Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup
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2008-06-15T20:49:27Z
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robot Adding: [[pt:Haplogrupos de ADN mitocondrial humano]]
[[Image:Map-of-human-migrations.jpg|340px|right|thumb|Hypothesized map of human migration based on mitochondrial DNA.]]
[[Image:Migration map4.png|thumb|right|350px|Another model of human migration based on Mitochondrial DNA]]
In [[human genetics]], a '''human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup''' is a [[haplogroup]] defined by differences in [[Human mitochondrial genetics|human mitochondrial DNA]]. These haplogroups have led some researchers to trace the [[matrilineal]] inheritance of modern humans back to human origins in [[Africa]] and the subsequent spread across the globe.
Known haplogroups are assigned the following letter codes:
[[Haplogroup A (mtDNA)|A]],
[[Haplogroup B (mtDNA)|B]],
[[Haplogroup C (mtDNA)|C]],
[[Haplogroup CZ (mtDNA)|CZ]],
[[Haplogroup D (mtDNA)|D]],
[[Haplogroup E (mtDNA)|E]],
[[Haplogroup F (mtDNA)|F]],
[[Haplogroup G (mtDNA)|G]],
[[Haplogroup H (mtDNA)|H]],
[[Haplogroup pre-HV (mtDNA)|<small>pre-</small>HV]],
[[Haplogroup HV (mtDNA)|HV]],
[[Haplogroup I (mtDNA)|I]],
[[Haplogroup J (mtDNA)|J]],
[[Haplogroup pre-JT (mtDNA)|<small>pre-</small>JT]],
[[Haplogroup JT (mtDNA)|JT]],
[[Haplogroup K (mtDNA)|K]],
[[Haplogroup L0 (mtDNA)|L0]],
[[Haplogroup L1 (mtDNA)|L1]],
[[Haplogroup L2 (mtDNA)|L2]],
[[Haplogroup L3 (mtDNA)|L3]],
[[Haplogroup L4 (mtDNA)|L4]],
[[Haplogroup L5 (mtDNA)|L5]],
[[Haplogroup L6 (mtDNA)|L6]],
[[Haplogroup L7 (mtDNA)|L7]],
[[Haplogroup M (mtDNA)|M]],
[[Haplogroup N (mtDNA)|N]],
[[Haplogroup P (mtDNA)|P]],
[[Haplogroup Q (mtDNA)|Q]],
[[Haplogroup R (mtDNA)|R]],
[[Haplogroup S (mtDNA)|S]],
[[Haplogroup T (mtDNA)|T]],
[[Haplogroup U (mtDNA)|U]],
[[Haplogroup UK (mtDNA)|UK]],
[[Haplogroup V (mtDNA)|V]],
[[Haplogroup W (mtDNA)|W]],
[[Haplogroup X (mtDNA)|X]],
[[Haplogroup Y (mtDNA)|Y]], and
[[Haplogroup Z (mtDNA)|Z]].
The woman at the root of all these groups was the [[Most recent common ancestor|most recent common matrilineal (female-lineage) ancestor]] of all living humans. She is commonly called [[Mitochondrial Eve]].
== Evolutionary relationship ==
Precise evolutionary relationships between human mitochondrial haplogroups are subject to academic debate.
{| width=100%
| valign=top width=50% |
=== L0 ===
*[[Haplogroup L0 (mtDNA)|Haplogroup L0]]
**Haplogroup L0a [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_L0a.htm]
***Haplogroup L0a1
***Haplogroup L0a2
**Haplogroup L0d
**Haplogroup L0f [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_L0f.htm]
**Haplogroup L0k [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_L0k.htm]
=== L1 and its descendants ===
*[[Haplogroup L1 (mtDNA)|Haplogroup L1]]
**Haplogroup L1a
**Haplogroup L1b [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_L1b.htm]
**Haplogroup L1c [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_L1c.htm]
**Haplogroup L1e
**[[Haplogroup L2 (mtDNA)|Haplogroup L2]] [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_L2.htm]
***Haplogroup L2a
***Haplogroup L2b
***Haplogroup L2c
****Haplogroup L2c2
***Haplogroup L2d
***Haplogroup L2f
**[[Haplogroup L3 (mtDNA)|Haplogroup L3]]
***Haplogroup L3a [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_L3a.htm]
***Haplogroup L3b [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_L3b.htm]
***Haplogroup L3d [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_L3d.htm]
***Haplogroup L3e [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_L3e.htm]
****Haplogroup L3e1
***Haplogroup L3f [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_L3f.htm]
***Haplogroup L3h [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_L3h.htm]
***Haplogroup L3i [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_L3i.htm]
**[[Haplogroup L4 (mtDNA)|Haplogroup L4]] [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_L4.htm]
**[[Haplogroup L5 (mtDNA)|Haplogroup L5]] [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_L5.htm]
**[[Haplogroup L6 (mtDNA)|Haplogroup L6]] [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_L6.htm]
**[[Haplogroup L7 (mtDNA)|Haplogroup L7]] [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_L7.htm]
=== Descendants of haplogroup L3 ===
*[[Haplogroup M (mtDNA)|Haplogroup M*]]
*[[Haplogroup N (mtDNA)|Haplogroup N*]] [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_N_star.htm] [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_N_asian.htm] [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_N_far_east.htm]
=== Descendants of haplogroup M* ===
