posthumously.)
In 1954, after the important defeat of French paratroopers at the [[Battle of Dien Bien Phu|Battle of Điện Biên Phủ]], France was forced to give up its empire in Indochina.
===Becoming president===
[[Image:Giap-Ho.jpg|thumb|Ho Chi Minh (right) with [[Vo Nguyen Giap]] (left)]]
[[Image:Ho-Chi-Minhs-House.jpg|thumb|Ho Chi Minh's house behind the Presidential Palace in [[Hanoi]].]]
In 1955, Ho Chi Minh became president of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam ([[North Vietnam]]), a [[Communist]]-led [[single party state]].
The [[Geneva Conference (1954)|1954 Geneva Accords]] required that a national election would be held in 1956 to reunite Vietnam under one government. The agreement was signed by North Vietnam and France, but was rejected and not signed by [[South Vietnam]] and the United States. Therefore the government of [[South Vietnam]], now under the leadership of [[Ngo Dinh Diem]], refused the proposed election. Some contemporary observers consider that if an election had been held in the 1954-55 period, around 80% of the Vietnamese population would have voted for Ho Chi Minh. However the totalitarian government of North Vietnam could never tolerate the free press and free organization of opposition groups required by a free election. <ref> Brigham, ''Guerrilla Diplomacy'', p. 6; Marcus Raskin & Bernard Fall, ''The Viet-Nam Reader'', p. 89; William Duiker, ''U. S. Containment Policy and the Conflict in Indochina'', p. 212</ref> Even "President Eisenhower is widely quoted to the effect that in 1954 as many as 80% of the Vietnamese people would have voted for Ho Chi Minh, as the popular hero of their liberation, in an election against Bao Dai... "<ref>[http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/pentagon/pent11.htm The Pentagon Papers, Chapter 5, "Origins of the Insurgency in South Vietnam, 1954-1960"<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The U.S. committed itself to oppose Communism beginning in 1950, when it funded 80% of the French effort. When South Vietnam became independent of France in 1954, the U.S. was its chief sponsor and financial backer, but there never was a treaty between the U.S. and South Vietnam.
{{main|Operation Passage to Freedom}}
Following the [[Geneva Conference (1954)|Geneva Accords]], there was to be a 300-day period in which people could freely move between the zones of the two Vietnams. Some 900,000 to 1 million Vietnamese, mostly [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]], left for [[South Vietnam]], while a much smaller number, mostly communists, went from South to North.<ref>[[Pentagon Papers]]: http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/pentagon/pent11.htm</ref><ref>[[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]], [http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/publ/opendoc.pdf?id=3ebf9bad0&tbl=PUBL ''State of the World's Refugees''], Chapter 4, "Flight from Indochina".</ref> This was partly due to propaganda claims by a CIA mission led by Colonel [[Edward Lansdale]] that the [[Virgin Mary]] had moved South out of distaste for life under [[communism]]. Some Canadian observers claimed that some were forced by North Vietnamese authorities to remain against their will.<ref>Thakur, p. 204</ref> During this era, Hồ, following the communist doctrine initiated by Stalin and Mao, started a land reform in which hundreds of thousands of people accused of being landlords were summarily executed or tortured and starved in prison. This also caused millions of people to flee to South Vietnam.<ref>[http://www.rfa.org/english/news/2006/06/08/vietnam_landreform/ RFA: 50 Years On, Vietnamese Remember Land Reform Terror<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
In 1957, [[Lê Duẩn]] was appointed acting party boss and began sending aid to the [[Vietcong]] insurgency in South Vietnam. This represented a loss of power by Hồ, who is said to have preferred the more moderate Giáp for the position. The so called [[Hochiminh Trail]] was built in 1959 to allow aid to be sent to the Vietcong through Laos and Cambodia, thus escalating the war.<ref> Lind, 1999 </ref> Duẩn was named permanent party boss in 1960, leaving Hồ a figurehead president and symbol of Vietnamese Communism.
In late 1964, North Vietnamese combat troops were sent southwest into neutral [[Laos]].<ref> Davidson, ''Vietnam at War: the history, 1946–1975'', 1988 </ref> During the mid to late 1960s, Lê Duẩn permitted 320,000 Chinese volunteers into northern [[North Vietnam]] to help build infrastructure for the country, thereby freeing a similar number of North Vietnamese forces to go south.<ref> Chen Jian, "China's Involvement in the Vietnam Conflict, 1964-69," ''China Quarterly'', No. 142 (June 1995), pp. 366–69. </ref>
=== Death ===
[[Image:Ho-Chi-Minh.jpg|right|thumb|A historical photo of Ho Chi Minh lying in state in his [[mausoleum]]. His body is now displayed in a larger display case.]]
