Human anatomy 13268 225939879 2008-07-16T03:05:00Z Bobo192 97951 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/76.121.22.148|76.121.22.148]] ([[User talk:76.121.22.148|talk]]) to last version by 123.23.200.66 [[Image:Human skeleton diagram.png|thumb|150px|[[List of bones of the human skeleton]]]] '''Human anatomy''' is primarily the scientific study of the [[morphology (biology)|morphology]] of the adult [[human body]].<ref name = "intro HGray">{{cite web | url=http://www.bartleby.com/107/1.html| title= Introduction page, "Anatomy of the Human Body". Henry Gray. 20th edition. 1918|accessdaymonth = 27 March| accessyear = 2007}}</ref> Anatomy is subdivided into gross [[anatomy]] and microscopic anatomy.<ref name = "intro HGray"/> Gross anatomy (also called topographical anatomy, regional anatomy, or anthropotomy) is the study of anatomical structures that can be seen by unaided vision.<ref name = "intro HGray"/> Microscopic anatomy is the study of minute anatomical structures assisted with [[microscope]]s, which includes [[histology]] (the study of the organization of tissues),<ref name = "intro HGray"/> and [[cytology]] (the study of cells). Anatomy, [[physiology]] (the study of function) and [[biochemistry]] (the study of the chemistry of living structures) are complementary basic medical sciences which are usually taught together (or in tandem). In some of its facets human anatomy is closely related to [[embryology]], [[comparative anatomy]] and [[Phylogenetics|comparative embryology]],<ref name = "intro HGray"/> through common roots in [[evolution]]; for example, much of the human body maintains the ancient segmental pattern that is present in all [[vertebrate]]s with basic units being repeated, which is particularly obvious in the vertebral column and in the ribcage, and can be traced from very early embryos. The human body consists of [[biological systems]], that consist of [[Organ (anatomy)|organ]]s, that consist of [[Biological tissue|tissue]]s, that consist of [[Biological cell|cell]]s and [[connective tissue]]. The [[history of anatomy]] has been characterized, over time, by a continually developing understanding of the functions of [[organ (anatomy)|organ]]s and structures in the body. Methods have also advanced dramatically, advancing from examination of [[animal]]s through dissection of preserved cadavers (dead human bodies) to technologically complex techniques developed in the 20th century. ==Study== [[Image:Skeleton2.jpg|right|thumbnail|150px|A full articulated [[human skeleton]] used in education]] Generally, [[Medical school|medical students]], [[dentist]]s, [[Physical therapy|physiotherapists]], [[nurse]]s, [[paramedic]]s, [[Radiologic technologist|radiographer]]s, [[artist]]s, and students of certain [[Biology|biological sciences]], learn gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy from anatomical models, skeletons, textbooks, diagrams, photographs, lectures, and tutorials. The study of microscopic anatomy (or [[histology]]) can be aided by practical experience examining histological preparations (or slides) under a [[microscope]]; and in addition, medical and dental students generally also learn anatomy with practical experience of [[dissection]] and inspection of cadavers (dead human bodies). A thorough working knowledge of anatomy is required by all [[Physician|medical doctors]], especially [[surgery|surgeons]], and doctors working in some diagnostic specialities, such as [[histopathology]] and [[radiology]]. Human anatomy, [[physiology]] and, [[biochemistry]] are complementary basic medical sciences, which are generally taught to medical students in their first year at medical school. Human anatomy can be taught regionally or systemically;<ref name = "intro HGray"/> that is, respectively, studying anatomy by bodily regions such as the head and chest, or studying by specific systems, such as the nervous or respiratory systems. The major anatomy textbook, [[Gray's Anatomy]], has recently been reorganized from a systems format to a regional format,<!