Hong Kong 13404 225840424 2008-07-15T17:22:06Z AlleborgoBot 3813685 robot Modifying: [[be-x-old:Ганконґ]] {{pp-move-vandalism|small=yes}} {{Redirect6|HK}} {{Infobox Country |native_name = 香港特別行政區 |conventional_long_name = Hong Kong Special Administrative Region |common_name = Hong Kong |image_flag = Flag of Hong Kong.svg |image_coat = Hong Kong SAR Regional Emblem.svg |symbol_type = Emblem |image_map = Hong Kong Night Skyline.jpg |map_caption = View at night from [[Victoria Peak]] |image_map2 = Hong Kong Location.svg |map2_width = 250px |official_languages = <!-- DO NOT ADD CANTONESE TO THIS, the official languages are stated in the Basic Law as "Chinese and English" -->[[Chinese language|Chinese]], [[English language|English]]<ref>The [[Hong Kong Basic Law]] states that the official languages are "Chinese and English". [http://www.yearbook.gov.hk/2006/en/01_13.htm] It does not explicitly specify the standard for "Chinese". While [[Standard Mandarin]] and [[Simplified Chinese character]]s are used as the spoken and written standards in [[mainland China]], [[Standard Cantonese|Cantonese]] and [[Traditional Chinese character]]s are the long-established ''[[de facto]]'' standards in Hong Kong. ''See also: [[Bilingualism in Hong Kong]]''</ref> |demonym = [[Hongkongers|Hongkonger]] |leader_title1 = [[Chief Executive of Hong Kong|Chief Executive]] |leader_name1 = [[Donald Tsang]] |sovereignty_type = [[History of Hong Kong|Establishment]] |established_event1 = [[Treaty of Nanking]] |established_date1 = [[29 August]] [[1842]] |established_event2 = [[Japanese occupation of Hong Kong|Japanese occupation]] |established_date2 = [[25 December]] [[1941]] &ndash;<br />[[15 August]] [[1945]] |established_event3 = [[Transfer of sovereignty of Hong Kong|Transfer of sovereignty]] |established_date3 = [[1 July]] [[1997]] |area_magnitude = 1 E9 |area_km2 = 1,104 |area_rank = 183rd |area_sq_mi = 426 <!--Do not remove per WP:MOSNUM--> |percent_water = 4.6 |population_estimate = 6,963,100<ref>[http://gia.info.gov.hk/general/200802/14/P200802140140_0140_36516.pdf HK Census and Statistics Department]</ref> |population_estimate_year = 2007 |population_estimate_rank = 98th |population_census = 6,708,389 |population_census_year = 2001 |population_density_km2 = 6,352 |population_density_sq_mi = 16,469 <!--Do not remove per WP:MOSNUM--> |population_density_rank = 3rd |GDP_PPP = [[United States dollar|US$]]292.8 billion |GDP_PPP_rank = 38th |GDP_PPP_year = 2007 |GDP_PPP_per_capita = US$41,994 |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 10th |GDP_nominal = US$206.7 billion |GDP_nominal_rank = 37th |GDP_nominal_year = 2007 |GDP_nominal_per_capita = US$29,650 |GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 27th |HDI = {{increase}} 0.937 |HDI_rank = 21st |HDI_year = 2007 |HDI_category = <font color="#009900">high</font> |Gini = 53.3<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html CIA World Factbook Gini Index]</ref> |Gini_year = 2007 |currency = [[Hong Kong dollar]] |currency_code = HKD |time_zone = [[Hong Kong Time|HKT]] |utc_offset = +8 |cctld = [[.hk]] |calling_code = 852 }} '''Hong Kong Special Administrative Region''', commonly known as '''Hong Kong'''<ref>The name is often written as ''Hongkong'' in older English texts. The [[Hong Kong Government]] officially adopted the current form on [[3 September]] [[1926]] (Hongkong Government Gazette, Notification 479, 3 September 1926). While the names of most cities in the People's Republic of China are [[romanization|romanised]] into English using [[pinyin]], the official English name is ''Hong Kong'' rather than ''Xianggang''. ''See also: [[Pronunciation of Hong Kong]]''</ref> ({{zh-c|c=[[wiktionary:香|香]][[wiktionary:港|港]]}} <small><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[Pronunciation of Hong Kong|pronunciation]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></small>), is one of two [[Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China|special administrative regions]] in the [[People's Republic of China]], the other being [[Macau]]. The territory lies on the eastern side of the [[Pearl River Delta]], bordering [[Guangdong]] in the north and facing the [[South China Sea]] in the east, west and south. Hong Kong was a [[dependent territory]] of the [[United Kingdom]] from 1842 until the [[transfer of the sovereignty of Hong Kong|transfer of its sovereignty]] to the [[People's Republic of China]] in 1997. The [[Sino-British Joint Declaration]] and the [[Basic Law of Hong Kong]] stipulate that Hong Kong operate with a high degree of [[Autonomous entity|autonomy]] until at least 2047, fifty years after the transfer. Under the “[[one country, two systems]]” policy, the [[Central People's Government]] is responsible for the territory's defence and foreign affairs, while Hong Kong maintains its own [[Legal system of Hong Kong|legal system]], [[Hong Kong Police|police force]], [[Hong Kong Monetary Authority|monetary system]], [[Customs and Excise Department (Hong Kong)|customs policy]], [[Immigration Department (Hong Kong)|immigration policy]], and [[delegate]]s to international organisations and events. Beginning as a trading port, Hong Kong emerged as a leading [[Financial Centre|financial centre]] in the late 20th century. Its highly capitalist economy is heavily based on [[service industries]], and thrives under a long-standing policy of [[Economic interventionism|government nonintervention]]. Although the population is predominantly [[Chinese people|Chinese]], residents and expatriates of other ethnicities form a small but significant segment of society. Influenced by both [[Eastern world|Eastern]] and [[Western world|Western]] cultures, Hong Kong's unique formative experience is reflected in its [[Cuisine of Hong Kong|cuisine]], [[Cinema of Hong Kong|cinema]] and [[Music of Hong Kong|music]]. ==History== {{main|History of Hong Kong}} Human settlement in the location now known as Hong Kong dates back to the [[Paleolithic]] era. The region was first incorporated into [[Imperial China]] in the [[Qin Dynasty]], and served as a trading post and naval base during the [[Tang Dynasty]] and the [[Song Dynasty]]. The area's earliest recorded European visitor was [[Jorge Álvares]], a [[Portugal|Portuguese]] mariner who arrived in 1513.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=IHjyAAAACAAJ|author=Jonathan Porter|title=Macau, the Imaginary City: Culture and Society, 1557 to the Present|publisher=Westview Press|year=1996|isbn=0813328365}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=mXoFscQ2QwsC|author=Richard L. Edmonds|title=China and Europe Since 1978: A European Perspective|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2002|isbn=0521524032}}</ref> In 1839 the refusal by [[Qing Dynasty]] authorities to import [[opium]] resulted in the [[First Opium War]] between China and Britain. [[Hong Kong Island]] was occupied by British forces in 1841, and then formally ceded to Britain under the [[Treaty of Nanking]] at the end of the war. The British established a [[Crown Colony]] with the founding of [[Victoria City]] the following year. In 1860, after China's defeat in the [[Second Opium War]], the [[Kowloon Peninsula]] south of [[Boundary Street]] and [[Stonecutter's Island]] were ceded to Britain under the [[Convention of Peking]]. In 1898 Britain obtained a 99-year lease of [[Lantau Island]] and the adjacent northern lands, which became known as the [[New Territories]].<ref name="Wiltshire">{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=vQIXIQAACAAJ|author=Trea Wiltshire|title=Old Hong Kong|publisher=FormAsia|year=1997|isbn=9627283134}}</ref> [[Image:Kellet Island and Victoria City.jpg|thumb|left|Hong Kong in the late [[19th century|nineteenth century]] was a major trading post of the [[British Empire]].]] [[Image:Jap occupy hk.jpg|thumb|left|[[Japan]]ese troops march along [[Queen's Road]] following the British surrender in 1941.]] Hong Kong was declared a [[free port]] to serve as an [[entrepôt]] of the [[British Empire]]. The [[Kowloon-Canton Railway]] opened in 1910 with a southern terminus in [[Tsim Sha Tsui]]. An education system based on the British model was introduced. The local Chinese population had little contact with the European community of wealthy [[tai-pan]]s settled near [[Victoria Peak]].<ref name="Wiltshire" /> In conjunction with its military campaign in [[World War II]], the [[Empire of Japan]] invaded Hong Kong on [[December 8]], [[1941]]. The [[Battle of Hong Kong]] ended with British and Canadian defenders surrendering control of the colony to Japan on [[December 25]]. During the [[Japanese occupation of Hong Kong|Japanese occupation]], civilians suffered widespread [[food shortage]]s, rationing, and [[hyper-inflation]] due to forced exchange of currency for military notes. Hong Kong lost more than half of its population in the period between the invasion and Japan's surrender in 1945, when the United Kingdom resumed control of the colony.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.commondreams.org/headlines05/0418-04.htm|title=Thousands March in Anti-Japan Protest in Hong Kong|publisher=New York Times|date=[[2005-04-18]]|accessdate=2008-02-01}}</ref> Hong Kong's population recovered quickly as a wave of mainland migrants arrived for refuge from the ongoing [[Chinese Civil War]]. With the proclamation of the [[People's Republic of China]] in 1949 more migrants fled to Hong Kong from fear of persecution by the [[Communist Party of China|Communist Party]].