Homosexuality and Islam
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226127213
2008-07-16T22:57:09Z
81.97.208.76
/* Homosexuality laws in Muslim countries */
{{for|age-structured homosexuality|Pederasty in the Middle East}}
{{RAH}}
'''[[Islam]]ic views on [[homosexuality]]''' have always been influenced by the rulings prescribed by the [[Qur'an]] and the teachings of the Islamic prophet [[Muhammed]]. Traditionally, Qur'anic verses and [[hadith]] have condemned sexual acts between members of the same sex.
The Qur'an cites the story of "people of [[Lot]]" (also known as the [[Sodomites]]) who were destroyed because they engaged in homosexual acts. The legal punishment for sodomy has varied among juristic schools: some prescribe [[capital punishment]]; while other prescribe a milder discretionary punishment. Homosexuality is a crime and forbidden in most [[Islam]]ic countries, [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Iran]], etc. In some relatively secular or multi-religious [[Islam]]ic countries, this is not the case, [[Algeria]], [[Malaysia]], [[Indonesia]] and [[Turkey]] being examples. Despite this, homoerotic themes were present in poetry and other literature by some Muslims which celebrated male love, and were more common than expressions of attraction to women.<ref>''Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World'', MacMillan Reference USA, 2004, p.316</ref>
Some [[liberal movements within Islam|liberal Muslims]], such as the members of the [[Al-Fatiha Foundation]], accept and consider homosexuality as natural, either regarding these verses as obsolete in the context of modern society, or pointing out that the Qu'ran speaks out against homosexual lust, and is silent on homosexual love. Writer [[Irshad Manji]], a lesbian, has expressed the view that homosexuality is permissible within Islam; however, this remains a [[minority]] viewpoint. Within [[Shi'a Islam]], thinkers such as [[Ayatollah Khomeini]] have argued the legality of [[sex change surgery|sex-change operations]] if a man is homosexual, and feels effeminate.<ref>http://commentisfree.guardian.co.uk/brian_whitaker/2007/09/no_homosexuality_here.html</ref>
==Islamic law==
[[Image:IslamicGalleryBritishMuseum3.jpg|thumb|right|200px|11th Century North African Qur’ān in the [[British Museum]]]]
Homosexuality is traditionally deemed forbidden by Islamic law. The [[Qur'an]], the central text of Islam believed by Muslims to be the revelation of God,<ref name="Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Nasr |first=Seyyed Hossein | authorlink=Seyyed Hossein Nasr | title=Qur’ān |year=2007| encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica Online | accessdate=2007-11-04|location=|publisher=|http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-68890/Quran}}
</ref> is explicit in its condemnation of homosexuality.<ref>Duran (1993) p. 179</ref><ref name="MC">Kligerman (2007) pp. 53-54</ref> The Qur'an proclaims Islam as the "religion of nature," and sanctifies and encourages sexual intercourse within marriages. Specific verses include:
<blockquote>
And Lut, when he said to his tribe: "Do you commit an obscenity not perpetrated before you by anyone in all the worlds? You come with lust to men instead of women. You are indeed a depraved tribe." The only answer of his tribe was to say: "Expel them from your city! They are people who keep themselves pure!" So We rescued him and his family—except for his wife. She was one of those who stayed behind. We rained down a rain upon them. See the final fate of the evildoers!
— Qur'an, 7:80–84
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
The people of Lout (Lot) (those who dwelt in the towns of Sodom in Jordan) belied the Messengers. When their brother Lout (Lot) said to them: "Will you not fear Allah and obey Him? "Verily! I am a trustworthy Messenger to you. "So fear Allah, keep your duty to Him, and obey me. "No reward do I ask of you for it (my Message of Islamic Monotheism), my reward is only from the Lord of the 'Alamin (mankind, jinns and all that exists). "Do you go in unto the males of the 'Alamin (mankind), and leave those whom Allah has created for you to be your wives? Nay, you are a trespassing people!" They said: "If you cease not. O Lout (Lot)! Verily, you will be one of those who are driven out!" He said: "I am, indeed, of those who disapprove with severe anger and fury your (this evil) action (of sodomy). "My Lord! Save me and my family from what they do." So We saved him and his family, all, Except an old woman (his wife) among those who remained behind. Then afterward We destroyed the others. And We rained on them a rain (of torment). And how evil was the rain of those who had been warned. Verily, in this is indeed a sign, yet most of them are not believers. And verily! Your Lord, He is indeed the All-Mighty, the Most Merciful.
