Holy Grail 14322 226022650 2008-07-16T14:06:44Z Piecemealcranky 3685643 /* External links */ Interwiki {{otheruses}} {{redirect4|Grail|Grail Quest}} [[Image:Sangreal.jpg|thumb|200px|''How at the Castle of Corbin a Maiden Bare in the Sangreal and Foretold the Achievements of Galahad'': illustration by [[Arthur Rackham]], 1917]] According to [[Christian mythology]], the '''Holy Grail''' was the dish, plate, or cup used by [[Jesus]] at the [[Last Supper]], said to possess miraculous powers. The connection of [[Joseph of Arimathea]] with the Grail legend dates from [[Robert de Boron]]'s ''Joseph d'Arimathie'' (late 12th century) in which Joseph receives the Grail from an apparition of Jesus and sends it with his followers to [[Great Britain]]; building upon this theme, later writers recounted how Joseph used the Grail to catch [[Christ]]'s blood while interring him and that in Britain he founded a line of guardians to keep it safe. The quest for the Holy Grail makes up an important segment of the [[King Arthur|Arthurian]] cycle, appearing first in works by [[Chrétien de Troyes]].<ref>Loomis, Roger Sherman (1991). ''The Grail: From Celtic Myth to Christian Symbol''. Princeton. ISBN 0-691-02075-2 [http://print.google.com/print?id=DGQcsXGYII4C]</ref> The legend may combine [[Christian lore]] with a [[Celtic mythology|Celtic myth]] of a [[cauldron]] endowed with special powers. The development of the Grail legend has been traced in detail by cultural historians: It is a legend which first came together in the form of written romances, deriving perhaps from some pre-Christian folklore hints, in the later 12th and early 13th centuries. The early Grail romances centered on [[Percival]] and were woven into the more general Arthurian fabric. Some of the Grail legend is interwoven with legends of the [[Holy Chalice]]. ==Origins of the Grail== ===The Grail=== The Grail plays a different role everywhere it appears, but in most versions of the legend the hero must prove himself worthy to be in its presence. In the early tales, [[Percival]]'s immaturity prevents him from fulfilling his destiny when he first encounters the Grail, and he must grow spiritually and mentally before he can locate it again. In later tellings the Grail is a symbol of God's grace, available to all but only fully realized by those who prepare themselves spiritually, like the saintly [[Galahad]]. ===Early forms of the Grail=== There are two veins of thought concerning the Grail's origin. The first, championed by [[Roger Sherman Loomis]], [[Alfred Nutt]], and [[Jessie Weston]], holds that it derived from early [[Celtic mythology|Celtic myth]] and folklore. Loomis traced a number of parallels between [[Medieval Welsh literature]] and [[Irish literature|Irish]] material and the Grail romances, including similarities between the ''[[Mabinogion]]'''s [[Bran the Blessed]] and the Arthurian [[Fisher King]], and between Bran's life-restoring cauldron and the Grail. Other legends featured magical platters or dishes that symbolize otherworldly power or test the hero's worth. Sometimes the items generate a never-ending supply of food, sometimes they can raise the dead. Sometimes they decide who the next king should be, as only the true sovereign could hold them. On the other hand, some scholars believe the Grail began as a purely Christian symbol. For example, Joseph Goering of the [[University of Toronto]] has identified sources for Grail imagery in 12th century wall paintings from churches in the [[Catalonia|Catalan]] [[Pyrenees]] (now mostly removed to the [[Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya]], [[Barcelona]]), which present unique iconic images of the [[Mary, the mother of Jesus|Virgin Mary]] holding a bowl that radiates tongues of fire, images that predate the first literary account by [[Chrétien de Troyes]]. Goering argues that they were the original inspiration for the Grail legend.<ref>Goering, Joseph (2005). ''The Virgin and the Grail: Origins of a Legend''. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-10661-0. [http://yalepress.yale.edu/yupbooks/book.asp?isbn=0300106610]</ref><ref> Rynor, Micah (October 20, 2005). [http://www.news.utoronto.ca/bin6/051020-1720.asp "Holy Grail legend may be tied to paintings"]. www.news.utoronto.ca.