<ref name="Wiltshire" /> Many corporations in [[Shanghai]] and Guangzhou also shifted their operations to Hong Kong.<ref name="Wiltshire" /> The colony became the sole place of contact between [[mainland China]] and the Western world, as the communist government increasingly isolated the country from outside influence. Trade with the mainland was interrupted during the [[Korean War]], when the [[United Nations]] ordered a [[trade embargo]] against the communist government.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Journal of Yanan University Social Science Edition|year=2006|author=Wang Yong-hua|url=http://www.ceps.com.tw/ec/ecjnlarticleView.aspx?atliid=324751&issueiid=25237&jnliid=2518|title=On Embargo of Hong Kong in 1950-1954}}</ref> The textile and manufacturing industries grew with the help of population growth and low cost of labour. As Hong Kong rapidly industrialised, its economy became driven by exports to international markets. Living standards rose steadily with industrial growth. The construction of [[Shek Kip Mei Estate]] in 1953 marked the beginning of the [[public housing estate]] program. Hong Kong was disrupted by a year of chaos during the [[Hong Kong 1967 riots|riots of 1967]] following the commencement of the [[Cultural Revolution]] in 1966 in communist China.<ref name="Wiltshire" /> [[Image:Flag of Hong Kong 1959.svg|thumb|right|Colonial flag of Hong Kong, used from 1959 to 1997]][[Image:Hong Kong handover.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Hong Kong handover ceremony|handover ceremony in Hong Kong in 1997]]]] The [[Independent Commission Against Corruption (Hong Kong)|Independent Commission Against Corruption]] established in 1974 dramatically reduced corruption in the government. When the People's Republic of China initiated [[Economic reform in the People's Republic of China|economic reforms]] in 1978, Hong Kong became the main source of foreign investments to the mainland. A [[Special Economic Zone of the People's Republic of China|Special Economic Zone]] was established the following year in the Chinese city of [[Shenzhen]], located immediately north of the mainland's border with Hong Kong. Services gradually displaced textiles and manufacturing in the economy of Hong Kong, as the financial and banking sectors became increasingly dominant. After the [[Vietnam War]] ended in 1975 the Hong Kong government spent 25 years dealing with the entry and repatriation of [[Vietnamese people in Hong Kong|Vietnamese]] refugees. With the lease of the New Territories due to expire within two decades the governments of the United Kingdom and the People's Republic of China discussed the issue of Hong Kong's sovereignty in the 1980s. In 1984 the two countries signed the [[Sino-British Joint Declaration]], agreeing to transfer the sovereignty of Hong Kong to the People's Republic of China in 1997.<ref name="Wiltshire" /> The declaration stipulated that Hong Kong would be governed as a [[Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China|special administrative region]], retaining its laws and a high degree of autonomy for at least fifty years after the transfer. Lacking confidence in the arrangement, some residents chose to [[emigration|emigrate]], particularly after the [[Tiananmen Square protests of 1989]]. The [[Basic Law of Hong Kong]], which would serve as the constitutional document after the transfer, was ratified in 1990. Over strong objections from Beijing, [[Governor of Hong Kong|Governor]] [[Chris Patten]] introduced democratic reforms to the election process for the [[Legislative Council of Hong Kong|Legislative Council]]. The [[transfer of the sovereignty of Hong Kong|transfer of the sovereignty]] occurred at midnight on [[July 1]], [[1997]], marked by a [[handover ceremony of Hong Kong in 1997|handover ceremony]] at the [[Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Centre]].<ref name="Wiltshire" /> [[Tung Chee Hwa]] assumed office as the first [[Chief Executive of Hong Kong]]. Hong Kong's economy was affected by the [[Asian financial crisis]] of 1997 that hit many East Asian markets. The lethal [[H5N1]] [[avian influenza]] also surfaced that year. Implementation of the [[Airport Core Programme]] led to the opening of the new [[Hong Kong International Airport]] in 1998, after six years of construction. The project was part of the ambitious [[Port and Airport Development Strategy]] that was drafted in the early 1980s. There was an outbreak of [[severe acute respiratory syndrome]] (SARS) in Hong Kong in the first half of 2003.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.people.com.cn/200401/16/eng20040116_132721.shtml|title=Links between SARS, human genes discovered|publisher=People's Daily|date=[[2004-01-16]]|accessdate=2008-02-01}}</ref> That year half a million people participated in a march to voice disapproval of the Tung administration and the proposal to implement [[Hong Kong Basic Law Article 23|Article 23 of the Basic Law]], which had raised concerns over infringements on civil liberties. The proposal was later abandoned by the administration. In 2005 Tung submitted his resignation as chief executive. [[Donald Tsang]], the [[Chief Secretary for Administration of Hong Kong|Chief Secretary for Administration]], was selected as chief executive to complete the term. ==Geography and climate== {{main|Geography of Hong Kong|Ecology of Hong Kong|Climate of Hong Kong}} [[Image:HongKong boundary from space.png|thumb|left|Areas of urban development and vegetation are visible in this false-colour satellite image.]] [[Image:R38943437222 View of Hong Kong Island and Kowloon from Tai Mo Shan Road.JPG|thumb|left|The hilly terrain of [[Kowloon]] and [[Hong Kong Island]]]] Hong Kong is located on [[China]]'s south coast, {{convert|60|km|mi|abbr=on}} east of [[Macau]] on the opposite side of the [[Pearl River Delta]]. It is surrounded by the [[South China Sea]] on the east, south, and west, and borders the [[subprovincial city|city]] of [[Shenzhen]] in [[Guangdong Province]] to the north over the [[Sham Chun River]]. The territory consists primarily of [[Hong Kong Island]], [[Lantau Island]], [[Kowloon Peninsula]] and the [[New Territories]] as well as some 260 other islands. While [[Lantau Island|Lantau]] is the largest island, Hong Kong Island is the second largest and the most populated. [[Ap Lei Chau]] is the most densely populated island in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://traveldk.com/hong-kong/around-hong-kong-island/dk/ap-lei-chau?drawer=on|title=Around Hong Kong Island : Ap Lei Chau|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|year=2007|accessdate=2008-04-11}}</ref> Much of Hong Kong remains undeveloped as the terrain is mostly hilly to mountainous with steep slopes. Of the territory's {{convert|1104|km2|sqmi}},<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censtatd.gov.hk/FileManager/EN/Content_810/geog.pdf|title=Geography and Climate, Hong Kong |accessdate=2007-01-10 |publisher=Census and Statistics Department, The Government of Hong Kong SAR|format=PDF}}</ref> less than 25% is developed. The remaining land is remarkably green with about 40% of the landmass reserved as [[Country parks and conservation in Hong Kong|country parks]] and [[nature reserves]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://discoverhongkong.com/eng/touring/hiking/index.jhtml|title=Outdoor Adventure: Tours in Hong Kong|publisher=Hong Kong Tourism Board|year=[[2006-12-27]]|accessdate=2008-02-01}}</ref> Most of the territory's [[urban development]] exists on Kowloon peninsula, along the northern shores of Hong Kong Island and in scattered settlements throughout the New Territories. The highest elevation in the territory is at [[Tai Mo Shan]], at a height of {{convert|958|m|ft}} above sea level. Hong Kong's long, irregular and curvaceous [[coast]]line also affords the territory with many bays, rivers and [[Beaches of Hong Kong|beaches]]. Lowlands exist in the northwestern part of the New Territories. Despite Hong Kong's reputation of being intensely [[urbanisation|urbanised]], the territory has made much effort to promote a green environment,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hktrader.net/200111/200104/200104s1.htm|title=Chief Executive pledges a clean, green, world-class city|publisher=Hong Kong Trade Development Council|month=November|year=2001}}</ref> and recent growing public concern has prompted the severe restriction of further [[land reclamation]] from Hong Kong's most famous natural landmark, [[Victoria Harbour]]. Awareness of the environment is growing as Hong Kong suffers from increasing [[pollution]] compounded by its geography and tall buildings. Approximately 80% of the [[Air pollution in Hong Kong|city's smog]] originates from other parts of the Pearl River Delta.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/22/world/asia/22hongkong.html?ex=1332216000&en=d298556ccd753714&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt |title=Dirty Air Becomes Divisive Issue in Hong Kong Vote|publisher=The New York Times|date=[[2006-11-05]]|accessdate=2008-02-01}}</ref> Situated just south of the [[Tropic of Cancer]], [[Climate of Hong Kong|Hong Kong's climate]] is [[subtropics|subtropical]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Cwa''), and is known for being unpredictable.