Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup 4151839 219560269 2008-06-15T20:49:27Z Thijs!bot 1392310 robot Adding: [[pt:Haplogrupos de ADN mitocondrial humano]] [[Image:Map-of-human-migrations.jpg|340px|right|thumb|Hypothesized map of human migration based on mitochondrial DNA.]] [[Image:Migration map4.png|thumb|right|350px|Another model of human migration based on Mitochondrial DNA]] In [[human genetics]], a '''human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup''' is a [[haplogroup]] defined by differences in [[Human mitochondrial genetics|human mitochondrial DNA]]. These haplogroups have led some researchers to trace the [[matrilineal]] inheritance of modern humans back to human origins in [[Africa]] and the subsequent spread across the globe. Known haplogroups are assigned the following letter codes: [[Haplogroup A (mtDNA)|A]], [[Haplogroup B (mtDNA)|B]], [[Haplogroup C (mtDNA)|C]], [[Haplogroup CZ (mtDNA)|CZ]], [[Haplogroup D (mtDNA)|D]], [[Haplogroup E (mtDNA)|E]], [[Haplogroup F (mtDNA)|F]], [[Haplogroup G (mtDNA)|G]], [[Haplogroup H (mtDNA)|H]], [[Haplogroup pre-HV (mtDNA)|<small>pre-</small>HV]], [[Haplogroup HV (mtDNA)|HV]], [[Haplogroup I (mtDNA)|I]], [[Haplogroup J (mtDNA)|J]], [[Haplogroup pre-JT (mtDNA)|<small>pre-</small>JT]], [[Haplogroup JT (mtDNA)|JT]], [[Haplogroup K (mtDNA)|K]], [[Haplogroup L0 (mtDNA)|L0]], [[Haplogroup L1 (mtDNA)|L1]], [[Haplogroup L2 (mtDNA)|L2]], [[Haplogroup L3 (mtDNA)|L3]], [[Haplogroup L4 (mtDNA)|L4]], [[Haplogroup L5 (mtDNA)|L5]], [[Haplogroup L6 (mtDNA)|L6]], [[Haplogroup L7 (mtDNA)|L7]], [[Haplogroup M (mtDNA)|M]], [[Haplogroup N (mtDNA)|N]], [[Haplogroup P (mtDNA)|P]], [[Haplogroup Q (mtDNA)|Q]], [[Haplogroup R (mtDNA)|R]], [[Haplogroup S (mtDNA)|S]], [[Haplogroup T (mtDNA)|T]], [[Haplogroup U (mtDNA)|U]], [[Haplogroup UK (mtDNA)|UK]], [[Haplogroup V (mtDNA)|V]], [[Haplogroup W (mtDNA)|W]], [[Haplogroup X (mtDNA)|X]], [[Haplogroup Y (mtDNA)|Y]], and [[Haplogroup Z (mtDNA)|Z]]. The woman at the root of all these groups was the [[Most recent common ancestor|most recent common matrilineal (female-lineage) ancestor]] of all living humans. She is commonly called [[Mitochondrial Eve]]. == Evolutionary relationship == Precise evolutionary relationships between human mitochondrial haplogroups are subject to academic debate. {| width=100% | valign=top width=50% | === L0 === *[[Haplogroup L0 (mtDNA)|Haplogroup L0]] **Haplogroup L0a [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_L0a.htm] ***Haplogroup L0a1 ***Haplogroup L0a2 **Haplogroup L0d **Haplogroup L0f [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_L0f.htm] **Haplogroup L0k [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_L0k.htm] === L1 and its descendants === *[[Haplogroup L1 (mtDNA)|Haplogroup L1]] **Haplogroup L1a **Haplogroup L1b [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_L1b.htm] **Haplogroup L1c [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_L1c.htm] **Haplogroup L1e **[[Haplogroup L2 (mtDNA)|Haplogroup L2]] [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_L2.htm] ***Haplogroup L2a ***Haplogroup L2b ***Haplogroup L2c ****Haplogroup L2c2 ***Haplogroup L2d ***Haplogroup L2f **[[Haplogroup L3 (mtDNA)|Haplogroup L3]] ***Haplogroup L3a [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_L3a.htm] ***Haplogroup L3b [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_L3b.htm] ***Haplogroup L3d [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_L3d.htm] ***Haplogroup L3e [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_L3e.htm] ****Haplogroup L3e1 ***Haplogroup L3f [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_L3f.htm] ***Haplogroup L3h [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_L3h.htm] ***Haplogroup L3i [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_L3i.htm] **[[Haplogroup L4 (mtDNA)|Haplogroup L4]] [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_L4.htm] **[[Haplogroup L5 (mtDNA)|Haplogroup L5]] [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_L5.htm] **[[Haplogroup