</ref> Another recent theory holds that the earliest stories that cast the Grail in a Christian light were meant to promote the [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] [[sacrament]] of the [[Holy Communion]]. Although the practice of Holy Communion was first alluded to in the Christian [[Bible]] and defined by theologians in the first centuries AD, it was around the time of the appearance of the first Christianized Grail literature that the Roman church was beginning to add more ceremony and mysticism around this particular sacrament. Thus, the first Grail stories may have been celebrations of a renewal in this traditional sacrament.<ref>Barber, Richard (2004). ''The Holy Grail: Imagination and Belief'', Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-01390-5. [http://www.holygrail.ws]</ref> This theory has some basis in the fact that the Grail legends are a phenomenon of the Western church ([[#Ideas of the Grail|see below]]). Most scholars today accept that both Christian and Celtic traditions contributed to the legend's development, though many of the early Celtic-based arguments are largely discredited (Loomis himself came to reject much of Weston and Nutt's work). The general view is that the central theme of the Grail is Christian, even when not explicitly religious, but that much of the setting and imagery of the early romances is drawn from Celtic material. ===Etymology of ''grail''=== The word ''graal'', as it is earliest spelled, appears to be an [[Old French]] adaptation of the [[Latin]] ''gradalis'', meaning a dish brought to the table in different stages of a meal. According to the ''[[Catholic Encyclopedia]]'', after the cycle of Grail [[Romance (genre)|romances]] was well established, late [[medieval]] writers came up with a [[false etymology]] for ''sangréal'', an alternative name for "Holy Grail." In [[Old French]], ''san graal'' or ''san gréal'' means "Holy Grail" and ''sang réal'' means "royal blood"; later writers played on this pun. Since then, "Sangreal" is sometimes employed to lend a medievalizing air in referring to the Holy Grail. This connection with royal blood bore fruit in a modern bestseller linking many historical conspiracy theories ([[#Modern retellings|see below]]). ==The beginnings of the Grail in literature== ===Chrétien de Troyes=== The Grail is first featured in ''[[Perceval, le Conte du Graal]]'' (''The Story of the Grail'') by [[Chrétien de Troyes]], who claims he was working from a source book given to him by his patron, Count [[Philip of Flanders]]. In this incomplete poem, dated sometime between [[1180]] and [[1191]], the object has not yet acquired the implications of holiness it would have in later works. While dining in the magical abode of the Fisher King, Perceval witnesses a wondrous procession in which youths carry magnificent objects from one chamber to another, passing before him at each course of the meal. First comes a young man carrying a bleeding lance, then two boys carrying candelabras. Finally, a beautiful young girl emerges bearing an elaborately decorated ''graal'', or "grail." Chrétien refers to his object not as "The Grail" but as ''un graal'', showing the word was used, in its earliest literary context, as a common noun. For Chrétien the grail was a wide, somewhat deep dish or bowl, interesting because it contained not a pike, salmon or lamprey, as the audience may have expected for such a container, but a single Mass wafer which provided sustenance for the Fisher King’s crippled father. Perceval, who had been warned against talking too much, remains silent through all of this, and wakes up the next morning alone. He later learns that if he had asked the appropriate questions about what he saw, he would have healed his maimed host, much to his honor. The story of the Wounded King's [[inedia|mystical fasting]] is not unique; several saints were said to have lived without food besides communion, for instance Saint [[Catherine of Genoa]]. This may imply that Chrétien intended the Mass wafer to be the significant part of the ritual, and the Grail to be a mere prop. ===Robert de Boron=== Though Chrétien’s account is the earliest and most influential of all Grail texts, it was in the work of [[Robert de Boron]] that the Grail truly became the "Holy Grail" and assumed the form most familiar to modern readers. In his verse romance ''Joseph d’Arimathie'', composed between [[1191]] and [[1202]], Robert tells the story of [[Joseph of Arimathea]] acquiring the chalice of the Last Supper to collect Christ’s blood upon His removal