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gohongkong.about.com/od/travelplanner/ss/weatherbyseason.htm|title=Hong Kong Weather Season by Season|publisher=About.com|accessdate=2008-04-11}}</ref> Summer is hot and humid with occasional showers and [[thunderstorms]], with warm air coming in from the southwest. It is also the time when [[tropical cyclones]] are most likely, sometimes resulting in [[flooding]] or [[landslide|landslips]]. Winter weather usually starts sunny and becomes cloudier towards February, with the occasional [[cold front]] bringing strong, cooling winds from the north. The most pleasant seasons are spring, although changeable, and autumn, which is generally sunny and dry.<ref name="HKClimate">{{cite web|url=http://www.hko.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/climahk.htm|title=Climate of Hong Kong|publisher=Hong Kong Observatory|date=2003-05-04|accessdate=2007-08-02}}</ref> Hong Kong averages 1,948 hours of sunshine per year,<ref name="sunshine">{{cite web |url=http://www.censtatd.gov.hk/products_and_services/products/publications/statistical_report/general_statistical_digest/index_cd_B1010006_dt_latest.jsp |title=Hong Kong in Figures 2008 Edition|publisher=HKGov Census and Statistics Department|date=2008-02-27|accessdate=2008-05-07}}</ref> while the highest and lowest ever recorded temperatures at the [[Hong Kong Observatory]] are {{convert|36.1|°C|°F|sigfig=4|lk=on}} and {{convert|0.0|°C|°F|sigfig=4}}, respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weather.gov.hk/cis/extreme/mon_extreme_e.htm|title=Extreme Values and Dates of Occurrence of Extremes of Meteorological Elements between 1884–1939 and 1947–2006 for Hong Kong|publisher=Hong Kong Observatory|accessdate=2008-02-01}}</ref> [[Frost]] occurs only once or twice a year inland and on higher ground,<ref>[http://www.hku.hk/ecology/staffhp/rtc/corlett-pdf/RTC-coldimpact-plant-1992.pdf The Impact of Cold and Frost on Terrestrial Vegetation in Hong Kong - Richard T Corlett, University of Hong Kong]</ref> and [[snow]] is almost unheard of. Hong Kong does not observe [[daylight saving time]]. {{Hong Kong weatherbox}} ==Politics and government== {{main|Politics of Hong Kong|Government of Hong Kong|Elections in Hong Kong}} In accordance with the [[Sino-British Joint Declaration]], and reflecting the policy known as "[[one country, two systems]]" by the [[People's Republic of China]], Hong Kong enjoys autonomy as a [[Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China|special administrative region]] except in defence and foreign affairs.<ref>Section 3(2) of the ''Sino-British Joint Declaration'' states in part, "The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region will enjoy a high degree of autonomy, except in foreign and defence affairs which are the responsibilities of the Central People's Government."</ref> The declaration stipulates that the region maintain its capitalist economic system and guarantees the rights and freedoms of its people for at least 50 years beyond the [[transfer of the sovereignty of Hong Kong|transfer of sovereignty]].<ref>Section 3(5) of the ''Sino-British Joint Declaration'' states that the social and economic systems and lifestyle in Hong Kong will remain unchanged, and mentions rights and freedoms ensured by law. Section 3(12) states in part, "The above-stated basic policies of the People's Republic of China ... will remain unchanged for 50 years."</ref> The [[Hong Kong Basic Law|Basic Law]] is the [[constitutional document]] that outlines executive, legislative and judicial authorities of government. [[Image:HongKongLegcoBuilding2.jpg|thumb|The [[Legislative Council Building]] is located in [[Central, Hong Kong|Central]]. ]] [[Image:Government House rightview.jpg|thumb|[[Government House, Hong Kong|Government House]] is the official residence of the [[Chief Executive of Hong Kong|Chief Executive]], the head of [[Hong Kong Government]].]] The [[Chief Executive of Hong Kong|Chief Executive]] is the [[head of government]] and the region's principal representative, chosen by the [[Election Committee]] to serve no more than two five-year terms.<ref name="BasicLaw" /> The 800 members of the Election Committee serve five-year terms, and are composed of ''ex-official'' government members and [[functional constituency]] delegates selected by qualified individuals and legal entities belonging to various industrial, commercial, professional, labour, social services, academic and religious sectors of society.<ref name="BasicLaw">{{cite web|url=http://www.info.gov.hk/basic_law/fulltext/|title=The Basic Law|publisher=Hong Kong Special Administrative Region|accessdate=2007-08-07}}</ref> The candidate chosen by the Election Committee must receive appointment by the [[Central People's Government]] to assume office. The Chief Executive appoints senior officers under the [[Principal Officials Accountability System]] and directs government policies with consultation from the [[Executive Council of Hong Kong|Executive Council]], the [[cabinet]] body. In addition, the Chief Executive appoints judges, signs legislation and may pardon or commute sentences.<ref name="BasicLaw" /> The [[Legislative Council of Hong Kong|Legislative Council]] is the [[unicameral]] lawmaking body with 60 members serving four-year terms. Half of its membership is directly elected from geographical electoral districts by [[universal suffrage]] through a [[party-list proportional representation]] system, while the remaining half are returned from functional constituencies.<ref name="BasicLaw" /> The [[President of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong|President of the Legislative Council]] is elected by and from among the members, and serves the role of [[speaker (politics)|speaker]].<ref name="BasicLaw" /> Government bills are passed by a simple [[majority]] vote from members of the council, while [[private member's bill]]s require separate majorities from geographical constituency members and functional constituency members for passage. The [[Hong Kong Civil Service]] is a politically-neutral body that implements policies and provides government services. The appointment and promotion of public servants is based on qualifications, experience and ability.<ref name="BasicLaw" /> The [[permanent secretary]] is the most senior civil service position within each government bureau, serving under the politically-appointed position of secretary. The twelve bureaus operate from government office buildings located throughout the territory, with headquarters in the [[Central Government Offices]]. The Basic Law and universal suffrage have been major issues of political debate since the transfer of sovereignty. In 2002, the government attempted to implement [[Hong Kong Basic Law Article 23|Article 23 of the Basic Law]], which requires the enactment of laws prohibiting acts of treason and subversion against the Chinese government.<ref name="BasicLaw" /> The proposal met strong opposition due to concerns that it undermined [[civil liberties]], and was a major cause for the [[Hong Kong July 1 marches|July 1 march]] in 2003. The bill was shelved after it became clear it lacked the needed support in the legislature.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hkhrm.org.hk/english/reports/present_abode.html|title=Presentation to Legislative Council on Right of Abode Issue|publisher=Hong Kong Human Rights Monitor|date=[[1999-05-10]]|accessdate=2007-01-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.immd.gov.hk/ehtml/hksarvepid.htm|title= Right of Abode in HKSAR — Verification of Eligibility for Permanent Identity Card|publisher=Immigration Department, The Government of the Hong Kong SAR|date=[[2007-06-05]]|accessdate=2008-02-01}}</ref> Debate also surrounds the issue of reforming the electoral system for the Chief Executive and the Legislative Council, and the time frame for such political reforms. The Basic Law states that the ultimate aim is the election of the Chief Executive and the entire membership of the legislature by universal suffrage.<ref name="BasicLaw" /> The politics of Hong Kong is often characterised by the debate between pro-government groups and [[pro-democracy]] groups, which generally support a faster pace of [[Democratic development in Hong Kong|democratisation]].