— Qur'an 26:159–175
</blockquote>
The ''[[hadith]]'', which are statements ascribed to the [[Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]], also contain numerous statements about homosexuality. According to one report, Muhammad said that "Doomed by God is who does what Lot's people did." Another report reads: "No man should look at the private parts of another man, and no woman should look at the private parts of another woman, and no two men sleep [in bed] under one cover." One narrative, attributed as part of Muhammad's [[The Farewell Sermon|farewell speech]], says that "Whoever has intercourse with a woman and penetrates her rectum, or with a man, or with a boy, will appear on the Last Day stinking worse than a corpse; people will find him unbearable until he enters hell fire, and God will cancel all his good deeds."<ref>Duran, K. (1993) "Homosexuality in Islam" p. 182. Cited in: Kligerman (2007) p. 54</ref> Many scholars of Shari'a, or Islamic law interpret homosexuality as a punishable offence as well as a sin. There is no specific punishment prescribed, however, and this is usually left to the discretion of the local authorities.<ref>Duran, K. (1993) "Homosexuality in Islam" p. 184. Cited in: Kligerman (2007) p. 54</ref>
==Literature==
According to the ''Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World''
<blockquote>Whatever the legal strictures on sexual activity, the positive expression of male homeoerotic sentiment in literature was accepted, and assiduously cultivated, from the late eighth century until modern times. First in [[Arabic]], but later also in Persian, Turkish and [[Urdu]], love poetry by men about boys more than competed with that about women, it overwhelmed it. Anectodtal literature reinforces this impression of general societal acceptance of the public celebration of male-male love (which hostile Western caricatures of Islamic societies in medieval and early modern times simply exaggerate). .... .<ref>''Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World'', MacMillan Reference USA, 2004, p.316</ref></blockquote>
In a tradition from the ''[[Arabian nights]]'', [[Muhammad]] was said to have warned his followers against staring at youth because of their beauty: "Do not gaze at beardless youth, for they have eyes more tempting than the huris." <ref>Murray and Roscoe, 1997, p. 90</ref>
==Legal status in modern Islamic nations==
[[Homosexuality]] is a crime and forbidden in most [[Islam]]ic countries, [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Iran]], etc. In some secular or multi-religious [[Islam]]ic countries, this is not the case, [[Albania]], [[Indonesia]] and [[Turkey]] being examples. However, the governments of Albania, Indonesia, and Turkey are [[Representative democracy|presidential representative democratic republics]] and are not Islamic Republics, like in the case of [[Politics of Iran|Iran]].
Same-sex intercourse officially carries the death penalty in several Muslim nations: Saudi Arabia, Iran, [[Mauritania]], northern [[Nigeria]], [[Sudan]], and [[Yemen]]. <ref>[http://www.ilga.org/news_results.asp?LanguageID=1&FileID=1111&ZoneID=7&FileCategory=50 ILGA:7 countries still put people to death for same-sex acts] </ref> <ref>[http://www.religionfacts.com/homosexuality/islam.htm Homosexuality and Islam - ReligionFacts<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
It formerly carried the death penalty in [[Afghanistan]] under the [[Taliban]]. The legal situation in the [[United Arab Emirates]] is unclear. In many Muslim nations, such as [[Bahrain]], [[Qatar]], [[Algeria]] and the [[Maldives]], homosexuality is punished with jail time, fines, or corporal punishment. In some Muslim-majority nations, such as Turkey, [[Jordan]], [[Indonesia]] or [[Mali]], same-sex intercourse is not specifically forbidden by law. In [[Egypt]], openly gay men have been prosecuted under general public morality laws. (See [[Cairo 52]].) On the other hand, homosexuality, while not legal, is tolerated to some extent in [[Lebanon]], which has a significantly large Christian minority, and has been legal in Turkey for decades.
