Horoscope 39870 225250453 2008-07-12T18:18:39Z Nsaa 113357 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/86.96.227.70|86.96.227.70]] to last version by ClueBot (using [[WP:HG|Huggle]]) {{astrology}} [[Image:Astrological Chart - New Millennium.JPG|thumb|300px|right|A horoscope calculated for [[January 1]], [[2000]] at 12:01:00 A.M. [[North American Eastern Time Zone|Eastern Standard Time]] in [[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]], [[United States|USA]] (Longitude: 074W00'23" - Latitude: 40N42'51").]] In [[astrology]], a '''horoscope''' is a chart or diagram representing the positions of the Sun, Moon, planets, the [[astrological aspects]], and [[Angle (astrology)|sensitive angles]] at the time of an event, such as the moment of a person's [[Childbirth|birth]]. The word ''horoscope'' is derived from [[Greek language|Greek]] words meaning "a look at the hours" (''horoskopos'', pl. ''horoskopoi'', or "marker(s) of the hour.") Other commonly used names for the horoscope in English include '''astrological chart''', '''astro-chart''', '''celestial map''', '''sky-map''', '''star-chart''', '''cosmogram''', '''vitasphere''', '''radical chart''', '''radix''', '''chart wheel''', or simply '''chart'''. It is used as a method of [[divination]] regarding events relating to the point in time it represents and forms the basis of the [[Horoscopic astrology|horoscopic traditions]] of astrology. In common usage, ''horoscope'' often refers to an [[astrologer]]'s interpretation, usually through a system of [[Sun sign astrology]] or based upon calendar significance of an event, as in [[Chinese astrology]]. In particular, many newspapers and magazines carry predictive columns based on celestial influences in relation to the [[zodiac]]al placement of the Sun on the day of a person's birth, identifying the individual's [[Sun sign]] or "star sign." This system is distinct from horoscopes as traditionally employed, as only the zodiacal placement of the Sun is considered in interpretation<ref>http://people.howstuffworks.com/horoscope1.htm How Horoscopes Work</ref>. While this modern usage is perhaps the most popular in the colloquial lexicon, this article will focus primarily on the traditional concept. ==Introduction== The horoscope serves as a stylized map of the heavens over a specific location at a particular moment in time. In most applications the perspective is [[Geocentric model|geocentric]] ([[heliocentric]] astrology being one exception). The positions of the actual planets (including Sun and Moon) are placed in the chart, along with those of purely calculated factors such as the [[lunar node]]s, the [[House (astrology)|house]] cusps including the [[midheaven]] and the [[ascendant]], [[zodiac]] signs, fixed stars and the [[Arabian Parts|lots]]. Angular relationships between the planets themselves and other points, called [[astrological aspect|aspect]]s, are typically determined. Which elements are used or emphasized over others varies by tradition. ==Etymology== The word ''horoscope'' comes from an [[Old English]] word deriving from [[Latin]] ''horoscopus'', ultimately from [[Greek language|Greek]] {{lang|grc|ὡρόσκοπος }} "nativity, horoscope", literally "observer of the hour [of birth]", from {{lang|grc|ὥρα}} "time, hour" and {{lang|grc|σκόπος}} "observer, watcher". In [[Middle English]] texts from the 11th century, the word appears in the Latin form, and is [[anglicisation|anglicized]] to ''horoscope'' in [[Early Modern English]]. The noun ''horoscopy'' for "casting of horoscopes" has been in use since the 17th century ([[OED]]). In Greek, {{lang|grc|ὡρόσκοπος }} in the sense of "[[ascendant]]" and {{lang|grc|ὡροσκοπία}} "observation of the ascendant" is in use since [[Ptolemy]] (''[[Tetrabiblos]]'' 33, 75). ==Concepts in Western Astrology== <!-- Image with unknown copyright status removed: [[Image:275px-Astrological_Glyphs_svg_copia.jpg|thumb|right|These are the [[astrological symbols]] as most commonly used in [[Western astrology|Western Astrology]]]] --> {{main|Western astrology}} * The '''native''' is the time and place of the event (a birth, for example) being charted, and is considered to be at the centre of the '''celestial sphere'''. * The '''celestial sphere''' is a sphere of arbitrary radius upon which the items appearing on the horoscope are projected without regard to their distance from the native. * The '''plane of the equator''' is the plane of the earth's [[equator]] projected into space. * The '''plane of the ecliptic''' is defined by the orbits of the earth and the [[Sun (astrology)|sun]]. For practical purposes the plane of the equator and the plane of the [[ecliptic]] maintain a constant inclination to each other of approximately 23.5°. * The '''plane of the horizon''' is centred on the '''native''', and is tangential to the earth at that point. In a sphere whose radius is infinitely large, this plane may be treated as nearly equivalent to the parallel plane with its centre at the earth's center. This greatly simplifies the geometry of the horoscope, but does not take into account that the '''native''' is in motion. Some writers on astrology have thus considered the effects of [[parallax]], but most would agree that (apart from that of the moon) they are relatively