<ref name="Cohen">Cohen, Warren I. Kirby, William. [1997] (1997). Hong Kong Under Chinese Rule: The Economic and Political Implications of Reversion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521627613</ref> A proposal for political reform was defeated in the legislature in 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4547580.stm|title=HK legislators vote down reforms |publisher=BBC News|date=[[2005-12-21]]|accessdate=2008-05-11}}</ref> ==Legal system and judiciary== [[Image:HK Court of Final Appeal.jpg|thumb|right|[[Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal|The Court of Final Appeal]] in [[Central, Hong Kong|Central]]]] {{main|Legal system of Hong Kong|Judiciary of Hong Kong}} In contrast to [[mainland China]]'s [[Civil law (legal system)|civil law]] system, Hong Kong continues to follow the [[common law]] tradition established by British colonial rule. Article 84 of the [[Basic Law of Hong Kong]] allows Hong Kong's courts to refer to decisions ([[precedents]]) rendered by courts of other common law jurisdictions. Articles 82 and 92 allow judges from other common law jurisdictions to participate in proceedings of Hong Kong's [[Court of Final Appeal]] and sit as Hong Kong judges. Structurally, Hong Kong's court system consists of the [[Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal|Court of Final Appeal]] which replaced the [[Judicial Committee of the Privy Council]], the [[High Court of Hong Kong|High Court]], which is made up of the [[Court of Appeal of Hong Kong|Court of Appeal]] and the [[Court of First Instance of Hong Kong|Court of First Instance]], and the [[District Court of Hong Kong|District Court]], which includes the [[Family Court of Hong Kong|Family Court]]. Other adjudicative bodies include the Lands Tribunal, the Magistrates' Courts, the Juvenile Court, the Coroner's Court, the Labour Tribunal, the Small Claims Tribunal, and the Obscene Articles Tribunal, which is responsible for classifying non-video pornography to be circulated in Hong Kong. Justices of the [[Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal|Court of Final Appeal]] are appointed by Hong Kong's Chief Executive. The [[Basic Law of Hong Kong]] is subject to interpretation by the [[Standing Committee of the National People's Congress]] (NPC:SC) and this power has been invoked three times: the [[Right of abode issue, Hong Kong|right of abode issue]], an interpretation regarding post-2008 election procedures, and an interpretation regarding the length of the term of the Chief Executive. As in [[England]], [[lawyer]]s in Hong Kong are classified as either [[barrister]]s or [[solicitor]]s, where one can choose to practice as either one but not both (but it is possible to switch from one to another.) The vast majority of [[lawyer]]s are [[solicitor]]s, who are licensed and regulated by [[the Law Society of Hong Kong]]. [[Barristers]], on the other hand, are licensed and regulated by the [[Hong Kong Bar Association]]. Only [[barristers]] are allowed to appear in the [[Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal|Court of Final Appeal]] and the [[High Court of Hong Kong|High Court]]. Just as the [[common law system]] is maintained, so are British courtroom customs such as the wearing of robes and wigs by both judges and lawyers. According to the Article 63 of the [[Basic Law of Hong Kong]], the [[Department of Justice (Hong Kong)|Department of Justice]] controls criminal prosecutions, free from interference.<ref>"[http://www.info.gov.hk/basic_law/fulltext/content0204.htm Decree of the President of the People's Republic of China]". Hong Kong SAR Government. Retrieved on [[June 07]], [[2008]].</ref> It is the largest legal institution in Hong Kong, and its responsibilities involve [[legislation]], judicial administration, prosecution, civil representation, legal and policy drafting and reform, and the legal profession. Aside from prosecuting criminal cases in Hong Kong, officials of the Department of Justice also appear in court on behalf of the government in all civil and administrative lawsuits against the government. As the protector of [[public interest]]s, it may apply for [[judicial review]]s and assign legal representation on behalf of public interest to take part in the trial of cases that involve material public interests.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.doj.gov.hk/|title=Department of Justice|publisher=Department of Justice of the Hong Kong SAR|accessdate=2007-03-17}}</ref> ==Administrative districts== {{main|Districts of Hong Kong}} Hong Kong is subdivided into 18 geographic districts for administrative purposes: {{Hong Kong Labelled Map}} Each district is represented by a [[District Council of Hong Kong|District Council]] that advises the Government of Hong Kong on local matters such as public facilities, community programmes, cultural activities and environmental improvements. The [[Home Affairs Department]] is the governmental body responsible for coordinating services and communicating government policies and plans to the public. It interacts with the public at the local level through corresponding district offices. As the territory is governed by [[unitary authority]], there are no formal definitions for [[List of cities and towns in Hong Kong|cities and towns in Hong Kong]] and no [[capital city]] has been designated. The historic boundaries of [[Victoria City]], [[Kowloon]] and [[New Kowloon]] remain stated in law, but these entities have not had any legal or administrative status since the implementation of the District Administration Scheme in 1982. Previously some colonial-era texts had considered Victoria City to be the capital.<ref name="britannica">{{cite encyclopedia |year=1911 |title =Hong-Kong |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |url=http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Hong-Kong |accessdate=2008-04-26}}</ref> ==Economy== [[Image:2 International Financial Centre.jpg|thumb|right|[[International Finance Centre|2 International Finance Centre]], the tallest building in Hong Kong]] {{main article|Economy of Hong Kong}} Hong Kong is one of the world's leading financial centres.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zyen.com/Knowledge/Research/GFCI%201%20March%202007%20Executive%20Summary.pdf|title=The Global Financial Centres Index 1 Executive Summary|publisher=City of London|month=March|year=2007|accessdate=2007-04-12|format=PDF}}</ref> Its highly [[capitalist economy]], built on a policy of [[free market]]s, low [[taxation]] and [[Economic interventionism|government non-intervention]],<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=rqNha5s78XcC|author=Katharina Hartl|title=Expatriate Women Managers: Gender, Culture, and Career|publisher=Rainer Hampp Verlag|year=2003|isbn=387988711X|pages=80}}</ref> has been ranked as the most free economy in the world in the [[Index of Economic Freedom]] for 14 consecutive years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heritage.org/research/features/index/|title=2008 Index of Economic Freedom |publisher=The Heritage Foundation|accessdate=2008-02-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.heritage.org/research/features/index/topten.cfm|title=Top 10 Countries|publisher=The Heritage Foundation|accessdate=2008-02-01}}</ref> It is an important centre for international finance and trade, with the greatest concentration of corporate headquarters in the [[Asia-Pacific]] region, and is known as one of the [[Four Asian Tigers]] for its high growth rates and rapid industrialisation between the 1960s and 1990s.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Q79VGofCqIgC|author=Peter Wallace Preston and Jürgen Haacke|title= Contemporary China: The Dynamics of Change at the Start of the New Millennium|publisher=Routledge|year=2002|isbn=0700716378}}</ref> The [[Hong Kong Stock Exchange]] is the [[List of stock exchanges|sixth largest]] in the world, with a [[market capitalisation]] of [[United States dollar|US$]]2.97 trillion as of October 2007, and the second highest value of [[initial public offering]]s, after [[London]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/12/25/business/borse.php|title=Hong Kong surpasses New York in IPOs|publisher=International Herald Tribune|date=[[2006-12-25]]|accessdate=2008-02-01}}</ref> The currency used in Hong Kong is the [[Hong Kong dollar]], which has been pegged to the [[US dollar]] since 1983. Continuing the practice established under the British administration, the Government of Hong Kong generally plays a passive role in the financial industry, mostly leaving the direction of the economy to market forces and the private sector. Under the official policy of [[positive non-interventionism]], Hong Kong has often been cited as a prime example of [[laissez-faire capitalism]]. Following the Second World War, Hong Kong industrialised rapidly as a manufacturing centre driven by exports, and then underwent a rapid transition to a service-based economy in the 1980s. Hong Kong matured to become a financial centre in the 1990s, but was greatly affected by the [[Asian financial crisis]] in 1998, and again in 2003 by the [[SARS]] outbreak. A revival of external and domestic demand led to a strong recovery the following year, as cost decreases strengthened the competitiveness of Hong Kong exports, and a 68-month-long deflationary period ended, with consumer price [[inflation]] close to zero.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/200503/16/03160166.htm|title=2005–06 Budget Speech by the Financial Secretary|publisher=Government of the Hong Kong SAR|date=[[2005-03-16]]|accessdate=2008-02-01}}</ref> Hong Kong has little arable land and few natural resources within its borders, and must therefore import most of its [[food]] and raw materials. Hong Kong is the world's eleventh largest trading entity,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.info.gov.hk/info/hkbrief/eng/ahk.htm|title=About Hong Kong|publisher=Hong Kong SAR Government Information Centre|month=April|year=2006|accessdate=2008-02-01}}</ref> with the total value of [[import]]s and [[export]]s exceeding its [[gross domestic product]]. Much of Hong Kong's exports consist of re-exports, which are products made outside of the territory, especially in [[mainland China]], and distributed via Hong Kong. Even before the [[Transfer of the sovereignty of Hong Kong|transfer of sovereignty]] to the People's Republic of China, Hong Kong had established extensive trade and investment ties with mainland China. The territory's autonomous status enables it to serve as a point of entry for investments and resources flowing into the mainland. It is also a connecting point for flights from [[Taiwan]] destined for the mainland. At the end of 2007, there were 3.46 million people employed full-time, with the unemployment rate averaging 4.1%, the fourth straight year of decline.