In Saudi Arabia, the maximum punishment for homosexuality is public execution, but the government will use other punishments—e.g., fines, jail time, and [[whipping]]—as alternatives, unless it feels that homosexuals are challenging state authority by engaging in [[LGBT social movements]].<ref>[http://www.sodomylaws.org/world/saudi_arabia/saudinews19.htm Is Beheading Really the Punishment for Homosexuality in Saudi Arabia?<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Iran is perhaps the nation to execute the largest number of its citizens for homosexuality. Since the 1979 [[Iranian Revolution|Islamic revolution]] in Iran, the Iranian government has executed more than 4,000 people charged with homosexual acts<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vexen.co.uk/religion/homosexuality.html#Islam |title=Homosexuality and Religion}}</ref>. In Afghanistan after the fall of the Taliban, homosexuality went from a capital crime to one that it punished with fines and prison sentence.
Most international human rights organizations, such as [[Human Rights Watch]] and [[Amnesty International]], condemn laws that make homosexual relations between consenting adults a crime. Since 1994, the [[United Nations]] [[Human Rights Committee]] has also ruled that such laws violated the right to privacy guaranteed in the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] and the [[International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights]]. However, most Muslim nations (except for [[Turkey]], which has been ruled by secular law since 1923 and recently has modernized its laws in order to meet the requirements of entry to the [[European Union]]) insist that such laws are necessary to preserve Islamic morality and virtue. Of the nations with a majority of Muslim inhabitants, only Lebanon has an internal effort to legalize homosexuality.<ref>[http://www.helem.net/ Helem<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
===Homosexuality laws in Muslim countries===
{{Refimprove|date=June 2008}}
{{seealso|Homosexuality laws of the world}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Country!!Laws against homosexuality!!Penalty!!Same-sex Unions!!Laws against discrimination!!Adoption!!Comments
|-
|[[Afghanistan]]||?||Death||No||No||?||? - Unsure if homosexuality is a crime or not since the country is undergoing a period of relative chaos due to the continuing battles between NATO forces and the resurgent Taliban, but the death penalty (imposed under the Taliban) is no longer enforced. The Penal Code from 1976 in force, stipulates long imprisonment for adultery and pederasty. [http://typo3.lsvd.de/fileadmin/pics/Dokumente/Homosexualitaet/With_the_government_in_our_bedrooms_-_November_2006.pdf] and [[LGBT rights in Afghanistan]].
|-
|[[Albania]]||No||-||-||No||No||See [[LGBT rights in Albania]].
|-
|[[Algeria]]||Yes||Fine - 3 years||-||No||No||See [[LGBT rights in Algeria]].
|-
|[[Azerbaijan]]||No||-||-||No||No||See [[LGBT rights in Azerbaijan]].
|-
|[[Bahrain]]||Male only||Fine - 10 years||-||No||No||See [[LGBT rights in Bahrain]].
|-
|[[Bangladesh]]||Yes||10 years - Life||-||No||No||- [[LGBT rights in Bangladesh]].
|-
|[[Bosnia-Herzegovina]]||No||-||-||Yes||No||AD in Gender Equality Act since 2003. See [[LGBT rights in Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
|-
|[[Brunei]]||Yes||Fine - 10 years||-||No||No||-
|-
|[[Burkina Faso]]||No||-||-||No||No||See [[LGBT rights in Burkina Faso]].
|-
|[[Chad]]||No||-||-||No||No||See [[LGBT rights in Chad]].
|-
|[[Comoros]]||No||-||-||No||No||See [[LGBT rights in Comoros]].
|-
|[[Côte d'Ivoire]]||No||-||-||No||No||-
|-
|[[Djibouti]]||Yes||10 - 12 years||-||No||No||See [[LGBT rights in Djibouti]].
|-
|[[Egypt]]||No*||-||No||No||No||In Egypt, openly gay men have been prosecuted under general public morality laws. (See Cairo 52.) OR?? [http://www.ilga.org/statehomophobia/With_the_government_in_our_bedrooms_November_2006.pdf] and [[LGBT rights in Egypt]].
|-
|[[Eritrea]]||Yes||3 - 10 years||-||No||No||-
|-
|[[Guinea]]||Yes||6 months - 3 years||-||No||No||-
|-
|[[Guinea Bissau]]||Yes||Labour camps||-||No||No||Page 17 of [http://typo3.lsvd.de/fileadmin/pics/Dokumente/Homosexualitaet/With_the_government_in_our_bedrooms_-_November_2006.pdf]
|-
|[[Indonesia]]||No*||-||-||No||No||*In 2002, the [[Aceh]] province was given the right to instate Islamic [[sharia]] by laws by the national parliament. Such law only applies to Muslims, and for example the city of Palembang in Southern Sumatra has introduced jail and hefty fines, for [[homosexual]] sex [http://www.ilga.org/statehomophobia/With_the_government_in_our_bedrooms_November_2006.pdf] and in 2003, a proposal to nationally criminalize [[homosexuality]] failed. See [[LGBT rights in Indonesia]].