from the cross. Joseph is thrown in prison where Christ visits him and explains the mysteries of the blessed cup. Upon his release Joseph gathers his in-laws and other followers and travels to the west, and founds a dynasty of Grail keepers that eventually includes Perceval. ===The Grail in other early literature=== After this point, Grail literature divides into two classes. The first concerns King Arthur’s knights visiting the Grail castle or questing after the object; the second concerns the Grail’s history in the time of Joseph of Arimathea. The nine most important works from the first group are: * The ''Perceval'' of Chrétien de Troyes. * [[Perceval, the Story of the Grail#The Continuations|Four continuations]] of Chrétien’s poem, by authors of differing vision and talent, designed to bring the story to a close. * The German ''[[Parzival]]'' by [[Wolfram von Eschenbach]], which adapted at least the holiness of Robert’s Grail into the framework of Chrétien’s story. * The Didot ''Perceval'', named after the manuscript’s former owner, and purportedly a prosification of Robert de Boron’s sequel to ''Joseph d’Arimathie''. * The [[Welsh romance]] ''[[Peredur son of Efrawg|Peredur]]'', generally included in the ''[[Mabinogion]]'', likely at least indirectly founded on Chrétien's poem but including very striking differences from it, preserving as it does elements of pre-Christian traditions such as the Celtic cult of the head. * ''[[Perlesvaus]]'', called the "least canonical" Grail romance because of its very different character. * The German ''[[Diu Crône]]'' (''The Crown''), in which [[Gawain]], rather than Perceval, achieves the Grail. * The ''[[Lancelot]]'' section of the vast [[Vulgate Cycle]], which introduces the new Grail hero, [[Galahad]]. * The ''[[Queste del Saint Graal]]'', another part of the Vulgate Cycle, concerning the adventures of Galahad and his achievement of the Grail. Of the second class there are: * Robert de Boron’s ''Joseph d’Arimathie'', * The ''Estoire del Saint Graal'', the first part of the Vulgate Cycle (but written after ''Lancelot'' and the ''Queste''), based on Robert’s tale but expanding it greatly with many new details. Though all these works have their roots in Chrétien, several contain pieces of tradition not found in Chrétien which are possibly derived from earlier sources. ==Ideas of the Grail== [[Image:Galahad grail.jpg|thumb|400px|[[Galahad]], [[Bors]], and [[Percival]] achieve the Grail]] The Grail was considered a bowl or dish when first described by Chrétien de Troyes. Other authors had their own ideas; Robert de Boron portrayed it as the vessel of the Last Supper, and ''Peredur'' had no Grail per se, presenting the hero instead with a platter containing his kinsman's bloody, severed head. In ''Parzival'', Wolfram von Eschenbach, citing the authority of a certain (probably fictional) [[Kyot|Kyot the Provençal]], claimed the Grail was a stone that fell from Heaven (called ''lapsit exillis''), and had been the sanctuary of the Neutral Angels who took neither side during [[Lucifer]]'s rebellion. The authors of the Vulgate Cycle used the Grail as a symbol of [[divine grace]]. Galahad, illegitimate son of [[Lancelot]] and [[Elaine (legend)|Elaine]], the world's greatest knight and the Grail Bearer at the castle of [[Corbenic]], is destined to achieve the Grail, his spiritual purity making him a greater warrior than even his illustrious father. Galahad and the interpretation of the Grail involving him were picked up in the [[15th century]] by Sir [[Thomas Malory]] in ''[[Le Morte d'Arthur]]'', and remain popular today. Various notions of the Holy Grail are currently widespread in Western society (especially British, French and American), popularized through numerous medieval and modern works (see below) and linked with the predominantly Anglo-French (but also with some German influence) cycle of stories about King Arthur and his knights. Because of this wide distribution, Americans and West Europeans sometimes assume that the Grail idea is universally well known. The stories of the Grail are totally absent from the folklore of those countries that were and are [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox]] (whether Arabs, Slavs, Romanians, or Greeks){{Who?