<ref>Hong Kong Monthly Digest of Statistics, March 2008</ref> Hong Kong's economy is dominated by the [[service sector]], which accounts for over 90% of its [[GDP]], while industry now constitutes just 9%. Hong Kong's [[Tourism in Hong Kong|tourism industry]] has recently benefitted from an increase in mainland visitors and the opening of [[Hong Kong Disneyland Resort]] in 2005. Inflation was at 2% in 2007, and Hong's Kong's largest export markets are [[China]], the [[United States]], and [[Japan]].<ref name=cia>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/hk.html#Econ CIA World Factbook]</ref> ==Demographics== [[Image:Hksycss.jpg|thumb|right|[[Sai Yeung Choi Street]] South, a crowded street in [[Mong Kok]]]] {{main|Demographics of Hong Kong|Languages of Hong Kong|Bilingualism in Hong Kong}} Residents of Hong Kong are sometimes referred to as [[Hongkongers]]. Hong Kong's population increased sharply throughout the 1990s, reaching 6.99 million in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censtatd.gov.hk/hong_kong_statistics/statistics_by_subject/index.jsp?subjectID=1&charsetID=2&displayMode=T|title=Hong Kong Statistics - Population and Vital Events|publisher=Census and Statistics Department, Government of the Hong Kong SAR|accessdate=2008-02-01}}</ref> About 95% of Hong Kong's population is of [[Han Chinese|Chinese descent]], the majority of which is [[Cantonese people|Cantonese]] or from ethnic groups such as [[Hakka]] and [[Teochew people|Teochew]]. [[Standard Cantonese|Cantonese]], a Chinese language originating from Guangdong province to the north of Hong Kong, is Hong Kong's ''de-facto'' official dialect and 95% of the population speaks Cantonese as their first language. [[English language|English]] is also an official language widely spoken by more than 38% of the population. According to the 1996 Hong Kong Government by-census, some 3.1% regard English as their 'usual' language with 34.9% claiming to speak English as 'another' language.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ucl.ac.uk/english-usage/ice/icehk.htm|title=ICE Hong Kong|publisher=University College London|accessdate=2008-02-01}}</ref> Signs displaying both Chinese and English are common throughout the territory. Since the 1997 handover, new groups of mainland Chinese immigrants have arrived. The usage of [[Standard Mandarin|Mandarin]], the official dialect of People's Republic of China and [[Republic of China]] (Taiwan), has also increased. The integration with mainland economy led to a demand in Mandarin speakers. The remaining 5% of the population is composed of non-ethnic Chinese forming a highly visible group despite their smaller numbers. A [[South Asians in Hong Kong|South Asian]] population of [[Sindhi people|Sindhis]], [[India]]ns, [[Pakistan]]is and [[Nepal]]ese are found. [[Vietnamese people in Hong Kong|Vietnamese]] [[refugee]]s have become permanent residents. Approximately 140,000 [[Filipinos in Hong Kong|Filipinos]] live and work in Hong Kong with the majority as [[Foreign domestic helpers in Hong Kong|foreign domestic helpers]]. An increasing number of domestic workers also originate from [[Indonesia]]. There are also a number of [[European ethnic groups|Europeans]], [[Americans in Hong Kong|Americans]], [[Australia]]ns, [[Canadians in Hong Kong|Canadians]], [[Japanese people in Hong Kong|Japanese]], and [[Koreans in Hong Kong|Koreans]] working in Hong Kong's commercial and financial sector. Considered as a dependency, Hong Kong is one of the [[List of countries by population density|most densely populated countries/dependencies in the world]], with an overall density of more than 6,200 people per&nbsp;km². Hong Kong has a [[fertility rate]] of 0.95 children per woman,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/hong_kong/total_fertility_rate.html|title=Hong Kong Total fertility rate|publisher=IndexMundi|accessdate=2008-02-01}}</ref> one of the lowest in the world and far below the 2.1 children per woman required to sustain the current population. However, population in Hong Kong continues to grow due to the influx of immigrants from mainland China approximating 45,000 per year. [[List of countries by life expectancy|Life expectancy]] in Hong Kong is 81.6 years as of 2006, 2nd highest in the world. Hong Kong's population has an extremely dense urban core, consisting of [[Kowloon]] and the north of [[Hong Kong Island]]. The rest of Hong Kong is relatively sparsely populated, with millions of residents scattered irregularly throughout the [[New Territories]], south Hong Kong island and Lantau Island. An increasing number of citizens are commuting from [[Shenzhen]] in mainland China. ==Education== [[Image:HKUST Sundial.JPG|thumb|right|Hong Kong University of Science and Technology]] [[Image:Hkpolyu.jpg|thumb|right|Hong Kong Polytechnic University with view of Cross Harbour Bus Stop]] {{main|Education in Hong Kong}} A former [[British overseas territories|Crown colony]], Hong Kong's [[education]] system has roughly followed the system [[Education in the United Kingdom|of the United Kingdom]], and in particular, the [[Education in England|education system in England]]. At the higher education levels, both British and American systems exist. The [[University of Hong Kong]] (HKU), the oldest institution of tertiary education in Hong Kong, has traditionally been based on the British model but has incorporated elements of the American model in recent years. The second oldest university, [[Chinese University of Hong Kong]] (CUHK), follows the American model with a characteristically British college system. The [[Hong Kong University of Science and Technology]] (HKUST) was established on the American model of higher education. There are [[Higher Education in Hong Kong#Institutes|nine public universities]] in Hong Kong, and a number of [[Higher Education in Hong Kong#Institutes|private higher institutions]]. Hong Kong's public schools are operated by the [[Education Bureau]]. The system features a non-compulsory three-year [[kindergarten]], followed by a compulsory six-year primary education, three-year junior [[secondary education]]; a non-compulsory two-year senior secondary education leading to the [[Hong Kong Certificate of Education Examination]]s and a two-year [[matriculation]] course leading to the [[Hong Kong Advanced Level Examination]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.edb.gov.hk/index.aspx?nodeID=97&langno=1|title=Kindergarten, Primary and Secondary Education|publisher=Education Bureau of the Hong Kong SAR|accessdate=2008-02-01}}</ref> A new "3+3+4" curriculum, consisting of a three-year junior secondary, three-year senior secondary and four-year undergraduate academic system, will be implemented from 2009 (for senior secondary) and 2012 (for tertiary) onwards. There are also [[Tertiary education|tertiary institutions]] offering various Bachelor's, Master's, and Doctoral degrees, other [[Higher Diploma|higher diploma]]s and [[associate degree]] courses. Most comprehensive schools in Hong Kong fall under three categories: Public schools, subsidised schools and private schools. Public schools are rare, and subsidised schools are the most common, which include government aids and grant schools, run by charitable organisations often with religious affiliations. The majority of such religious affiliations are [[Christianity|Christian]], but there are also [[Buddhist]], [[Daoist]] ([[Taoist]]), [[Islam]]ic and [[Confucian]] ones as well. Meanwhile, [[private school]]s, often run by Christian organisations, have admissions based on academic merit rather than on financial resources. Outside this system are the schools under the [[Direct Subsidy Scheme]] (DSS) and private [[international school]]s. The medium of instruction is mainly spoken Cantonese, written Chinese and English. The [[Programme for International Student Assessment]], coordinated by the [[OECD]], currently ranks Hong Kong's education as the 2nd best in the world.<ref name="OECD">{{cite web|url=http://www.pisa.oecd.org/document/2/0,3343,en_32252351_32236191_39718850_1_1_1_1,00.html|title=PISA 2006 Science Competencies for Tomorrow's World|accessdate=2007-12-14}}</ref> ==Culture== {{main|Culture of Hong Kong}} [[Image:Avenue of Stars2.jpg|thumb|150px|left|A statue on the [[Avenue of Stars, Hong Kong|Avenue of Stars]], a tribute to Hong Kong cinema]] Hong Kong is frequently described as a place where East meets West, a meeting reflected in its inhabitants, their customs, economic [[architecture of Hong Kong|infrastructure]], [[Education of Hong Kong|education]] and culture. British rule may have ended in 1997 but Western culture is deeply ingrained in Hong Kong and coexists seamlessly with traditional philosophy and practices of the Chinese. On one street corner, there may be traditional Chinese shops selling [[Chinese herbal medicine]], [[Buddhist]] paraphernalia or bowls of synthetic [[shark fin soup]], but around the next, one may find theatres showing the latest [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]] blockbuster, an English-style pub, or a [[List of Catholic Church in Hong Kong|Catholic Church]]. Hong Kong's official languages are Cantonese and English; signs in both languages are omnipresent throughout Hong Kong. The government, police and most workplaces and stores conduct business bilingually. While Hong Kong is a global centre of trade, another famous export is its entertainment industry, particularly in the martial arts genre which gained a high level of popularity in the late 1960s and 1970s. Several Hollywood performers originate from Hong Kong cinema, notably [[Bruce Lee]], [[Chow Yun-Fat]], and [[Jackie Chan]]. A number of Hong Kong filmmakers have also achieved widespread fame in Hollywood, such as [[John Woo]], [[Wong Kar-wai]] and [[Tsui Hark]]. Homegrown films such as ''[[Chungking Express]]'', ''[[Infernal Affairs]]'', ''[[Shaolin Soccer]]'', ''[[Rumble in the Bronx]]'', and ''[[In the Mood for Love]]'' have also gained international recognition. Hong Kong is also the world's main hub for [[Cantopop]] music and is home to the first fulltime [[comedy club]] in Asia, [[The TakeOut Comedy Club Hong Kong]].