|-
|[[Iran]]||Yes||For men:Prison - Death. Situation unclear with women||-||No||No||[[Sex reassignemnt surgery]] have been given official government support as a means to treat [[gender identity disorder]]. Law in Iran, in general, is not formally in order and is often abused by government officials. For many years there were no official executions for homosexuality, although some retain teenagers [[Mahmoud Asgari and Ayaz Marhoni]] executed for this and not for rape. See [[LGBT rights in Iran]].
|-
|[[Iraq]]||No*||-||-||No||No||*No provisions of the current Iraqi criminal code deal with homosexuality. The U.S. occupation restored the criminal code back to its original 1969 edition. Before 2003, the criminal code was amended in 2001 to include the death penalty for homosexuality. However currently, death squads are operating in the country killing gays. [http://typo3.lsvd.de/fileadmin/pics/Dokumente/Homosexualitaet/World_legal_wrap_up_survey._November2006.pdf] and [[LGBT rights in Iraq]].
|-
|[[Jordan]]||No*||-||-||No||No||*While not a crime, reports have shown that [[LGBT]] people can be victims of [[vigilante]] "honour killings". See [[LGBT rights in Jordan]].
|-
|[[Kazakhstan]]||No||-||-||No||No||See [[LGBT rights in Kazakhstan]].
|-
|[[Lebanon]]||Male Only||Fine - 1 year||-||No||No||A small public growing campaign exists to legalize homosexual relations between consenting adults in private. See [[LGBT rights in Lebanon]].
|-
|[[Malaysia]]||Yes||Fine - 20 years||-||No||No||Former Deputy Prime Minister [[Anwar Ibrahim]], who was himself jailed for homosexuality, has called for their repeal. Former Prime Minister [[Mahathir Mohamad]] recently confirmed that the accusation he made to Anwar regarding the homosexuality of Anwar was wrong. [[Marina Mahathir]], the daughter of former Prime Minister [[Mahathir Mohamad]], has called for an end to discrimination based on sexual orientation.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/199468.stm] However, during Mahathir's term as Prime Minister, he warned gay ministers in foreign countries not to bring along their partners while visiting the nation. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/1632012.stm]. See [[LGBT rights in Malaysia]].
|-
|[[Maldives]]||Male only||Fine - 10 years||-||No||No||-
|-
|[[Mali]]||No||-||-||No||No||See [[LGBT rights in Mali]].
|-
|[[Mauritania]]||Yes||Death||-||No||No||-
|-
|[[Morocco]]||Yes||6 months - 3 years||-||No||No||See [[LGBT rights in Morocco]].
|-
|[[Niger]]||No||-||-||No||No||See [[LGBT rights in Niger]].
|-
|[[Nigeria]]||Yes*||5 - 14 years/Death||-||No||No||*Areas under [[Sharia]] have instituted death for men and women. Any content, avocating groups or associations, support, talking to, marriage, etc regarding [[LGBT]] persons can land you in jail for at least four years [http://www.365gay.com/Newscon07/03/032007nigeria.htm]. See [[LGBT rights in Nigeria]].
|-
|[[Oman]]||Yes||Fine - 3 years||-||No||No||-
|-
|[[Pakistan]]||Yes*||2 years - Life||-||No||No||*The law applies to both men and women [http://www.ilga.org/statehomophobia/With_the_government_in_our_bedrooms_November_2006.pdf] and [[LGBT rights in Pakistan]].
|-
|[[Qatar]]||Yes||Fine - 5 years||-||No||No||-
|-
|[[Saudi Arabia]]||Yes||Death||-||No||No||Jail time, fines or whipping may be used in lieu of the death penalty. See [[LGBT rights in Saudi Arabia]]
|-
|[[Senegal]]||Yes||1 month - 5 years||-||No||No||-
|-
|[[Sierra Leone]]||Yes||Life||-||Yes*||No||*The Anti-Corruption Commission stated in a press release that in a bid to attract competent and qualified staff, they operate a transparent recruitment policy, which even forbids discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation.