*[[Haplogroup M1 (mtDNA)|Haplogroup M1]] [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_M1.htm]
**Haplogroup M1a
*Haplogroup M2 [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_M2.htm]
*Haplogroup M3 [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_M3.htm]
*Haplogroup M4 [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_M4.htm]
*Haplogroup M5 [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_M5.htm]
*Haplogroup M6 [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_M6.htm]
*Haplogroup M7 [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_M7.htm]
*Haplogroup M8 [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_M8.htm]
*Haplogroup M9 [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_M9.htm]
*Haplogroup M10 [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_M10.htm]
*Haplogroup M11 [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_M11&12.htm]
*Haplogroup M12 [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_M11&12.htm]
*Haplogroup M21 [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_M21.htm]
*Haplogroup M27 [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_M27-29.htm]
*Haplogroup M28 [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_M27-29.htm]
*Haplogroup M29 [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_M27-29.htm]
*Haplogroup M31 [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_M31.htm]
*Haplogroup M32 [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_M32.htm]
*Haplogroup M33 [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_M33.htm]
*Haplogroup M34 [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_M34.htm]
*Haplogroup M35 [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_M35.htm]
*Haplogroup M39 [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_M39.htm]
*Haplogroup M40 [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_M40.htm]
*[[Haplogroup CZ (mtDNA)|Haplogroup CZ]]
**[[Haplogroup C (mtDNA)|Haplogroup C]] [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_C.htm]
***Haplogroup C4
**[[Haplogroup Z (mtDNA)|Haplogroup Z]] [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_Z.htm]
*[[Haplogroup D (mtDNA)|Haplogroup D]]
*[[Haplogroup E (mtDNA)|Haplogroup E]]
*[[Haplogroup G (mtDNA)|Haplogroup G]] [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_G.htm]
*[[Haplogroup Q (mtDNA)|Haplogroup Q]] [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_Q.htm]
=== Descendants of haplogroup N* ===
*[[Haplogroup N1a (mtDNA)|Haplogroup N1a]]
*Haplogroup N1b
*Haplogroup N1c
*Haplogroup N9a
*[[Haplogroup A (mtDNA)|Haplogroup A]] [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_A.htm]
*[[Haplogroup I (mtDNA)|Haplogroup I]] [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_N.htm]
*[[Haplogroup O (mtDNA)|Haplogroup O]]
*[[Haplogroup R (mtDNA)|Haplogroup R]]
**Haplogroup R* [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_R_star.htm]
**Haplogroup R0
***Haplogroup R0a
**Haplogroup R1
**Haplogroup R5 [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_R5.htm]
**Haplogroup R9b [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_R9b.htm]
*[[Haplogroup S (mtDNA)|Haplogroup S]] [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_S.htm]
*[[Haplogroup W (mtDNA)|Haplogroup W]] [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_W.htm]
*[[Haplogroup X (mtDNA)|Haplogroup X]] [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_X.htm]
*[[Haplogroup Y (mtDNA)|Haplogroup Y]] [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_Y.htm]
| valign=top width=50% |
=== Descendants of haplogroup R ===
*[[Haplogroup B (mtDNA)|Haplogroup B]] [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_B.htm]
*[[Haplogroup F (mtDNA)|Haplogroup F]] [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_F.htm]
*[[Haplogroup pre-JT (mtDNA)|Haplogroup pre-JT]]
**[[Haplogroup JT (mtDNA)|Haplogroup JT]]
***[[Haplogroup J (mtDNA)|Haplogroup J]] [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_J.htm]
****Haplogroup J*
*****Haplogroup J1
******Haplogroup J1a
******Haplogroup J1b
*******Haplogroup J1b1
****Haplogroup J2
*****Haplogroup J2a
*****Haplogroup J2b
***[[Haplogroup T (mtDNA)|Haplogroup T]]
****Haplogroup T*
****Haplogroup T1 [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_T1.htm]
****Haplogroup T2 [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_T2.htm]
****Haplogroup T3
****Haplogroup T4
****Haplogroup T5
*[[Haplogroup P (mtDNA)|Haplogroup P]] [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_P.htm]
*[[Haplogroup UK (mtDNA)|Haplogroup UK]]