L6 (mtDNA)|Haplogroup L6]] [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_L6.htm] **[[Haplogroup L7 (mtDNA)|Haplogroup L7]] [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_L7.htm] === Descendants of haplogroup L3 === *[[Haplogroup M (mtDNA)|Haplogroup M*]] *[[Haplogroup N (mtDNA)|Haplogroup N*]] [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_N_star.htm] [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_N_asian.htm] [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_N_far_east.htm] === Descendants of haplogroup M* === *[[Haplogroup M1 (mtDNA)|Haplogroup M1]] [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_M1.htm] **Haplogroup M1a *Haplogroup M2 [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_M2.htm] *Haplogroup M3 [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_M3.htm] *Haplogroup M4 [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_M4.htm] *Haplogroup M5 [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_M5.htm] *Haplogroup M6 [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_M6.htm] *Haplogroup M7 [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_M7.htm] *Haplogroup M8 [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_M8.htm] *Haplogroup M9 [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_M9.htm] *Haplogroup M10 [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_M10.htm] *Haplogroup M11 [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_M11&12.htm] *Haplogroup M12 [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_M11&12.htm] *Haplogroup M21 [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_M21.htm] *Haplogroup M27 [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_M27-29.htm] *Haplogroup M28 [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_M27-29.htm] *Haplogroup M29 [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_M27-29.htm] *Haplogroup M31 [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_M31.htm] *Haplogroup M32 [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_M32.htm] *Haplogroup M33 [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_M33.htm] *Haplogroup M34 [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_M34.htm] *Haplogroup M35 [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_M35.htm] *Haplogroup M39 [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_M39.htm] *Haplogroup M40 [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_M40.htm] *[[Haplogroup CZ (mtDNA)|Haplogroup CZ]] **[[Haplogroup C (mtDNA)|Haplogroup C]] [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_C.htm] ***Haplogroup C4 **[[Haplogroup Z (mtDNA)|Haplogroup Z]] [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_Z.htm] *[[Haplogroup D (mtDNA)|Haplogroup D]] *[[Haplogroup E (mtDNA)|Haplogroup E]] *[[Haplogroup G (mtDNA)|Haplogroup G]] [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_G.htm] *[[Haplogroup Q (mtDNA)|Haplogroup Q]] [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_Q.htm] === Descendants of haplogroup N* === *[[Haplogroup N1a (mtDNA)|Haplogroup N1a]] *Haplogroup N1b *Haplogroup N1c *Haplogroup N9a *[[Haplogroup A (mtDNA)|Haplogroup A]] [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_A.htm] *[[Haplogroup I (mtDNA)|Haplogroup I]] [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_N.htm] *[[Haplogroup O (mtDNA)|Haplogroup O]] *[[Haplogroup R (mtDNA)|Haplogroup R]] **Haplogroup R* [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_R_star.htm] **Haplogroup R0 ***Haplogroup R0a **Haplogroup R1 **Haplogroup R5 [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_R5.htm] **Haplogroup R9b [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_R9b.htm] *[[Haplogroup S (mtDNA)|Haplogroup S]] [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_S.htm] *[[Haplogroup W (mtDNA)|Haplogroup W]] [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_W.htm] *[[Haplogroup X (mtDNA)|Haplogroup X]] [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_X.htm] *[[Haplogroup Y (mtDNA)|Haplogroup