|-
|[[Somalia]]||Yes*||3 months - 3 years/Death||-||No||No||*Areas under [[Sharia]] have instituted death for men and women.
|-
|[[Sudan]]||Yes||5 years - Death||-||No||No||-
|-
|[[Syria]]||Yes||Fine - 3 years||-||No||No||See [[LGBT rights in Syria]].
|-
|[[Tajikistan]]||No||-||-||No||No||-
|-
|[[Tanzania]]||Yes||Fine - 25 years||-||No||No||In [[Zanzibar]] male homosexual acts are punished with up to 25 years imprisonment or fine. Lesbian acts are punished with up 7 years imprisonment or fine. See [[LGBT rights in Tanzania]].
|-
|[[The Gambia]]||Yes||Fine - 14 years||-||No||No||-
|-
|[[Tunisia]]||Yes||Fine - 3 years||-||No||No||See [[LGBT rights in Tunisia]].
|-
|[[Turkey]]||No||-||-||No||No||See [[LGBT rights in Turkey]].
|-
|[[Turkmenistan]]||Male only||Fine - 2 years||-||No||No||-
|-
|[[United Arab Emirates]]||Yes||Unknown - Death||-||No||No||See [[LGBT rights in United Arab Emirates]].
|-
|[[Uzbekistan]]||Male only*||Fine* - 3 years*||-||No||No||*"Besoqolbozlik" (Only applies to [[anal sex]]) [http://www.gaytimes.co.uk/gt/listings.asp?action=ShowCountry&CID=1000], page 43 of [http://www.ilga.org/statehomophobia/With_the_government_in_our_bedrooms_November_2006.pdf].
|-
|[[Yemen]]||Yes||Flogging - Death||-||No||No||-
|}
==LGBT movements within Islam==
Some [[liberal movements within Islam|liberal Muslims]], such as the members of the [[Al-Fatiha Foundation]], accept and consider homosexuality as natural, either regarding these verses as obsolete in the context of modern society, or pointing out that the Qu'ran speaks out against homosexual lust, and is silent on homosexual love. However, this position remains highly controversial even amongst [[liberal movements within Islam]], and is considered beyond the pale by mainstream Islam.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20030622050907/http://www.al-fatiha.org/pamphlet.html Homosexuality and Same-Sex Acts in Islam], ''Al-Fatiha.org'' ([[Waybacked]]).</ref>
The Imaan is a social support group for Muslim LGBT people and their families in the UK. [http://www.imaan.org.uk/]
There are also a number of Islamic [[ex-gay]] groups. The [[StraightWay Foundation]] is a UK based ex-gay organization which works with homosexual Muslims to eliminate their [[same-sex attraction]]s and convert them to heterosexuality.<ref>[http://straightway.sinfree.net/ The StraightWay Foundation] Retrieved 2007-04-06</ref> Al-Tawbah is an internet based ex-gay group<ref>[http://www.al-tawbah.faithweb.com Al-Tawbah]</ref>.