}}. This is true of all Arthurian myths, which were not well known east of Germany until the present-day Hollywood retellings. Nor has the Grail been as popular a subject in some predominantly Catholic areas, such as [[Spain]] and [[Latin America]], as it has been elsewhere. The notions of the Grail, its importance, and prominence, are a set of ideas that are essentially local and particular, being linked with Catholic or formerly Catholic locales, Celtic mythology and Anglo-French medieval storytelling. The contemporary wide distribution of these ideas is due to the huge influence of the pop culture of countries where the Grail Myth was prominent in the Middle Ages. ==The later legend== [[Image:Holy-grail-valencia.jpg|thumb|left|One of the supposed Holy Grails in [[Valencia, Spain|Valencia]], [[Spain]]]] Belief in the Grail and interest in its potential whereabouts has never ceased. Ownership has been attributed to various groups (including the [[Knights Templar]], probably because they were at the peak of their influence around the time that Grail stories started circulating in the 12th and 13th centuries). There are cups claimed to be the Grail in several churches, for instance the [[Saint Mary of Valencia Cathedral]], which contains an artifact, the [[Holy Chalice]], supposedly taken by [[Saint Peter]] to [[Rome]] in the first century, and then to [[Huesca]] in Spain by [[Saint Lawrence]] in the 3rd century. According to legend the monastery of [[San Juan de la Peña]], located at the south-west of [[Jaca]], in the province of [[Huesca (province)|Huesca]], Spain, protected the chalice of the Last Supper from the Islamic invaders of the Iberian Peninsula. Archaeologists say the artifact is a 1st century Middle Eastern stone vessel, possibly from [[Antioch]], [[Syria]] (now [[Turkey]]); its history can be traced to the 11th century, and it presently rests atop an ornate stem and base, made in the Medieval era of alabaster, gold, and gemstones. It was the official papal chalice for many popes, and has been used by many others, most recently by [[Pope Benedict XVI]], on [[July 9]], [[2006]].<ref>Glatz, Carol (July 10, 2006). [http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0603899.htm "At Mass in Valencia, pope uses what tradition says is Holy Grail"]. ''Catholic News''.</ref> The emerald chalice at [[Genoa]], which was obtained during the [[Crusades]] at [[Caesarea Maritima]] at great cost, has been less championed as the Holy Grail since an accident on the road, while it was being returned from Paris after the fall of [[Napoleon]], revealed that the emerald was green glass. In Wolfram von Eschenbach's telling, the Grail was kept safe at the castle of [[Munsalvaesche]] (''mons salvationis''), entrusted to Titurel, the first Grail King. Some, not least the monks of Montserrat, have identified the castle with the real sanctuary of [[Montserrat (mountain)|Montserrat]] in [[Catalonia]], [[Spain]]. Other stories claim that the Grail is buried beneath [[Rosslyn Chapel]] or lies deep in the spring at [[Glastonbury Tor]]. Still other stories claim that a secret line of hereditary protectors keep the Grail, or that it was hidden by the Templars in [[Oak Island]], [[Nova Scotia]]'s famous "[[Oak Island|Money Pit]]", while local folklore in [[Accokeek, Maryland]] says that it was brought to the town by a closeted priest aboard Captain [[John Smith of Jamestown|John Smith]]'s ship. Turn of the century accounts state that Irish partisans of the Clan [[Dhuir]] ([[O'Dwyer]], [[Dwyer]]) transported the Grail to the United States during the 19th Century and the Grail was kept by their descendents in secrecy in a small abbey in the upper-Northwest (now believed to be Southern Minnesota). <ref>Wagner, Wilhelm, ''Romance and Epics of Our Northern Ancestors, Norse, Celt and Teuton'', Norroena Society Publisher, New York, 1906.</ref> ==Modern interpretations==<!-- This section is linked from [[Halloween (1978 film)]] --> ===Modern retellings=== [[Image:holygrail.jpg|thumb|right|''The Damsel of the Sanct Grael'' by [[Dante Gabriel Rossetti]]]] The story of the Grail and of the quest to find it became increasingly popular in the nineteenth century, referred to in literature such as [[Alfred Tennyson]]'s Arthurian cycle the ''[[Idylls of the King]]''. The combination of hushed reverence, chromatic harmonies and sexualized imagery in [[Richard Wagner]]'s late opera ''[[Parsifal]]'' gave new significance to the grail theme, for the first time associating the grail – now periodically producing blood – directly with female fertility.