<ref>[http://www.takeoutcomedy.com/SCMP.pdf "Stand and Deliver", ''South China Morning Post'']</ref> The Hong Kong government also supports cultural institutions such as the [[Hong Kong Heritage Museum]], [[Hong Kong Museum of Art]], the [[Hong Kong Academy for Performing Arts]] and the [[Hong Kong Philharmonic Orchestra]]. Furthermore, the government's [[Leisure and Cultural Services Department]] also subsidises and sponsors international performers brought to Hong Kong. Many international cultural activities are organised by the government, consulates and privately. ==Religion== [[Image:Buddha lantau.jpg|thumb|The [[Tian Tan Buddha]] on [[Lantau]], Hong Kong, the tallest outdoor buddha statue in the world.]] {{main|Religion in Hong Kong}} Hong Kong enjoys a high degree of religious freedom, a right enshrined and protected through its constitutional document, the Basic Law. The majority of Hong Kong's population (90%) practise a mix of local religions,<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/hk.html#People CIA Factbook - Hong Kong]</ref> [[Buddhism]] (mainly [[Chinese Buddhism|Chinese Mahayana]]) alongside with [[Taoism]].<ref>[http://www.discoverhongkong.com/eng/travelneeds/faith/mk_fait_budd.jhtml Buddhist and Taoist Communities], Hong Kong Tourism Board.</ref><ref>[http://www.marimari.com/cOnTENT/hong_kong/general_info/religion/main.html General Information - Religion] marimari.com</ref><ref>[http://www.yearbook.gov.hk/2006/en/18_03.htm Hong Kong Year Book (2006):Chapter 18 - Religion and Custom: Buddhism]</ref><ref>[http://www.yearbook.gov.hk/2006/en/18_04.htm Hong Kong Year Book (2006):Chapter 18 - Religion and Custom: Taoism]</ref><ref>[http://www.yearbook.gov.hk/2006/en/18_05.htm Hong Kong Year Book (2006):Chapter 18 - Religion and Custom: Confucianism]</ref> Buddhists and Taoists share a common background of [[Confucianism|Confucian theory]], [[Chinese folk religion]] (worship of folk deities and figures of [[Chinese mythology]]) and [[ancestor worship]]. A sizable [[Christianity|Christian]] community of around 560,000 local adherents (320 thousand Protestant Christians, 240 thousand Roman Catholics)<ref name = "onnxty">[http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90133.htm#hk International Religious Freedom Report 2007 - Hong Kong]</ref> to 660,000 exists (if including over 100 thousand Filipino Catholics)<ref name="Hong Kong 2006">[http://www.yearbook.gov.hk/2006/en/18_06.htm Hong Kong Year Book (2006):Chapter 18 - Religion and Custom: Christianity]</ref>, forming about 8% to 9% of the total population; it is roughly equally divided between [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic]]s and [[Protestant]]s. Apart from the major religions, there are also a significant number of followers of other religions, including an estimated 90,000 [[Islam|Muslim]]s; 22,000 members of [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]]<ref>[http://newsroom.lds.org/ldsnewsroom/eng/contact-us/china-8212-hong-kong LDS Newsroom - China — Hong Kong<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>; 4,000 [[Jew]]s; 4,600 [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] and a number of [[Hinduism|Hindu]]s, [[Sikhism|Sikh]]s and [[Bahá'í Faith|Bahá'í]]s<ref name = "onnxty"/>. Apart from offering religious instructions, many major religious bodies have established schools and provided [[social welfare]] facilities.[[Image:Hkcatholiccathedral.jpg|thumb|left|[[Immaculate Conception Cathedral of Hong Kong|Hong Kong Immaculate Conception Cathedral]] at 16 [[Caine Road]], [[Central, Hong Kong|Central]]. ]] Hong Kong's religious beliefs are tied to the region's early role as a [[fishing]] community. [[Matsu (goddess)|Tin Hau]], the protector of seafarers, has been honoured with several [[Places of worship in Hong Kong|temples]] throughout Hong Kong for at least 300 years. Hong Kong residents, especially elder generations, visit Taoist or Buddhist temples to appease the deities and, usually, to request compassion, good health or good fortune. Gifts of [[food]], and in particular [[fruit]], are presented, and [[incense]] and [[paper]] offerings are burnt in respect. With the transfer of Hong Kong to the PRC, there were significant concerns over [[freedom of religion|religious freedom]] in Hong Kong. So far, this has proved mostly unfounded. Despite the banning of the [[Falun Gong]] movement by [[Beijing]] in 1999, adherents are still free to practice in Hong Kong. Similarly, the [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic Church]] freely appoints its own bishops in Hong Kong, unlike on mainland China where the only approved 'Catholic' institution is the [[Chinese Patriotic Catholic Association]] where bishops and priests are appointed by Beijing (though there is also an unofficial and illegal part of the Catholic church that maintains contact with the Vatican). A significant issue in the normalisation of ties between the PRC and the [[Vatican City|Vatican]] is Beijing's insistence that the Vatican drops its diplomatic ties with the [[Political status of Taiwan|ROC]]. ==Architecture== {{main|Architecture of Hong Kong}} {{wide image|Pauliyas Hongkong.jpg|1400px|A [[Panorama|panoramic]] view of northern [[Hong Kong Island]] between [[North Point]] in the east (left) and [[Central]] in the west (right). }} At present, Hong Kong has the world's greatest number of [[skyscraper]]s, with a total of 7,688, well ahead of the second place city, [[New York City]], which has 5,640.<ref>[http://www.emporis.com/en/bu/sk/st/ma/ci/ Most Active Cities in terms of High-rise Construction] emporis.com</ref> Most of these were built in the past two decades. Due to the lack of available space, few historical buildings remain in Hong Kong as older buildings are regularly torn down to make way for new developments. Instead, the city has become a centre for [[modern architecture]], especially in and around [[Central and Western District|Central]]. Dense commercial skyscrapers line the coast of [[Victoria Harbour]] from Central to Causeway Bay, and Hong Kong's skyline, ranked the best skyline in the world, is a major tourist attraction. Four of the 18 [[List of tallest buildings in the world|tallest skyscrapers in the world]] are in Hong Kong. In [[Kowloon]], which once included the nihilistic settlement called the [[Kowloon Walled City]], the proximity of [[Kai Tak Airport]] previously necessitated strict height limits for all buildings. With the closure of Kai Tak Airport in 1998, these restrictions were lifted and several new skyscrapers in Kowloon are now under construction, including [[International Commerce Centre]] which, when completed in 2010, will become the world's fourth tallest. [[Image:A shamshuipo building built in 1930s.jpg|thumb|right|Pre-war Chinese tenement in Sham Shui Po.]] One of the notable buildings in Hong Kong is [[I. M. Pei]]'s [[Bank of China Tower]], completed in 1990 and now the city's third tallest skyscraper. This building generated heated controversy from the start, as its sharp angles were said to cast negative [[feng shui]] energy into the heart of Hong Kong. Predating the Bank of China Tower, another well-known structure is the [[HSBC Hong Kong headquarters building|HSBC Headquarters Building]], finished in 1985. It was built on the site of Hong Kong's first skyscraper, which was finished in 1935 and was the subject of a bitter heritage [[Architectural conservation|conservation]] struggle in the late 1970s. Both banks' buildings are featured on many of [[Hong Kong banknotes|Hong Kong's banknote]]s. The tallest building in Hong Kong is currently the [[Two International Finance Centre]].<ref>"[http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=&art_id=21885&sid=&con_type=1&d_str=20030618&sear_year=2003 Tenanting tallest tower looks likely to be a tall order]". 'Bloomberg'', [[June 18]], [[2003]]. Retrieved on [[June 07]], [[2008]].</ref> Other well-known projects in Hong Kong include the new [[Hong Kong International Airport]] on [[Chek Lap Kok]] near [[Lantau]], a huge land reclamation project linked to the centre of Hong Kong by the [[Lantau Link]], which features three new major [[bridge]]s: [[Tsing Ma Bridge|Tsing Ma]], the world's [[List of largest suspension bridges|sixth largest]] [[suspension bridge]]; [[Kap Shui Mun Bridge|Kap Shui Mun]], the world's longest [[cable-stayed bridge]] carrying both road and railway traffic; and [[Ting Kau Bridge|Ting Kau]], the world's first major four-span cable-stayed bridge. ==Transport== {{main|Transport in Hong Kong}} [[Image:HK Worldwide House Central Tram Stop Beverly Hills.JPG|thumb|left|Hong Kong's [[Hong Kong Tramways|tram system]] is the only one in the world that runs exclusively with [[double-decker tram|double-deckers]].]] [[Image:Starferryrat.jpg|thumb|left|The iconic [[Star Ferry]] on one of its nine-minute voyages across [[Victoria Harbour]]]] Hong Kong has a highly developed [[transportation]] network, encompassing both [[public transport|public]] and private transport. Over 90% of daily travels (11 million)<ref name="TD">{{cite web |url=http://www.td.gov.hk/transport_in_hong_kong/public_transport/introduction/index.htm|title=Public Transport Introduction|publisher=Transport Department|accessdate=2008-07-13}}</ref> are on public transport, making it the highest percentage in the world.