**[[Haplogroup U (mtDNA)|Haplogroup U]] [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_U.htm]
***[[Haplogroup K (mtDNA)|Haplogroup K]]
****Haplogroup K1 [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_K1.htm]
****Haplogroup K2 [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_K2.htm]
***Haplogroup U1
****Haplogroup U1a
****Haplogroup U1b
***Haplogroup U2
****Haplogroup U2e
***Haplogroup U3
***Haplogroup U4
***Haplogroup U5
****Haplogroup U5a
****Haplogroup U5a*
****Haplogroup U5a1
****Haplogroup U5a1*
****Haplogroup U5a1a
****Haplogroup U5b
****Haplogroup U5b*
*****Haplogroup U5b1
****Haplogroup U5b2
***Haplogroup U6
****Haplogroup U6a*
****Haplogroup U6a1
****Haplogroup U6b
***Haplogroup U7
***Haplogroup U8
***[[Haplogroup pre-HV (mtDNA)|Haplogroup pre-HV]]
****Haplogroup pre-HV1
****Haplogroup pre-HV2
****[[Haplogroup HV (mtDNA)|Haplogroup HV]] [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_HV.htm]
*****Haplogroup HV*
*****Haplogroup HV1
*****[[Haplogroup H (mtDNA)|Haplogroup H]]
******Haplogroup H*
******Haplogroup H1 [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_H1.htm]
*******Haplogroup H1*
*******Haplogroup H1a
********Haplogroup H1a1
*******Haplogroup H1b
*******Haplogroup H1f
******Haplogroup H2 [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_H2.htm]
*******Haplogroup H2*
*******Haplogroup H2a
********Haplogroup H2a1
*******Haplogroup H2b
******Haplogroup H3 [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_H3.htm]
******Haplogroup H4 [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_H4.htm]
*******Haplogroup H4a
******Haplogroup H5 [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_H5.htm]
*******Haplogroup H5a
********Haplogroup H5a1
******Haplogroup H6 [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_H6.htm]
*******Haplogroup H6a
********Haplogroup H6a1
*******Haplogroup H6b
******Haplogroup H7 [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_H7.htm]
******Haplogroup H8 [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_H8.htm]
******Haplogroup H9 [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_H9_12.htm]
******Haplogroup H10 [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_H9_12.htm]
******Haplogroup H11 [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_H9_12.htm]
*******Haplogroup H11a
******Haplogroup H12 [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_H9_12.htm]
******Haplogroup H13 [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_H13.htm]
******Haplogroup H14 [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_H14.htm]
******Haplogroup H15 [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_H15.htm]
******Haplogroup H16 [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_H16.htm]
******Haplogroup H21 [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_H21.htm]
*****[[Haplogroup V (mtDNA)|Haplogroup V]] [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_V.htm]
|}
===Table form===
{{MtDNA}}
===Other forms===
For a graphical depiction of haplogroup branching, see Vincent Macaulay's mtDNA haplogroup skeleton. {{ref|macaulay-skeleton}}
For information on the mutations which characterize each haplogroup, see the table of mtDNA haplogroup motifs. {{ref|macaulay-motifs}}
==See also==
*[[Human mitochondrial genetics]]
*[[Cambridge Reference Sequence]]
*[[Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup]]
*[[* (haplogroup)]]
*[[Molecular phylogeny]]
*[[Genetic genealogy]]
*[[Genealogical DNA test]]
*[[Hypervariable region]]
==References==
* {{note|macaulay-skeleton}} [http://www.stats.gla.ac.uk/~vincent/images/skeleton07-08-02.jpg Mitochondrial haplogroup skeleton], by Vincent Macaulay
* {{note|macaulay-motifs}} [http://www.stats.gla.ac.uk/~vincent/founder2000/motif.html Mitochondrial haplogroup motifs], by Vincent Macaulay
===External links===
*[https://www.cambridgedna.com/genealogy-dna-ancient-migrations-slideshow.php An mtDNA view of the peopling of the world by Homo sapiens]
*[http://www.mitomap.org/mitomap-phylogeny.pdf mtDNA .pdf map]
*[http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~jswdna/nmute.gif Map of macro-haplogroup N] by John S. Walden
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=16205836&query_hl=9&itool=pubmed_docsum Indian maternal gene pool], ''Journal of Human Genetics''
*[http://www.ftdna.com/pdf/43026_doron.pdf The Matrilineal Ancestry of Ashkenazi Jewry: Portrait of a Recent Founder Event], ''American Journal of Human Genetics''
[[Category:Human mtDNA haplogroups|*]]
[[Category:Genetic genealogy]]
[[Category:Recent single origin hypothesis]]
[[ca:Haplogrups mitocondrials humans]]
[[cs:Haploskupiny lidské mitochondriální DNA]]
[[es:Haplogrupos de ADN mitocondrial humano]]
[[pt:Haplogrupos de ADN mitocondrial humano]]
[[zh:人類粒線體DNA單倍體群]]