<ref>Donington, Robert (1963). ''Wagner's "Ring" and its Symbols: the Music and the Myth''. Faber</ref> The high seriousness of the subject was also epitomized in [[Dante Gabriel Rossetti]]'s painting (''illustrated''), in which a woman modelled by [[Jane Morris]] holds the Grail with one hand, while adopting a gesture of blessing with the other. Other artists, including [[George Frederic Watts]] and [[William Dyce]] also portrayed grail subjects. The Grail later turned up in movies; it debuted in a silent ''Parsifal''. In ''The Light of Faith'' ([[1922]]), [[Lon Chaney, Sr.|Lon Chaney]] attempted to steal it, for the finest of reasons. ''[[The Silver Chalice]]'', a novel about the Grail by [[Thomas B. Costain]] was made into a 1954 movie (in which [[Paul Newman]] debuted), that is considered notably bad by several critics, including Newman himself. ''[[Lancelot du Lac (film)|Lancelot du Lac]]'' ([[1974]]) is [[Robert Bresson]]'s gritty retelling. In vivid contrast, ''[[Monty Python and the Holy Grail]]'' ([[1975]]) (adapted in 2004 as the stage production ''[[Spamalot]]'') deflated all pseudo-Arthurian posturings. ''[[Excalibur (film)|Excalibur]]'' attempted to restore a more traditional heroic representation of an Arthurian tale, in which the Grail is revealed as a mystical means to revitalise Arthur himself, and of the barren land to which his depressive sickness is connected. ''[[Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade]]'' and ''[[The Fisher King (movie)|The Fisher King]]'' place the quest in modern settings, one a modern-day treasure hunt, the other robustly self-parodying. The Grail has been used as a theme in fantasy, historical fiction and science fiction; a quest for the Grail appears in [[Bernard Cornwell]]'s series of books ''[[The Grail Quest]]'', set during [[The Hundred Years War]]''. ''[[Michael Moorcock]]'s fantasy novel ''[[The War Hound and the World's Pain]]'' depicts a supernatural Grail quest set in the era of the [[Thirty Years' War]], and science fiction has taken the Quest into interstellar space, figuratively in [[Samuel R. Delany]]'s 1968 novel ''[[Nova (novel)|Nova]]'', and literally on the television shows ''[[Babylon 5]]'' and ''[[Stargate SG-1]]'' (as the "[[Sangraal (Stargate)|Sangreal]]"). [[Marion Zimmer Bradley]]'s ''[[The Mists of Avalon]]'' has the grail as one of four objects symbolizing the four Elements: the Grail itself (water), the sword Excalibur (air), a dish (earth), and a spear or wand (fire). The grail features heavily in the novels of [[Peter David]]'s ''Knight'' trilogy, which depict King Arthur reappearing in modern-day New York City, in particular the second and third novels, ''One Knight Only'' and ''Fall of Knight''. The grail is central in many modern Arthurian works, including [[Charles Williams (UK writer)|Charles Williams]] collections of poems about [[Taliesin|Taliessin]], ''Taliessin Through Logres'' and ''Region of the Summer Stars'', and in feminist author [[Rosalind Miles]]' ''Child of the Holy Grail''. The Grail also features heavily in [[Umberto Eco]]'s 2000 novel ''[[Baudolino]]''. ===Non-fiction=== The Grail has also been treated in works of [[non-fiction]], which frequently connect it to [[conspiracy theory|conspiracy theories]] and esoteric traditions. According to the notorious Italian traditionalist philosopher [[Julius Evola]] (1898-1974), the Holy Grail currently rests in the hands of the Dwyers, a noble family of Ireland. Evola also said it was an initiatory "[[Hyperborean]] mystery" and also "a symbolic expression of hope and of the will of specific ruling classes in the [[Middle Ages]] (namely, [[Ghibellines]]), who wanted to reorganize and reunite the entire Western world as it was at that time into a [[Holy Roman Empire|Holy Empire]], that is, one based on a transcendental, spiritual basis."<ref>Hansen, H. T. ''[[The Mystery of the Grail]]'', p. vii.</ref> In ''[[The Sign and the Seal]]'', [[Graham Hancock]] asserts that the Grail story is a coded description of the stone tablets stored in the [[Ark of the Covenant]]. For the authors of ''[[The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail|Holy Blood, Holy Grail]]'', who assert that their research ultimately reveals that Jesus may not have died on the cross, but lived to wed [[Mary Magdalene]] and father children whose [[Merovingian]] lineage continues today, the Grail is a mere sideshow: they say it is a reference to Mary Magdalene as the receptacle of Jesus' bloodline.