Horatio Hale
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{{Infobox Scientist
|name = Horatio Hale
|box_width =
|image =Horatio Hale.jpg
|image_width =150px
|caption = Horatio Hale
|birth_date = [[May 3]], [[1817]]
|birth_place = [[Newport, New Hampshire]]
|death_date = [[December 28]], [[1896]]
|death_place = [[Clinton, Ontario]] [[Canada]]
|residence = [[Clinton, Ontario]]
|citizenship =
|nationality = [[United States|American]]{{Fact|date=June 2008}}
|ethnicity =
|field = [[ethnology]]
|work_institutions =
|alma_mater = [[Harvard University]]
|doctoral_advisor =
|doctoral_students =
|known_for =
|author_abbrev_bot =
|author_abbrev_zoo =
|influences =
|influenced =
|prizes =
|religion =
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}}
'''Horatio Hale''' ([[May 3]], [[1817]] - [[December 28]], [[1896]]), [[United States|American]] [[ethnologist]], was born in [[Newport, New Hampshire]].
He was the son of David Hale, a [[lawyer]], and of [[Sarah Josepha Hale]] (1790-1879), a popular [[poet]], who, besides editing Godey's ''[[Ladies' Magazine]]'' for many years and publishing some ephemeral books, is supposed to have written the verses "Mary had a little lamb," and to have been the first to suggest the national observance of [[Thanksgiving Day]].
Hale graduated in [[1837]] from [[Harvard University]], and he served as the [[philologist]] for the [[United States Exploring Expedition, 1838-1842]], which was led by Lt. [[Charles Wilkes]]. Of the reports of that expedition Hale prepared the sixth volume, ''Ethnography and Philology'' (1846), which is said to have laid the foundations of the [[ethnography]] of [[Polynesia]]. After marrying a Canadian woman, Margaret Pugh of Goderich Township, he was admitted to the [[Chicago]] bar in [[1855]]. The following year Hale moved to [[Clinton, Ontario]], [[Canada]], to administer the estate of his father-in-law and began to involve himself locally in real estate development and other business and educational endeavours.<ref name=DCBO>{{cite web |url=http://www.biographi.ca/EN/ShowBio.asp?BioId=40261&query=Horatio%20AND%20hale
|title=Dictionary of Canadian Biography online}}</ref>
Mentored by Iroquois chiefs George Henry Martin Johnson and John Fraser, while visiting [[Six Nations of the Grand River First Nation]] and with native informants in the U.S., Hale was enabled to document the oral history and ritual of the Iroquois Confederacy through the assisted interpretation of the groups existing [[Wampum|wampum belts]].<ref name=DCBO>{{cite web |url=http://www.biographi.ca/EN/ShowBio.asp?BioId=40261&query=Horatio%20AND%20hale
|title=Dictionary of Canadian Biography online}}</ref> This resulted in the eventual publication of Hale's, ''Iroquois Book of Rites'' (1883).
He made many valuable contributions to the science of [[ethnology]], attracting attention particularly by his theory of the origin of the diversities of human languages and dialects--a theory suggested by his study of child-languages, or the languages invented by little children. He also emphasized the importance of languages as tests of mental capacity and as criteria for the classification of human groups. He was, moreover, the first to discover that the [[Tutelo]]s of [[Virginia]] belonged to the [[Sioux|Siouan]] family, and to identify the [[Cherokee]] as a member of the [[Iroquois|Iroquoian]] family of speech.
Besides writing numerous magazine articles, he read a number of valuable papers before learned societies. These include:
* ''Indian Migrations as Evidenced by Language'' (1882)
* ''The Origin of Languages and the Antiquity of Speaking Man'' (1886)
*''The Development of Language'' (1888)
*''Language as a Test of Mental Capacity: Being an Attempt to Demonstrate the True Basis of Anthropology'' (1891)
== External links ==
* {{gutenberg author| id=Horatio+Hale | name=Horatio Hale}}
*[http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/information/biography/fghij/hale_horatio.html Anthropology Biographies--Horatio Hale]
== Bibliography ==
*{{Citation
|id = [[PMID]]:17829255
|url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17829255
|last=Hale
|first=
|publication-date=1895 Mar 22
|year=[[1895]]
|title=AN INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CATALOGUE AND CONGRESS.
|volume=1
|issue=12
|periodical=
|pages=324-326
|doi = 10.1126/science.1.12.324
}}
*{{Citation
|id = [[PMID]]:17731636
|url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17731636
|last=Hale
|first=
|publication-date=1892 Jan 15
|year=[[1892]]
|title=THE KALAMATH NATION: III.--MYTHOLOGY AND GENERAL ETHNOLOGY.
|volume=19
|issue=467
|periodical=[[Science (journal)|Science]]
|pages=29-31
|doi = 10.1126/science.ns-19.467.29
}}
*{{Citation
|id = [[PMID]]:17774144
|url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17774144
|last=Hale
|first=
|publication-date=1892 Jan 8
|year=[[1892]]
|title=THE KLAMATH NATION: II.--Linguistics.
|volume=19
|issue=466
|periodical=[[Science (journal)|Science]]
|pages=20-21
|doi = 10.1126/science.ns-19.466.20
}}
*{{Citation
|id = [[PMID]]:17813801
|url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17813801
|last=Hale
|first=
|publication-date=1892 Jan 1
|year=[[1892]]
|title=THE KLAMATH NATION: I.--The Country and the People.
|volume=19
|issue=465
|periodical=
|pages=6-7
|doi = 10.1126/science.ns-19.465.6
}}
* Brinton, D. G. (1897). Horatio Hale. ''American Anthropologist'', ''10'' (1), 25-27.
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Hale, Horatio}}
[[Category:1817 births]]
[[Category:1896 deaths]]
[[Category:American anthropologists]]
[[Category:American ethnologists]]
[[Category:People from Huron County, Ontario]]