<ref name="pubtransport">{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Nb9UAAAACAAJ |author=William H. K. Lam and Michael G. H. Bell |year=2003 |title=Advanced Modeling for Transit Operations and Service Planning |publisher=NetLibrary, Incorporated |isbn=0585475229}}</ref> The [[Octopus card]] stored value [[smart card]] payment system can be used to pay for fares on almost all railways, buses and ferries in Hong Kong.<ref name="octopus">{{cite web |url=http://www.octopuscards.com/consumer/en/index.jsp |title=Octopus Card Information |publisher=[[Octopus Card]] |accessdate=2008-04-29}}</ref> The Octopus card uses [[RFID]] (Radio Frequency Identification) to allow users to scan their card without taking it out of their wallet or bag. All [[parking meter]]s in Hong Kong accept payment by Octopus card only, and Octopus card payment can be made at various car parks. Unlike the rest of the [[People's Republic of China]], Hongkongers drive on the left side of the road. Seeing wide usage is the city's [[rapid transit|metro]] system, [[MTR]], both an underground rail system and a link between Hong Kong and mainland China. It has 150 stations and moves 3.4 million people a day.<ref name="mtr">{{cite web |url=http://www.mtr.com.hk/eng/whatsnew/tourist_intro.html |title=Tourist Information |publisher=[[MTR]] Corporation |accessdate=2008-04-29}}</ref> The [[Hong Kong Tramways|tramway system]], serving the city since 1904, covers the northern parts of Hong Kong Island and is the only [[tram]] system in the world run exclusively with [[Double-decker tram|double deckers]].<ref name="trams">{{cite web |url=http://www.hktramways.com/en/company/index.html |title=The Company |publisher=Hongkong Tramways Limited |accessdate=2008-04-29}}</ref> There are five operators running franchised public [[bus]] services in Hong Kong. [[Double-decker bus]]es were introduced to Hong Kong in 1949, and are now almost exclusively used, with single-decker buses remaining in use for routes with lower demand or roads with lower carrying capacity. Most normal franchised bus routes in Hong Kong operate until 1 am. [[Public light bus]]es run the length and breadth of Hong Kong, through areas where standard bus lines cannot reach or do not reach as frequently, quickly, or directly. The [[Star Ferry]] service operates four lines across [[Victoria Harbour]] and has been in operation for over 120 years, providing a panoramic view of Hong Kong's skyline for its 53,000 daily passengers.<ref name="ferryyears">{{cite web |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/11/10/news/ferry.php |title=Not even HK's storied Star Ferry can face down developers |publisher=[[International Herald Tribune]] |date=2006-11-10 |accessdate=2008-04-29}}</ref> It is considered one of the city's most treasured cultural icons and has been rated as one of the most picturesque ferry crossings in the world.<ref name="worldferry">{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/cornwall/3755270.stm |title=Ferry is amongst the world's best |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=2004-10-19 |accessdate=2008-04-29}}</ref> Other [[ferry]] services are provided by operators serving [[Islands of Hong Kong|outlying islands]], new towns, [[Macau]], and cities in mainland China. Hong Kong is also famous for its [[junk (ship)|junks]] traversing the harbour, and small [[kai-to]] ferries which serve remote coastal settlements. As Hong Kong is dominated by steep, hilly terrain, some unusual methods of transport have been devised to ease movement up and down the slopes. For example, the [[Peak Tram]], the first public transport system in Hong Kong, has provided vertical rail transport between [[Central, Hong Kong|Central]] and [[Victoria Peak]] since 1888 by steeply ascending the side of a mountain. In [[Central and Western district]], there is an extensive system of [[escalator]]s and [[moving pavement]]s, including the longest outdoor covered escalator system in the world, the [[Central-Mid-Levels escalator|Mid-Levels escalator]]. [[Hong Kong International Airport]] is a leading air passenger gateway and logistics hub in Asia and one of the world's busiest [[airport]]s in terms of international passenger and cargo movement, serving more than 47 million passengers and handling 3.74 million tonnes of cargo in 2007.<ref name="airportnumbers">{{cite web |url=http://www.hongkongairport.com/eng/aboutus/index.html |title=About Us |publisher=[[Hong Kong International Airport]] |accessdate=2008-04-28}}</ref> It replaced [[Kai Tak Airport]] in [[Kowloon]] in 1998 and has been voted the world's best airport multiple times.<ref name="bestairport">{{cite web |url=http://www.airlinequality.com/news/080807-Awards.htm |title=International travellers have voted Hong Kong the best airport in the world |publisher=[[Skytrax]] |date=2007-08-08 |accessdate=2008-04-28}}</ref> Over 85 airlines operate at the two-[[airport terminal|terminal]] airport and it is the primary hub of [[Cathay Pacific]], [[Dragonair (airline)|Dragonair]], [[Air Hong Kong]], [[Hong Kong Airlines]] and [[Hong Kong Express]]. [[Taxicab|Taxi]]s are widely used throughout Hong Kong, all of which are obliged by law to run on [[liquefied petroleum gas]] instead of [[diesel]], in order to help the city's pollution problems. Despite the effort, the level of smog and pollution in Hong Kong is very high. ==Healthcare== {{seealso|List of hospitals in Hong Kong|Immunisation Programme in Hong Kong| }} [[Image:HKU LiKaShingFacultyOfMedicine.jpg|thumb|left|200 px|Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine]] Hong Kong's medical infrastructure consists of a mixed medical economy, with 12 private hospitals and more than 50 public hospitals. There are also [[polyclinic]]s that offer primary care services, including dentistry. Hong Kong has two medical schools, one with the [[University of Hong Kong]] (the [[Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine]]) and the other with the [[Chinese University of Hong Kong]]. Medical graduates obtain the [[MBChB]] or [[MBBS]], based upon the British model. There are also schools of nursing, both public and private, and training for professions allied to medicine, including a school dedicated to [[dentistry]]. The [[Hospital Authority]] is a statutory body established on [[1 December]] [[1990]] under the Hospital Authority Ordinance to manage all 38 public hospitals and institutions in Hong Kong. It is mainly responsible for delivering a comprehensive range of secondary and tertiary specialist care and medical rehabilitation through its network of health care facilities. The Authority also provides some primary medical services in 74 primary care clinics.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ha.org.hk/hesd/nsapi/?MIval=ha_visitor_index&intro=ha%5fview%5ftemplate%26group%3dAHA|title=About Hospital Authority|publisher=The Organisation of Hospital Authority|accessdate=2007-11-13}}</ref> Hong Kong's 12 private hospitals have partnered with the United Kingdom for [[international healthcare accreditation]]. All 12 private hospitals are "Trent Hospitals", having been surveyed and accredited by the [[United Kingdom]]'s [[Trent Accreditation Scheme]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.1stor.co.uk/trentaccreditationscheme.org/accreditation/hk-accreditation.htm|title=Accreditation Details of Hong Kong Hospitals|publisher=Trent Accreditation Scheme|accessdate=2007-10-31}}</ref> The Hong Kong Academy of Medicine is an independent institution with the statutory power to organise, monitor, assess and accredit all medical specialist training and to oversee the provision of continuing medical education in Hong Kong.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hkam.org.hk/|title=The homepage of Hong Kong Academy of Medicine|publisher=HKMA|accessdate=2007-11-13}}</ref> In addition, The [[Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada]] has also accredited the postgraduate medical education (1994-present) in Hong Kong and allowed these graduates from the Hong Kong Academy of Medicine seeking [[RCPSC]] Certification and practising in [[Canada]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rcpsc.medical.org/residency/certification/img_page2_e.php|title=Postgraduate Medical Education systems (PGME) for International Medical Graduate (IMG) applicants seeking RCPSC Certification|publisher=The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada|accessdate=2007-11-13}}</ref>[[Image:HospitalAuthorityHQ.JPG|right|thumb|Hospital Authority Headquarters]] The [[Department of Health (Hong Kong)|Department of Health]], under [[Food and Health Bureau]], is the health adviser of Hong Kong government and an executive arm in health legislation and policy. Its main role is to safeguard the health of the community through promotive, preventive, curative and rehabilitative services in Hong Kong.