minor {{Fact|date=February 2008}}. ===Angles=== * There are '''[[Angle (astrology)|four primary angles]]''' in the horoscope (though the cusps of the [[House (astrology)|houses]] are often included as important angles by some astrologers). The '''[[ascendant]]''' is the eastern point where the ecliptic and horizon intersect; the ascendant is generally considered the most important and personalized angle (along with the '''[[midheaven]]''') in the horoscope by the vast majority of astrologers and the placement of its ruler, called the ''[[Chart Ruler|chart ruler]]'' is considered to be greatly important. Its opposite point in the west is the '''[[Descendant (astrology)|descendant]]'''. In creating a horoscope the ascendant is traditionally placed as the left-hand side point of the chart. During the course of a day, because of the Earth's rotation, the entire circle of the ecliptic will pass through the ascendant and will be advanced by about 1°. This provides us with the term '''rising sign''', which is the sign of the zodiac that was rising in the east at the exact time that the horoscope or [[natal chart]] is calculated. * The ''medium coeli'' or '''midheaven''' is the point on the ecliptic that is furthest above the plane of the horizon (not to be confused with [[zenith]], which is normal to the horizon and so directly above the horoscope location). Its opposite point is known as the '''[[Imum Coeli|imum coeli]]''' (not to be confused with [[nadir]], which is the opposite point of the [[zenith]] on the reverse side of the horizon). For events occurring where the planes of the ecliptic and the horizon coincide, the limiting position for these points is located 90° from the ascendant. ===The zodiac=== [[Image:Astro signs.gif|thumb|left|The [[astrological symbols]]/[[glyphs]] used in Western astrology to represent the [[astrological signs]] ([[Zodiac]])]] {{main|zodiac}} * The '''zodiac''' refers to the 16° wide band on the celestial sphere containing the '''signs'''. It is centered on the ecliptic,occurs at the exact moment that the Sun crosses the [[celestial equator]] and enters the zodiac sign of [[Aries (astrology)|Aries]]. Astrologers in India and some Western astrologers use the more ancient '''[[Sidereal astrology|sidereal zodiac]]''', which corresponds to the ancient position of the constellations as they were viewed thousands of years ago. Many people are confused regarding the difference between the '''sidereal constellations''' and the '''tropical zodiac''' signs. Because of a "wobble" in the earth's axis of rotation over a period of about 26,000 years (this 26,000 year period is often called a "[[great year]]"), the point at which the vernal equinox advances in the sky rate is approximately 0 deg, 0 min, 50.23 seconds a year. [[Precession of the equinoxes]] thus occurs at a rate of roughly 5 arc minutes of a degree every 6 years. Sidereal astrologers use zodiac signs that roughly align with the constellations as they were charted many thousands of years ago. Tropical astrologers use zodiac signs that align with the vernal equinox in the northern hemisphere and so the signs relate to the seasons and not the stars. It is also important to note that some astrologers don't use the signs of the zodiac at all, focusing more instead on the [[astrological aspects]] and other features of the horoscope. * The [[Sun (astrology)|sun sign]] is the sign of the '''zodiac'' in which the sun is located for the native. This is the single astrological fact familiar to most people. If an event occurs at sunrise the ascendant and '''sun sign''' will be the same; other rising signs can then be estimated at approximately two hour intervals from there. * A '''cusp''' is the boundary between two signs or houses. For some the cusp includes a small portion of the two signs or houses under consideration. ===Houses=== * The '''[[House (astrology)|houses]]''' are a series of twelve divisions of the plane of the ecliptic. Astrologers have devised many systems of calculating these house divisions. In the case of the [[equal house system]] the ecliptic is divided into twelve equal houses of 30° each. The first house begins at the ascendant and the others are numbered counterclockwise from that point. The first six are therefore below the horizon, and the other six are above. The positions of these houses remains fixed relative to the native. The signs and planets all move through the twelve houses during the course of a day, and the planets move through the signs over the course of months or years. ==Construction of a horoscope in Western Astrology== To create a horoscope, an astrologer first has to ascertain the exact time and place of the subject's birth, or the initiation of an event. The local [[standard time]] (adjusting for any [[daylight saving time]] or war time) is then converted into [[Greenwich Mean Time]] or [[Universal Time]] at that same instant. The astrologer then has to convert this into the local [[sidereal time]] at birth in order to be able to calculate the [[ascendant]] and [[midheaven]]. The astrologer will next consult a set of tables called an '''ephemeris''', which lists the location of the sun, moon and [[Planets in astrology|planets]] for a particular year, date and sidereal time, with respect