[[Image:Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum 2006.jpg|thumb|Ho Chi Minh [[mausoleum]], Hanoi]]
[[Image:Ho Chi minh estatua.jpg|thumb|Ho Chi Minh statue]]
With the outcome of the [[Vietnam War]] still in question, Ho Chi Minh died on the morning of [[September 2]], [[1969]], at his home in [[Hanoi]] at age 79 from heart failure.
The former capital of [[South Vietnam]], Saigon, was renamed [[Ho Chi Minh City]] on [[1 May]], [[1975]] shortly after its capture which officially ended the war.
His embalmed body is on display in a granite [[Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum]] modeled after [[Lenin's Mausoleum|Lenin's Tomb]] in Moscow. This is similar to other Communist leaders who have been similarly displayed before and since, including [[Mao Zedong]], [[Kim Il-Sung]], and for a time, [[Joseph Stalin]], but the "honor" violated Hồ's last wishes. He wished to be cremated and his ashes buried in urns on hilltops of Vietnam (North, Central and South). He wrote, "Not only is cremation good from the point of view of hygiene but also it saves farmland."
The [[Ho Chi Minh Museum]] in Hanoi is dedicated to his life and work.
In Vietnam today, he is regarded by the Communist government with almost god-like status in a nationwide [[personality cult]], even though the government has abandoned most of his economic policies since the mid-1980s. He is still referred to as "Uncle Hồ" in Vietnam. Hồ's image appears on the front of every [[Vietnamese dong|Vietnamese currency]] note, and Hồ is featured prominently in many of Vietnam's public buildings. In 1987, [[UNESCO]] officially recommended to Member States that they "join in the commemoration of the centenary of the birth of President Ho Chi Minh by organizing various events as a tribute to his memory", considering "the important and many-sided contribution of President Ho Chi Minh in the fields of culture, education and the arts" and that Ho Chi Minh "devoted his whole life to the national liberation of the Vietnamese people, contributing to the common struggle of peoples for peace, national independence, democracy and social progress."<ref name = "unesco">[http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0007/000769/076995E.pdf UNESCO. General Conference; 24th; Records of the General Conference, 24th session, Paris, 20 October to 20 November 1987, v. 1: Resolutions; 1988<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
=== Criticism ===
In contrast, some Vietnamese who lived through the war hated Ho Chi Minh for bringing chaos to the country. Vietnamese people living outside of Vietnam, commonly known as [[Overseas Vietnamese]] have more hostile opinions of Ho Chi Minh. In particular to the Vietnamese in the U.S.,who fled communist rule after 1975, for them Hồ is considered a murderer and traitor who ruined Vietnam by starting a war.<ref>"[http://www.cnn.com/US/9901/21/ho.chi.minh.protest/ Ho Chi Minh poster angers Vietnamese Americans]," ''[[CNN]]''</ref>
==Quotes==
{{Copy section to Wikiquote}}
*"Nothing is more valuable than independence and freedom."
*"I follow only one party: the Vietnamese party."
*"You can kill ten of our men for every one we kill of yours. But even at those odds, you will lose and we will win." - referring to France and America in their wars in Vietnam.
*"It is better to sacrifice everything than to live in slavery!"
*"The Vietnamese people deeply love independence, freedom and peace. But in the face of United States aggression they have risen up, united as one man."
*"We have to win independence at any cost, even if the Truong Son mountains burn."
*"In (Lenin's Theses on the National and Colonial Questions) there were political terms that were difficult to understand. But by reading them again and again finally I was able to grasp the essential part. What emotion, enthusiasm, enlightenment and confidence they communicated to me! I wept for joy. Sitting by myself in my room, I would shout as if I were addressing large crowds: "Dear martyr compatriots! This is what we need, this is our path to liberation!" Since then (the 1920s) I had entire confidence in Lenin, in the Third International!"
*"When the prison doors are opened, the real dragon will fly out."
*"It was patriotism, not communism, that inspired me."
*"Remember, the storm is a good opportunity for the pine and the cypress to show their strength and their stability."
*"My only desire is that all of our Party and people, closely united in struggle, construct a peaceful, unified, independent, democratic and prosperous, and make a valiant contribution to the world Revolution." (Hanoi, [[May 10]] [[1969]].)
*“Better to eat the French dung for 100 years than the Chinese dung for 1,000.”<ref>[http://www.mfh.org/newsandevents/newsletter/MassHumanities/Fall2004/interview.html Mass Humanities: David Halberstam Interview<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}
== Further reading ==
===Essays===
*[[Bernard B. Fall]], ed., 1967. ''Ho Chi Minh on Revolution and War, Selected Writings 1920-1966''. New American Library.