In addition to the aforementioned groups, Muslim writers like [[Irshad Manji]] express the view that homosexuality is permissible within Islam; however, this remains a minority viewpoint. Within [[Shi'a Islam]], thinkers such as [[Ayatollah Khomeini]] have argued for the legality of [[sex change surgery|sex-change operations]] if a man is homosexual, and feels effeminate. <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/newsnight/4115535.stm BBC NEWS | Programmes | Newsnight | Iran's sex-change operations<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Khomeini's original fatwa has since been reconfirmed by the current [[Supreme Leader of Iran]], Ayatollah [[Ali Khamenei]], and is also supported by many other Iranian clerics.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/newsnight/4115535.stm Iran's sex-change operations], [[BBC]].</ref>The law remains in force in Iran, where the state will pay a portion of the cost for a sex-change operation. {{see also|Transsexuality in Iran}}
==See also==
===People===
*[[Afdhere Jama]], editor of ''[[Huriyah (magazine)|Huriyah]]''
*[[Irshad Manji]], Canadian lesbian and [[human rights]] activist
*[[El-Farouk Khaki]], founder of Salaam, the first queer Muslim group in Canada
*[[Arsham Parsi]], Iranian LGBT activist
*[[Maryam Hatoon Molkara]], campaigner of [[Transsexualism|transsexual]] rights in [[Iran]]
*[[Faisal Alam]], [[Pakistani American]] LGBT activist and founder of [[Al-Fatiha Foundation]]
*[[Mahmoud Asgari and Ayaz Marhoni]]
*[[Malik Ayaz]]
*[[Usman Sani]]
*[[Waheed Alli, Baron Alli]], British gay politician
*[[Yusuf Kabir]]
===Other===
*[[Criticism of the Qur'an]]
*''[[A Jihad for Love]]'', documentary about devout gay Muslims
*[[Festival of Muslim Cultures]]
*''[[Gay Muslims]]'', documentary
*[[Ghilman]]
*[[Nazar ill'al-murd]]
==Notes==
{{reflist}}
==References==
*[[Khalid Duran|Duran, Khalid]]. ''Homosexuality in Islam'', in: Swidler, Anne (ed.) "''Homosexuality and World Religions''" (1993). Trinity Press International, Valley Forge, Pennsylvania. ISBN 156338051X
*Kilgerman, Nicole (2007). ''Homosexuality in Islam: A Difficult Paradox''. Macalester Islam journal 2(3):52-64, Berkeley Electronic press.
*Khaled El-Rouayheb, ''Before Homosexuality in the Arab–Islamic World, 1500–1800'' Chicago, 2005
*Everett K. Rowson, J.W. Wright (eds.), ''Homoeroticism in Classical Arabic Literature'' New York, 1997
*Arno Schmitt and Jehoeda Sofer (eds.), ''Sexuality and Eroticism Among Males in Moslem Societies'' Harrington Park Press 1992
*Arno Schmitt and Gianni de Martino, '' Kleine Schriften zu zwischenmännlicher Sexualität und Erotik in der muslimischen Gesellschaft'', Berlin, Gustav-Müller-Str. 10 : A. Schmitt, 1985
*Stephen O. Murray and Will Roscoe (eds.), "Islamic Homosexualities: culture, history, and literature" NYU Press New York 1997
*Wafer, Jim (1997) "Muhammad and Male Homosexuality" in "Islamic Homosexualities: culture, history, and literature" by Stephen O. Murray and Will Roscoe (eds.), NYU Press New York
*Wafer, Jim (1997) "The Symbolism of Male Love in Islamic Mysthical Literature" in "Islamic Homosexualities: culture, history, and literature" by Stephen O. Murray and Will Roscoe (eds.), NYU Press New York 1997
==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
*[http://abdurrahman.org/character/sodomy.html Homosexuality: What is the real sickness?] Illustrative Article from AbdurRahman.org
*[http://www.well.com/user/aquarius/Qurannotes.htm Queer Sexuality in Qur'an and Hadith] liberal interpretation
*[http://www.diabolicdigest.net/Middle%20East/Unspeakable_review.htm Intolerant cruelty] This special edition of Diabolic Digest explores the question of homosexuality in the Middle East.
*[http://www.uib.no/jais/v004/schmitt1.pdf Islamic law: (much) Theory and (just enough) Practice]
*[http://www.safraproject.org/sgi-intro.htm Safra Project — Sexuality, Gender and Islam]
*[http://www.uib.no/jais/v004/schmitt1.pdf Sodomy in Islamic Jurisprudence (article in German; engl. Summary )]
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=Kw_BVSVmNsUC&pg=PA1&lpg=PA1&dq=sofer+schmitt+male+sexuality&source=web&ots=klfkx4gXIl&sig=Cy9HrOdQRJ3ZfOb4VpMha5veCMc Sexuality and Eroticism Among Males in Moslem Societies by Arno Schmitt and Jehoeda Sofer (eds.), Harrington Park Press 1992]
*[http://www.straightstruggle.com/ The StraightWay Foundation (UK)]
*[http://www.imaan.org.uk Pro-LGBT Muslim Group in the UK]
*[http://www.anindianmuslim.com/2006/05/seven-beautiful-couplets-of-urdus_28.html First Muslim openly gay Urdu poet Iftikhar Nasim]
*[http://www.geocities.com/mikailtariq/homo.htm Islam and Homosexuality]
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