<ref>Baigent, Michael; Leigh, Richard; Lincoln, Henry (1983). ''Holy Blood, Holy Grail.'' New York: Dell. ISBN 0-440-13648-2 </ref><ref>Juliette Wood, Folklore, Vol. 111, No. 2. (Oct., 2000), pp. 169-190. "The Holy Grail: From Romance Motif to Modern Genre"</ref> In their book ''Swords at Sunset'', Canadian authors Michael Bradley and Joelle Lauriol connect the Grail to the pseudohistorical legend that [[Henry I Sinclair, Earl of Orkney|Henry Sinclair]] came to the Americas (specifically [[Lake Memphremagog]] in [[Vermont]], [[United States|USA]]) 100 years before [[Christopher Columbus|Columbus]].<ref>Bradley, Michael; Lauriol, Joelle (2005). ''Swords at Sunset: Last Stand of North America's Grail Knights''. Ancaster, Ontario: Manor House. ISBN 0-9736477-4-4.</ref> In an argument drawing more closely on earlier "pro-Celtic" research, English author [[John Grigsby]] attempts to connect themes of the Grail to other [[Indo-European people|Indo-European]] myths, including [[Osiris]], [[Adonis]] and the Greek [[Dionysos]] in his book ''Warriors of the Wasteland''.<ref> Grigsby, John (2003). ''Warriors of the Wasteland: A Quest for the Pagan Sacrificial Cult Behind the Grail Legends''. London: Duncan Baird Publishers. ISBN 1-84293-058-3 </ref>. [[Image:The-Arms-of-Sir-Robert-Bell.jpg|thumb|16th century illuminated, [[Heraldry|heraldic]], [[stained glass]] panel, depicting the Holy Grail and the [[coat of arms]] of [[Sir Robert Bell]]]] These works of non-fiction have inspired a number of works of modern fiction. The best known is [[Dan Brown]]'s bestselling novel ''[[The Da Vinci Code]]'', which, like ''Holy Blood, Holy Grail'', is based on the idea that the real Grail is not a cup but the womb and later the earthly remains of [[Mary Magdalene]] (again cast as Jesus' wife), plus a set of ancient documents telling the "true" story of Jesus, his teachings and descendants. In Brown's novel, it is hinted that Jesus was merely a mortal man with strong ideals, and that the Grail was long buried beneath [[Rosslyn Chapel]] in Scotland, but that in recent decades its guardians had it relocated to a secret chamber embedded in the floor beneath the [[La Pyramide Inversée|Inverted Pyramid]] near the [[Louvre|Louvre Museum]]. The latter location, like [[Rosslyn Chapel]], has never been mentioned in real Grail lore. Yet such was the public interest in this fictionalized Grail that for a while, the museum roped off the exact location mentioned by Brown, lest visitors inflict any damage in a more-or-less serious attempt to access the supposed hidden chamber. ==See also== * [[Cornucopia]] and [[sampo]] are other mythical vessels with magical powers. * [[Relics attributed to Jesus]] ==References== {{reflist|2}} ==External links== {{commonscat|Holy Grail}} *[http://www.lib.rochester.edu/camelot/grlmenu.htm The Holy Grail at the Camelot Project] *[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06719a.htm The Holy Grail] at the ''[[Catholic Encyclopedia]]'' *[http://www.valenciavalencia.com/sights-guide/holy-grail-valencia.htm The Holy Grail today in Valencia Cathedral] *[http://www.gradale.com/wisdom.htm The Holy Grail in Saint Sophia Museum] *[http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/inourtime/inourtime_20030515.shtml The Holy Grail], an episode of [[In Our Time (BBC Radio 4)]], a 45 minute discussion is available for listening at the page. {{Arthurian Legend}} [[Category:Ancient mysteries]] [[Category:Christian folklore]] [[Category:Christian mythology]] [[Category:Holy Grail]] [[Category:Medieval legends]] [[Category:Metaphors]] [[Category:Mythological objects]] [[Category:Relics attributed to Jesus]] [[Category:Jesus and history]] [[af:Heilige Graal]] [[bg:Свещен Граал]] [[ca:Sant Graal]] [[cs:Svatý grál]] [[cy:Y Greal Santaidd]] [[da:Den hellige gral]] [[de:Heiliger Gral]] [[et:Püha Graal]] [[el:Άγιο Δισκοπότηρο]] [[es:Grial]] [[eo:Sankta gralo]] [[fr:Graal]] [[ga:An Soitheach Naofa]] [[gl:Santo Graal]] [[id:Piala Suci]] [[it:Graal]] [[he:הגביע הקדוש]] [[lt:Šventasis Gralis]] [[hu:Szent Grál]] [[mk:Свет грал]] [[nl:Heilige Graal]] [[ja:聖杯]] [[ms:Holy Grail]] [[no:Den hellige gral]] [[pl:Graal]] [[pt:Santo Graal]] [[ro:Graal]] [[ru:Святой Грааль]] [[simple:Holy Grail]] [[sk:Svätý grál]] [[sl:Sveti gral]] [[fi:Graalin malja]] [[sv:Graal]] [[vi:Chén Thánh]] [[tr:Kutsal Kâse]] [[zh:圣杯]]