===Biography===
*[[William J. Duiker]]. 2000. ''Ho Chi Minh: A Life''. Theia.
*[[Jean Lacouture]]. 1968. ''Ho Chi Minh: A Political Biography''. Random House.
*[[N. Khac Huyen]]. 1971. ''Vision Accomplished? The Enigma of Ho Chi Minh''. The Macmillan Company.
*[[David Halberstam]]. 1971. ''Ho.'' Rowman & Littlefield.
*Hồ chí Minh toàn tập. NXB chính trị quốc gia
*[[Sophie Quinn-Judge]]. 2003. ''Ho Chi Minh: The missing years''. C. Hurst & Co. ISBN 1-85065-658-4
===The Viet Minh, NLF & the Democratic Republic of Vietnam===
*[[William J. Duiker]]. 1981. ''The Communist Road to Power in Vietnam''. Westview Press.
*[[Hoang Van Chi]]. 1964. ''From colonialism to communism''. Praeger.
*[[Truong Nhu Tang]]. 1986. ''A Viet Cong Memoir''. Vintage.
===The War in Vietnam===
*[[Frances Fitzgerald]]. 1972. ''[[Fire in the Lake: The Vietnamese and the Americans in Vietnam]]''. Little, Brown and Company.
===American Foreign Policy===
*[[Christopher Hitchens]]. 2001. ''[[The Trial of Henry Kissinger]]''. Verso.
*[[Henry A. Kissinger]]. 1979. ''White House Years''. Little, Brown.
*[[Richard Nixon]]. 1987. ''No More Vietnams''. Arbor House Pub Co.
==External links==
{{wikisource author|Ho Chi Minh}}
{{wikiquote}}{{commons|Category:Ho Chi Minh|Ho Chi Minh}}
*[http://www.ealing.gov.uk/services/leisure/local_history/historic_buildings/drayton_court_hotel.html The Drayton Court Hotel]
*[http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0519.html Obituary in ''The New York Times'', [[September 4]] [[1969]]]
*[http://www.time.com/time/time100/leaders/profile/hochiminh.html TIME 100: Hồ Chí Minh]
*[http://www.cpv.org.vn/english/archives/?topic=14&subtopic=99&leader_topic=39 Hồ Chí Minh's biography]
*[http://www.withfriendship.com/user/tuyen/ho-chi-minh.php Hồ Chí Minh pictures as slides]
*[http://maps.google.com/maps?t=k&ie=UTF8&ll=21.036772,105.834383&spn=0.002333,0.003616&om=1 Satellite photo of the mausoleum on Google Maps]
*[http://acjournal.org/holdings/vol3/Iss3/spec1/decaro.html]
*[http://www.cpv.org.vn/details_e.asp?id=BT2750372918 Final Tribute to Ho Chi Minh from the Central Committee of the Vietnam Workers' Party]
*[http://www.clemson.edu/caah/history/facultypages/EdMoise/commlead.html#ho Bibliography: Writings of Ho Chi Minh, and Books about Him]
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<!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]] -->
{{Persondata
|NAME= Minh, Hồ Chí
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
|SHORT DESCRIPTION=Prime minister, president, [[Democratic Republic of Vietnam|North Vietnam]]
|DATE OF BIRTH=1890-05-19
|PLACE OF BIRTH=[[Nghe An Province|Nghệ An Province]], [[Vietnam]]
|DATE OF DEATH=1969-09-2
|PLACE OF DEATH=[[Hanoi]], [[Vietnam]]
}}
[[Category:Presidents of Vietnam]]
[[Category:Communist rulers]]
[[Category:Vietnamese revolutionaries]]
[[Category:Vietnamese communists]]
[[Category:People of the Vietnam War]]
[[Category:World War II Resistance members]]
[[Category:People of the First Indochina War]]
[[Category:Cold War leaders]]
[[Category:1890 births]]
[[Category:1969 deaths]]
[[Category:Prime Ministers of Vietnam]]
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[[sl:Ho Ši Minh (politik)]]
[[sr:Хо Ши Мин]]
[[fi:Hồ Chí Minh]]
[[sv:Ho Chi Minh]]
[[ta:ஹோ சி மின்]]
[[th:โฮจิมินห์]]
[[vi:Hồ Chí Minh]]
[[tr:Ho Şi Mingh]]
[[uk:Хо Ши Мін]]
[[zh:胡志明]]