-- --><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.intl.elsevierhealth.com/catalogue/title.cfm?ISBN=0443071683| title= Publisher's page for Gray's Anatomy. 39th edition (UK). 2004. ISBN 0-443-07168-3|accessdaymonth = 27 March | accessyear = 2007}}</ref><!-- --><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/product.jsp?isbn=0443071683| title=Publisher's page for Gray's Anatomy. 39th edition (US). 2004. ISBN 0-443-07168-3|accessdaymonth = 27 March | accessyear = 2007}}</ref> in line with modern teaching methods. ===Regional groups=== * [[Head]] and [[neck]] — includes everything above the [[thoracic inlet]] * [[Upper limb]] — includes the [[hand]], [[wrist]], [[forearm]], [[elbow]], [[arm]], and [[shoulder]]. * [[Thorax]] — the region of the chest from the [[thoracic inlet]] to the [[thoracic diaphragm]]. * [[Human abdomen]] to the [[pelvic brim]] or to the pelvic inlet. * The [[back]] — the [[Vertebral column|spine]] and its components, the [[vertebra]]e, [[sacrum]], [[coccyx]], and [[intervertebral disk]]s . * [[Pelvis]] and [[Perineum]] — the pelvis consists of everything from the [[pelvic inlet]] to the [[pelvic diaphragm]]. The perineum is the region between the [[sex organs]] and the anus. * [[Lower limb]] — everything below the [[inguinal ligament]], including the [[hip]], the [[thigh]], the [[knee]], the leg, the [[ankle]], and the foot. ===Major organ systems=== *[[Circulatory system]]: pumping and channeling [[blood]] to and from the body and lungs with [[heart]], [[blood]], and [[blood vessel]]s. *[[Digestive system]]: digestion and processing food with [[salivary gland]]s, [[esophagus]], [[stomach]], [[liver]], [[gallbladder]], [[pancreas]], [[intestine]]s, [[rectum]], and [[anus]]. *[[Endocrine system]]: communication within the body using [[hormone]]s made by [[endocrine gland]]s such as the [[hypothalamus]], [[pituitary]] or pituitary gland, [[pineal body]] or pineal gland, [[thyroid]], [[parathyroid]]s, and [[adrenal]]s or adrenal glands *[[Immune system]]: protecting against [[disease]] by identifying and killing [[pathogens]] and [[tumor]] cells. *[[Integumentary system]]: [[skin]], [[hair]] and [[nail (anatomy)|nail]]s *[[Lymphatic system]]: structures involved in the transfer of lymph between tissues and the blood stream, the [[lymph]] and the [[lymph node|node]]s and [[lymph vessel|vessels]] that transport it including the [[Immune system]]: defending against disease-causing agents with [[leukocyte]]s, [[tonsil]]s, [[adenoid]]s, [[thymus]], and [[spleen]] *[[Activity system]]: movement with [[muscle]]s and human skeleton (structural support and protection with [[bone]]s, [[cartilage]], [[ligament]]s, and [[tendon]]s). *[[Nervous system]]: collecting, transferring and processing information with [[brain]], [[spinal cord]], [[peripheral nerve]]s, and [[nerve]]s *[[Reproductive system]]: the sex organs, such as [[ovary|ovarie]]s, [[fallopian tube]]s, [[uterus]], [[vagina]], [[mammary gland]]s, [[testes]], [[vas deferens]], [[seminal vesicle]]s, [[prostate]], and [[penis]]. *[[Respiratory system]]: the organs used for breathing, the [[pharynx]], [[larynx]], [[Vertebrate trachea|trachea]], [[bronchi]], [[lung]]s, and [[thoracic diaphragm|diaphragm]]. *[[Urinary system]]: [[kidney]]s, [[ureter]]s, [[urinary bladder|bladder]] and [[urethra]] involved in fluid balance, electrolyte balance and excretion of urine. ==Superficial anatomy== [[Superficial anatomy]] or surface anatomy is important in human anatomy being the study of anatomical landmarks that can be readily identified from the contours or other reference points on the surface of the body.