to the [[vernal equinox|northern hemisphere vernal equinox]] or the [[fixed star]]s (depending on which astrological system is being used). The astrologer then adds or subtracts the difference between the longitude of Greenwich and the longitude of the place in question to determine the true local mean time (LMT) at the place of birth to show where planets would be visible above the horizon at the precise time and place in question. Planets hidden from view beneath the earth are also shown in the horoscope. The horoscope is then divided into 12 sectors around the circle of the [[ecliptic]], starting from the eastern horizon with the [[ascendant]] or rising sign. These 12 sectors are called the [[House (astrology)|houses]] and numerous systems for calculating these divisions exist. Tables of houses have been published since the 19th Century to make this otherwise demanding task easier. ===Houses=== ''Main article: [[House (astrology)]]'' The chart thus begins with a framework of 12 houses. Upon this the signs of the zodiac are superimposed. In the equal house system the cusp between any two houses will fall at the same degree for each of the signs. Thus, for a native whose ascendant is at 12° of Leo, the second house will begin at 12° of Virgo, the third at 12° Libra, and so on. In house systems that take into consideration the effects of the angle of intersection between the planes of the horizon and the ecliptic, the calculations are more complicated. For these calculations it is essential to know the latitude of the event. Tables are available for these calculations, but they are now commonly calculated by computer. Most astrology computer programs allow the user to choose from a variety of house systems. [[Image:AstrologicalGlyphs-AsteroidsChaldean.jpg|thumb|left|The [[astrological symbols]]/[[glyphs]] used in Western astrology to represent the [[planets in astrology]]]] ===Placements of the planets=== Having established the relative positions of the signs in the houses, the astrologer positions the sun, moon, and planets at their rightful celestial longitudes. Some astrologers also take note of minor planetary bodies, fixed stars, [[asteroid]]s (for example, [[2060 Chiron|Chiron]]) and other mathematically calculated points and angles such as the [[vertex (astrology)|vertex]], equatorial ascendant, etc. Many astrologers also use what are commonly referred to as '''[[Arabic parts]]''' (or [[Greece|Greek]] Lots), the most common of which is the [[Part of Fortune]] (Pars Fortuna). ===Aspects=== To complete the horoscope the astrologer will consider the [[astrological aspects|aspects]] or relative angles between pairs of planets. More exact aspects are considered more important. The difference between the exact aspect and the actual aspect is called the '''[[Orb (astrology)|orb]]'''. Those generally recognized by the astrological community are '''Conjunction''' (0°), '''Opposition''' (180°), '''Square''' (90°), '''Trine''' (120°), '''Sextile''' (60°), '''Semi-Square''' (45°), '''Sesqisquare''' (135°), and '''Quincunx''' (150°). Understandably these aspects are more significant when they are exact, but they are considered to function within an '''orb''' of influence, the size of which varies according to the importance of each aspect. Thus conjunctions are believed to operate with a larger orb than sextiles. Most modern astrologers use an orb of 8° or less for aspects involving the Sun, Moon, and Jupiter and smaller orbs for the other points. Some astrologers, such as practitioners of [[Cosmobiology]], and [[Uranian astrology]], use minor aspects (15°, 22.5°, 67.5°, 72°, 75°, 105°, 112.5°, 157.5°, 165°) with much narrower orbs. ===Ascendant=== [[Longitude]] is necessary in order to determine the position of the [[Ascendant]] because horoscopes use local time. Due to time zones, adjustments are made for the difference in one's actual longitude and the longitude of the nominal meridian associated with clock time. Having constructed the horoscope, the astrologer can begin the task of interpreting the chart. This interpretation depends upon which branch of horoscopic astrology is being used. ==Horoscopes in Eastern Cultures== {{Expand-section|date=February 2008}} In [[Chinese astrology]], horoscopes are based on the symbolism of the Chinese zodiac, a system of [[Chinese astrology#Five elements|elements]] and [[Chinese astrology#The 12 zodiac animals|animals]] associated with each year according to a [[sexagenary cycle]]. However, these horoscopes, as well as the characteristics assigned on the basis of the year one was born, are considered amusing rather than accurate predictors<ref>http://www.c-c-c.org/chineseculture/zodiac/zodiac.html Chinese Culture Center: Chinese Zodiac Page</ref>. Chinese horoscopes often appear in [[Sun sign astrology|horoscope sections]] in newspapers and magazine alongside Western horoscopes. == See also == * [[Natal chart]], a horoscope calculated for the birth of a person * [[Chinese astrology]] ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== * [http://science.howstuffworks.com/horoscope.htm How Stuff Works: How Horoscopes Work] * [http://chinese.astrology.com/ Chinese Astrology] * [http://www.astro.com/cgi/ade.cgi? 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