Human blood group systems 5601084 224920716 2008-07-11T00:32:08Z Spiffy sperry 79741 /* Intro */ add links to systems The [[International Society of Blood Transfusion]] (ISBT) currently recognises 29 major [[Blood type|blood group]] systems (including the ABO and Rh systems).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blood.co.uk/ibgrl/ISBT%20Pages/ISBT%20Terminology%20Pages/Table%20of%20blood%20group%20systems.htm |title=Table of blood group systems |accessdate=2006-11-14 |year=2006 |month=October |publisher=International Society of Blood Transfusion }}</ref> Thus, in addition to the ABO antigens and Rhesus antigens, many other [[antigen]]s are expressed on the [[red blood cell]] surface membrane. For example, an individual can be AB RhD positive, and at the same time M and N positive ([[MNS antigen system|MNS system]]), K positive ([[Kell antigen system|Kell system]]), and Le<sup>a</sup> or Le<sup>b</sup> positive ([[Lewis antigen system|Lewis system]]). Many of the blood group systems were named after the patients in whom the corresponding [[Antibody|antibodies]] were initially encountered. The ISBT definition of a major blood group system is where one or more [[antigen]]s are "controlled at a single gene [[locus (genetics)|locus]] or by two or more very closely linked [[homology (biology)|homologous]] genes with little or no observable [[recombination]] between them".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bloodnet.nbs.nhs.uk/ibgrl/ISBT%20Pages/ISBT%20Terminology%20Pages/Terminology%20Home%20Page.htm#Popular |title=Terminology Home Page |accessdate=2006-11-14 |author=ISBT Committee on Terminology for Red Cell Surface Antigens }}</ref> == Blood Grouping Procedure == Blood is composed of cells suspended in a liquid. The liquid portion is the plasma, from which therapeutic fractions and derivatives are made. Suspended in the plasma are three types of cells: * '''Red cells''' carry oxygen * '''White cells''' fight infection * '''Platelets''' stop bleeding in injuries The most common type of grouping is the ABO grouping. Red Blood Cells have a protein coat on their surface which distinguishes them. According to this blood is divided into four groups: *A (A oligosaccharide is present) *B (B oligosaccharide is present) *AB (A and B oligosaccharides are present) *O (neither A nor B, only their precursor H oligosaccharide is present) There are subtypes under this grouping (listed as A1, A2, A1B or A2B…) some of which are quite rare. Apart from this there is a protein which plays an important part in the grouping of blood. This is called the Rh factor. If this is present, the particular blood type is called positive. If it is absent, it is called negative. Thus we have the following broad categories: * A1 Negative (A1 -ve) * A1 Positive (A1 +ve) * A1B Negative (A1B -ve) * A1B Positive (A1B +ve) * A2 Negative (A2 -ve) * A2 Positive (A2 +ve) * A2B Negative (A2B -ve) * A2B Positive (A2B +ve) * B Negative (B -ve) * B Positive (B +ve) * O Negative (O -ve) * O Positive (O +ve) <ref>Information Courtesy: Indian Red Cross Society, Tamil Nadu Branch.</ref> == How is a blood group categorized as rare? == A rare blood type is any blood type that is difficult to find. A blood type is classified as rare when more than 200 donors have to be screened to find one compatible donor with blood of that type. In the "ABO" system, all Blood belongs to one of four major group: A, B, AB, or O. But there are more than two hundred minor blood groups that can complicate Blood transfusions. These are known as rare blood Types. About one person in 1,000 will inherit a rare blood type. Normally expressed in a letter or two, with maybe a plus or a minus, these few persons read their blood type in an extensive series of letters in addition to their 'ABO' type designation. (E.g.:AB +ve, O -ve, A1 -ve, etc. are the rare types) ==Table== {| class="wikitable" ! [[International Society of Blood Transfusion|ISBT]] N° ! Common name ! abbreviation ! [[Epitope]] or carrier, notes ! Locus |- | 001 | [[ABO blood group system|ABO]] | ABO |Carbohydrate ([[N-Acetylgalactosamine]], [[galactose]]). A, B and H antigens mainly elicit [[IgM]] antibody reactions, although anti-H is very rare, see the [[Hh antigen system]] (Bombay phenotype, ISBT #18). | [[Chromosome 9|9]] |- | 002 | [[MNS antigen system|MNS]] | MNS |GPA / GPB ([[glycophorin]]s A and B). Main antigens M, N, S, s. | [[Chromosome 4|4]] |- | 003 | [[P antigen system|P]] | P1 |Glycolipid. | [[Chromosome 22|22]] |- | 004 | [[Rhesus blood group system|Rhesus]] | RH |Protein. C, c, D, E, e antigens (there is no "d" antigen; lowercase "d" indicates the absence of D). | [[Chromosome 1|1]] |- | 005 | [[Lutheran antigen system|Lutheran]] | LU |Protein (member of the [[immunoglobulin superfamily]]). Set of 21 antigens. | [[Chromosome 19|19]] |- | 006 | [[Kell antigen system|Kell]] | KEL |Glycoprotein. K<sub>1</sub> can cause [[hemolytic disease of the newborn (anti-Kell)]], which can be severe. | [[Chromosome 7|7]] |- | 007 | [[Lewis antigen system|Lewis]] | LE | Carbohydrate ([[fucose]] residue). Main antigens Le<sup>a</sup> and Le<sup>b</sup> - associated with tissue ABH antigen secretion. | [[Chromosome 19|19]] |- | 008 | [[Duffy_antigen|Duffy]] | FY |Protein ([[chemokine receptor]]). Main antigens Fy<sup>a</sup> and Fy<sup>b</sup>. Individuals lacking Duffy antigens altogether are immune to [[malaria]] caused by ''[[Plasmodium vivax]]'' and ''[[Plasmodium knowlesi]]''. | [[Chromosome 1|1]] |- | 009 | [[Kidd antigen system|Kidd]] | JK |Protein (urea transporter). Main antigens Jk<sup>a</sup> and Jk<sup>b</sup>. | [[Chromosome 18|1]] |- | 010 | [[Diego antigen system|Diego]] | DI |Glycoprotein ([[band 3]], AE 1, or anion exchange). Positive blood is found only among [[East Asia]]ns and [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native Americans]]. | [[Chromosome 17|17]] |- | 011 | [[Yt antigen system|Yt or Cartwright]] | YT |Protein (AChE, [[acetylcholinesterase]]). | [[Chromosome 7|7]] |- | 012 | [[XG antigen system|XG]] | XG |Glycoprotein. | [[X chromosome|X]] |- | 013 | [[Scianna antigen system|Scianna]] | SC |Glycoprotein. | [[Chromosome 1|1]] |- | 014 | [[Dombrock antigen system|Dombrock]] | DO |Glycoprotein (fixed to cell membrane by GPI, or [[glycosyl-phosphatidyl-inositol]]). | [[Chromosome 12|12]] |- | 015 | [[Colton antigen system|Colton]] | CO |[[Aquaporin 1]]. Main antigens Co(a) and Co(b). | [[Chromosome 7|7]] |- | 016 | [[Landsteiner-Wiener antigen system|Landsteiner-Wiener]] | LW |Protein (member of the [[immunoglobulin superfamily]]). | [[Chromosome 19|19]] |- | 017 | [[Chido antigen system|Chido/Rodgers]] | CH/RG |C4A C4B (complement fractions). | [[Chromosome 6|6]] |- | 018 | [[Hh antigen system|Hh/Bombay]] | H | Carbohydrate ([[fucose]] residue). | [[Chromosome 19|19]] |- | 019 | [[XK (protein)|Kx]] | XK |Glycoprotein. | [[X chromosome|X]] |- | 020 | [[Gerbich antigen system|Gerbich]] | GE |GPC / GPD ([[Glycophorin]]s C and D). | [[Chromosome 2|2]] |- | 021 | [[Cromer antigen system|Cromer]] | CROM |Glycoprotein (DAF or [[CD55]], regulates complement fractions C3 and C5, attached to the membrane by GPI). | [[Chromosome 1|1]] |- | 022 | [[Knops antigen system|Knops]] | KN |Glycoprotein (CR1 or [[CD35]], immune complex receptor). | [[Chromosome 1|1]] |- | 023 | [[Indian antigen system|Indian]] | IN |Glycoprotein ([[CD44]] adhesion function?). | [[Chromosome 11|11]] |- | 024 | [[Ok antigen system|Ok]] | OK |Glycoprotein ([[CD147]]). | [[Chromosome 19|19]] |- | 025 | [[Raph antigen system|Raph]] | MER2 | Transmembrane glycoprotein. | [[Chromosome 11|11]] |- | 026 | [[JMH antigen system|JMH]] | JMH |Protein (fixed to cell membrane by GPI). | [[Chromosome 6|6]] |- | 027 | [[Ii antigen system|Ii]] | I | Branched (I) / unbranched (i) [[polysaccharide]]. | [[Chromosome 6|6]] |- | 028 | [[Globoside antigen system|Globoside]] | P |[[Glycolipid]]. | [[Chromosome 3|3]] |- | 029 | [[GIL antigen system|GIL]] | GIL |[[Aquaporin 3]]. | [[Chromosome 9|9]] |} ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== * [http://www.bloodnet.nbs.nhs.uk/ibgrl/ISBT%20Pages/ISBT%20Terminology%20Pages/Table%20of%20blood%20group%20antigens%20within%20systems.htm ISBT Table of blood group antigens within systems] Updated October 2006 * [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/mhc/xslcgi.fcgi?cmd=bgmut/home BGMUT] Blood Group Antigen Gene Mutation Database * [http://science.uwe.ac.uk/StaffPages/NA/Blood%20Group.htm Blood group] The Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of the West of England {{Transfusion medicine}} [[Category:Blood]] [[Category:Transfusion medicine]] [[Category:Hematology]]