<ref name = "intro HGray"/> With knowledge of superficial anatomy, [[physician]]s gauge the position and anatomy of the associated deeper structures. Common names of well known parts of the human body, from top to bottom: *[[Head]]&nbsp;&mdash; [[Forehead]]&nbsp;&mdash; [[Mandible|Jaw]]&nbsp;&mdash; [[Face]]&nbsp;&mdash; [[Cheek]]&nbsp;&mdash; [[Chin]] *[[Neck]]&nbsp;&mdash; [[Shoulder]]s *[[Arm]]&nbsp;&mdash; [[Elbow-joint|Elbow]]&nbsp;&mdash; [[Wrist]]&nbsp;&mdash; [[Hand]]&nbsp;&mdash; [[Finger]]s&nbsp;&mdash; [[Thumb]] *[[Spine (anatomy)|Spine]]&nbsp;&mdash; [[Chest]]&nbsp;&mdash; [[Ribcage]] *[[Human abdomen|Abdomen]]&nbsp;&mdash; [[Groin]] *[[Hip (anatomy)|Hip]]&nbsp;&mdash; [[Buttock]]s&nbsp;&mdash; [[Human leg|Leg]]&nbsp;&mdash; [[Thigh]]&nbsp;&mdash; [[Knee]]&nbsp;&mdash; [[calf (anatomy)|Calf]]&nbsp;&mdash; [[Heel]]&nbsp;&mdash; [[Ankle]]&nbsp;&mdash; Foot&nbsp;&mdash; [[Toe]]s * The [[eye]], [[ear]], [[nose]], [[mouth]], [[teeth]], [[tongue]], [[throat]], [[adam's apple]], [[breast]], [[penis]], [[scrotum]], [[clitoris]], [[vulva]], [[navel]] are visible too. ==Internal organs== <!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:Lungs and heart.jpg|thumb|right|Heart and Lungs]] --> Common names of internal organs (in alphabetical order) : [[Adrenal gland|Adrenal]]s&nbsp;&mdash; [[Vermiform appendix|Appendix]]&nbsp;&mdash; [[Urinary bladder|Bladder]]&nbsp;&mdash; [[Brain]]&nbsp;&mdash; [[Eye]]s&nbsp;&mdash; [[Gall bladder]]&nbsp;&mdash; [[Heart]]&nbsp;&mdash; [[Intestine]]s&nbsp;&mdash; [[Kidney]]&nbsp;&mdash; [[Liver]]&nbsp;&mdash; [[Lung]]s&nbsp;&mdash; [[Esophagus]]&nbsp;&mdash; [[Ovary|Ovaries]]&nbsp;&mdash; [[Pancreas]]&nbsp;&mdash; [[Parathyroid gland|Parathyroids]]&nbsp;&mdash; [[Pituitary gland|Pituitary]]&nbsp;&mdash; [[Prostate]]&nbsp;&mdash; [[Spleen]]&nbsp;&mdash; [[Stomach]]&nbsp;&mdash; [[Testicle]]s&nbsp;&mdash; [[Thymus]]&nbsp;&mdash; [[Thyroid]]&nbsp;&mdash; [[Uterus]]&nbsp;&mdash; [[Veins]] ==Brain== {{main|Human brain}} [[Amygdala]]&nbsp;&mdash; [[Brain stem]]&nbsp;&mdash; [[Cerebellum]]&nbsp;&mdash; [[Cerebral cortex]]&nbsp;&mdash; [[Limbic system]]&nbsp;&mdash; [[medulla oblongata|medulla]]&nbsp;&mdash; [[midbrain]]&nbsp;&mdash; [[pons]] ==See also== <div style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;"> * [[Anatomy]] * [[Body orifice]]s * [[Death]] * [[Human]] * [[Human biology]] * [[Human body]] * [[Terms for anatomical location]] * [[List of human anatomical features]] * [[Human anatomical parts named after people|List of human anatomical parts named after people]] * [[Visible Human Project]] * [[List of regions in the human brain]] * [[List of bones of the human skeleton]] * [[List of muscles of the human body]] * [[List of distinct cell types in the adult human body]] </div> ==References== {{Reflist}} * [http://www.bartleby.com/107/ "Anatomy of the Human Body". 20th edition. 1918. Henry Gray.] In public domain. == External links == {{commonscat|Human anatomy}} *[http://www.anatomy.wisc.edu/courses/gross/ Anatomy Dissection] videos *[http://www.e-anatomy.org e-Anatomy] - Interactive atlas of whole human body cross-sectional anatomy. *[http://www.anatomylab.com Anatomy Lab] - Interactive quizzes, question-of-the-week, and photographs. *[http://www.anatomywiz.com The Anatomy Wiz] - An Interactive Cross-Sectional Anatomy Index [[Category:Human anatomy| ]] [[ar:تشريح الإنسان]] [[an:Anatomía umana]] [[bn:মানব এ্যানাটমী]] [[zh-min-nan:Sin-khu]] [[ca:Anatomia humana]] [[et:Inimese anatoomia]] [[es:Anatomía humana]] [[eo:Homa anatomio]] [[eu:Giza gorputz]] [[fa:کالبدشناسی انسان]] [[fr:Anatomie humaine]] [[ko:인체해부학]] [[hi:मानव का शरीर रचना विज्ञान]] [[hr:Anatomija čovjeka]] [[id:Anatomi manusia]] [[is:Líffærafræði mannsins]] [[it:Anatomia umana]] [[he:גוף האדם]] [[ku:Laşê mirovan]] [[lv:Cilvēka anatomija]] [[jbo:remna xadyske]] [[hu:Emberi test]] [[mk:Анатомија на човекот]] [[nl:Menselijke anatomie]] [[ja:人体解剖学]] [[no:Menneskets anatomi]] [[nn:Menneskeanatomi]] [[pl:Anatomia człowieka]] [[pt:Anatomia humana]] [[ro:Anatomie umană]] [[ru:Анатомия человека]] [[simple:Human body]] [[sk:Anatómia človeka]] [[sl:Anatomija človeka]] [[su:Anatomi manusa]] [[fi:Ihmisen anatomia]] [[sv:Människans anatomi]] [[tl:Anataomiya ng tao]] [[th:กายวิภาคศาสตร์มนุษย์]] [[uk:Анатомія людини]] [[yi:מענטשליכער אנאטאמיע]] [[zh:人体解剖学]]