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dh.gov.hk/eindex.html|title=Homepage of the Department of Health, the Government of Hong Kong SAR|publisher=Hong Kong government|accessdate=2007-11-13}}</ref> The main function of the department includes child assessment service, [[Immunisation Programme in Hong Kong|immunisation programmes]], dental service, [[forensic pathology]] service, registration of healthcare professionals etc, though boards and councils (i.e. Medical Council of Hong Kong, Pharmacy and Poisons Board of Hong Kong) are independent statutory bodies established under the relevant ordinances that operate independently to discharge their statutory functions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dh.gov.hk/english/main/main_rhp/main_rhp.html|title=list of main services of the Department of Health, the Government of Hong Kong SAR|publisher=Hong Kong government|accessdate=2007-11-13}}</ref> Hong Kong is one of the healthiest places in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/brandhk/0128005.htm|title=Hong Kong health indices among world's best|publisher=Government of the Hong Kong SAR|date=[[2003-01-28]]|accessdate=2008-02-01}}</ref> Because of its early health education, professional health services, and well-developed health care and medication system, [[Hongkongers]] enjoy a [[life expectancy]] of 84 for females and 78 for men,<ref>"[http://www.who.int/bulletin/en/Law0103.pdf Healthy life expectancy in Hong Kong]". World Health Organization. Retrieved on [[07 June]], [[2008]].</ref> which are the second highest in the world, and 2.94 infant mortality rate, the fourth lowest in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2102rank.html|title=Rank Order - Life expectancy at birth|publisher=The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency|date=[[2008-01-24]]|accessdate=2008-02-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2006/WPP2006_Highlights_rev.pdf|title=World Population Prospects: The 2006 Revision|publisher=United Nations|year=2007|accessdate=2008-02-01|format=PDF}}</ref> Hong Kong has high standards of medical practice. It has contributed to the development of liver transplantation, being the first in the world to carry out adult to adult live donor liver transplant in 1993.<ref>[http://www.springerlink.com/content/b22j18812426564k/fulltext.pdf Live Donor Liver Transplantation: Current Status]</ref> ==Military== [[Image:IMG 0482.jpg|thumb|The headquarters of the [[People's Liberation Army]] [[People's Liberation Army Hong Kong Garrison|Hong Kong Garrison]] (former [[Prince of Wales Building]])]] {{main|People's Liberation Army Hong Kong Garrison}} During British administration, the [[Governor of Hong Kong]] was the [[Commander-in-Chief]] and [[Vice-Admiral]], defence force was provided by the [[British military]], who stationed soldiers in barracks throughout Hong Kong, including the [[British Forces Overseas Hong Kong]]. Its finance was supported by both the [[UK Government]] and the [[Hong Kong Government]]. Hong Kong has never had its own [[military]] forces because it has never been a [[sovereign state]], except voluntary auxiliary forces like [[The Royal Hong Kong Regiment (The Volunteers)]]. The [[People's Republic of China]]'s [[State Council of the People's Republic of China|State Council]] assumed sovereignty over Hong Kong on [[1 July]] [[1997]]<ref>"China Resumes Control of Hong Kong, Ending 156 Years of British Rule China Resumes Control of Hong Kong, Ending 156 Years of British Rule". ''New York Times'', [[1 July]] [[1997]]. Retrieved on [[07 June]], [[2008]].</ref> and stationed a [[garrison]] of the [[PLA Hong Kong Garrison|People's Liberation Army]] (PLA) to manage its defence affairs. Although the garrison has little practical military value, the stationing of the PLA troops in Hong Kong is a significant symbol of the PRC government's assumption of sovereignty over Hong Kong. According to Hong Kong's Basic Law, military forces stationed in Hong Kong will not interfere with local civil affairs; the Hong Kong SAR Government remains responsible for the maintenance of public order. The Hong Kong Garrison, composed of [[army|ground]], [[navy|naval]], and [[air force]]s, is under the command of the Chinese [[Central Military Commission]]. The PLA Garrison subsequently opened its barracks on [[Stonecutters Island]] and [[Stanley, Hong Kong|Stanley]] to the public to promote understanding and trust between the troops and residents. == See also == {{Hong Kong topics|state=show}} == Notes and references == {{reflist|3}} ==Further reading== {{refbegin|2}} *''A History of Hong Kong'' (Third Edition). [[Frank Welsh]]. HarperCollins. [[1 October]] [[1998]]. 624 pages. ISBN 1-56836-002-9. *''Mathematical Modelling of Hong Kong Political and Economical Development''. Derek Lam. Guangzhou Academic Press. [[18 February]] [[1986]]. 23 pages. *''Hong Kong's History: State and Society Under Colonial Rule (Asia's Transformations)''. Tak-Wing Ngo. Routledge. [[1 August]] [[1999]]. 205 pages. ISBN 0-415-20868-8. *''The Cinema of Hong Kong: History, Arts, Identity''. Poshek Fu, David Deser. [[Cambridge University Press]]. [[25 March]] [[2002]]. 346 pages. ISBN 0-521-77602-3. *''A Modern History of Hong Kong''. Steve Tsang. I.B. Tauris. [[14 May]] [[2004]]. 356 pages. ISBN 1-86064-184-9. *''An Outline History of Hong Kong''. Liu Shuyong. 291 pages. ISBN 7-119-01946-5. *''Forts and Pirates - A History of Hong Kong''. Hong Kong History Society. Hyperion Books. December 1990. ISBN 962-7489-01-8. *[http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/CE/Museum/Monument/form/historical.pdf List of Graded Historical Buildings in Hong Kong - 6 Jan 2007] from the Antiquities and Monuments Office *[http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/CE/Museum/Monument/en/monuments_list.php List of Declared Monuments in Hong Kong - 3 March 2006] from the Antiquities and Monuments Office {{refend}} ==External links== {{Portal Hong Kong}} {{Spoken Wikipedia|En-Hong Kong-article.ogg|2007-11-01}} {{sisterlinks}} {{contains Chinese text}} '''Government''' * [http://www.gov.hk/en/ GovHK] - Official government site * [http://www.censtatd.gov.hk Hong Kong Government - Census and Statistics Department] * [http://www.info.gov.hk/hkfacts/facts_e.htm Hong Kong Government - Fact Sheets] * [http://www.legco.gov.hk/english/ Hong Kong Legislative Council] - Official site of the legislative body * [http://www.discoverhongkong.com/eng/index.jsp DiscoverHongKong] - Official site of the Hong Kong Tourism Board '''General reference''' * [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/hk.html Hong Kong] entry at ''The World Factbook'' {{clear}} {{Template group |title = Geographic locale |list = {{Countries and territories of East Asia}} {{Dependent and other territories of Asia}} {{Province-level divisions of the People's Republic of China}} {{Major cities of Greater China}} {{Pearl River Delta}} }} {{Template group |title = Language |list = {{Sino-Tibetan-speaking}} {{Territories of Greater China}} }} {{Template group |title = International membership |list = {{APEC}} {{Four Asian Tigers}} {{WTO}} }} {{Template group |title = Other |list = {{World's most populated metropolitan areas}} {{World's most populated urban areas}} }} {{coord|22.3|114.2|type:adm1st_region:HK|display=title}} [[Category:1997 establishments]] [[Category:Anglo-Chinese relations]] [[Category:APEC]] [[Category:British rule in Hong Kong| ]] [[Category:Chinese-speaking countries and territories]] [[Category:Cities in China]] [[Category:Coastal cities]] [[Category:English-speaking countries and territories]] [[Category:Former British colonies]] [[Category:Hong Kong| ]] [[Category:Independent cities]] [[Category:Metropolitan areas of China]] [[Category:Pearl River Delta]] [[Category:Port cities and towns in China]] [[Category:Settlements established in 1842]] [[Category:South China Sea]] {{Link FA|de}} {{Link FA|no}} {{Link FA|vi}} {{Link FA|zh}} {{Link FA|zh-yue}} [[af:Hongkong]] [[ar:هونغ كونغ]] [[an:Hong Kong]] [[ast:Hong Kong]] [[az:Honkonq]] [[bn:হংকং]] [[zh-min-nan:Hiong-káng]] [[be-x-old:Ганконґ]] [[bo:ཤའང་ཀའང་]] [[bs:Hong Kong]] [[br:Hong Kong]] [[bg:Хонконг]] [[ca:Hong Kong]] [[ceb:Hong Kong]] [[cs:Hongkong]] [[cy:Hong Kong]] [[da:Hongkong]] [[de:Hongkong]] [[dv:ހޮންކޮންގު]] [[et:Hongkong]] [[el:Χονγκ Κονγκ]] [[es:Hong Kong]] [[eo:Honkongo]] [[eu:Hong Kong]] [[fa:هنگ‌کنگ]] [[fr:Hong Kong]] [[ga:Hong Cong]] [[gan:香港]] [[gd:Hong Cong]] [[gl:Hong Kong - 香港]] [[zh-classical:香港]] [[hak:Hiông-kóng]] [[ko:홍콩]] [[hi:हांग कांग]] [[hr:Hong Kong]] [[io:Hong Kong]] [[ilo:Hong Kong]] [[bpy:হংকং]] [[id:Hong Kong]] [[ia:Hong Kong]] [[os:Гонконг]] [[is:Hong Kong]] [[it:Hong Kong]] [[he:הונג קונג]] [[jv:Hong Kong]] [[pam:Hong Kong]] [[ka:ჰონკონგი]] [[kk:Шәңғаң]] [[kw:Hong Kong]] [[sw:Hong Kong]] [[la:Hongcongum]] [[lv:Honkonga]] [[lb:Hong Kong]] [[lt:Honkongas]] [[lij:Hong Kong]] [[li:Hong Kong]] [[hu:Hongkong]] [[mk:Хонг Конг]] [[ml:ഹോങ്കോങ്]] [[mi:Hongipua]] [[mr:हाँगकाँग]] [[ms:Hong Kong]] [[nl:Hongkong]] [[ja:香港]] [[no:Hongkong]] [[nn:Hongkong]] [[nov:Hong Kong]] [[oc:Hong Kong]] [[nds:Hongkong]] [[pl:Hongkong]] [[pt:Hong Kong]] [[ro:Hong Kong]] [[ru:Гонконг]] [[sq:Hong Kong]] [[scn:Hong Kong]] [[simple:Hong Kong]] [[sk:Hongkong]] [[sl:Hong Kong]] [[sr:Хонгконг]] [[sh:Hong Kong]] [[fi:Hongkong]] [[sv:Hongkong]] [[tl:Hong Kong]] [[ta:ஹொங்கொங்]] [[te:హాంగ్‌కాంగ్]] [[th:เขตบริหารพิเศษฮ่องกง]] [[vi:Hồng Kông]] [[tr:Hong Kong]] [[uk:Гонконг]] [[wuu:香港]] [[zh-yue:香港]] [[diq:Hong Kong]] [[zh:香港]]