Y]] [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_Y.htm] | valign=top width=50% | === Descendants of haplogroup R === *[[Haplogroup B (mtDNA)|Haplogroup B]] [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_B.htm] *[[Haplogroup F (mtDNA)|Haplogroup F]] [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_F.htm] *[[Haplogroup pre-JT (mtDNA)|Haplogroup pre-JT]] **[[Haplogroup JT (mtDNA)|Haplogroup JT]] ***[[Haplogroup J (mtDNA)|Haplogroup J]] [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_J.htm] ****Haplogroup J* *****Haplogroup J1 ******Haplogroup J1a ******Haplogroup J1b *******Haplogroup J1b1 ****Haplogroup J2 *****Haplogroup J2a *****Haplogroup J2b ***[[Haplogroup T (mtDNA)|Haplogroup T]] ****Haplogroup T* ****Haplogroup T1 [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_T1.htm] ****Haplogroup T2 [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_T2.htm] ****Haplogroup T3 ****Haplogroup T4 ****Haplogroup T5 *[[Haplogroup P (mtDNA)|Haplogroup P]] [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_P.htm] *[[Haplogroup UK (mtDNA)|Haplogroup UK]] **[[Haplogroup U (mtDNA)|Haplogroup U]] [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_U.htm] ***[[Haplogroup K (mtDNA)|Haplogroup K]] ****Haplogroup K1 [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_K1.htm] ****Haplogroup K2 [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_K2.htm] ***Haplogroup U1 ****Haplogroup U1a ****Haplogroup U1b ***Haplogroup U2 ****Haplogroup U2e ***Haplogroup U3 ***Haplogroup U4 ***Haplogroup U5 ****Haplogroup U5a ****Haplogroup U5a* ****Haplogroup U5a1 ****Haplogroup U5a1* ****Haplogroup U5a1a ****Haplogroup U5b ****Haplogroup U5b* *****Haplogroup U5b1 ****Haplogroup U5b2 ***Haplogroup U6 ****Haplogroup U6a* ****Haplogroup U6a1 ****Haplogroup U6b ***Haplogroup U7 ***Haplogroup U8 ***[[Haplogroup pre-HV (mtDNA)|Haplogroup pre-HV]] ****Haplogroup pre-HV1 ****Haplogroup pre-HV2 ****[[Haplogroup HV (mtDNA)|Haplogroup HV]] [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_HV.htm] *****Haplogroup HV* *****Haplogroup HV1 *****[[Haplogroup H (mtDNA)|Haplogroup H]] ******Haplogroup H* ******Haplogroup H1 [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_H1.htm] *******Haplogroup H1* *******Haplogroup H1a ********Haplogroup H1a1 *******Haplogroup H1b *******Haplogroup H1f ******Haplogroup H2 [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_H2.htm] *******Haplogroup H2* *******Haplogroup H2a ********Haplogroup H2a1 *******Haplogroup H2b ******Haplogroup H3 [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_H3.htm] ******Haplogroup H4 [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_H4.htm] *******Haplogroup H4a ******Haplogroup H5 [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_H5.htm] *******Haplogroup H5a ********Haplogroup H5a1 ******Haplogroup H6 [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_H6.htm] *******Haplogroup H6a ********Haplogroup H6a1 *******Haplogroup H6b ******Haplogroup H7 [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_H7.htm] ******Haplogroup H8 [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_H8.htm] ******Haplogroup H9 [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_H9_12.htm] ******Haplogroup H10 [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_H9_12.htm] ******Haplogroup H11 [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_H9_12.htm] *******Haplogroup H11a ******Haplogroup H12 [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_H9_12.htm] ******Haplogroup H13 [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_H13.htm] ******Haplogroup H14 [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_H14.htm] ******Haplogroup H15 [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_H15.htm] ******Haplogroup H16 [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_H16.htm] ******Haplogroup H21 [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_H21.htm] *****[[Haplogroup V (mtDNA)|Haplogroup V]] [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_V.htm] |} ===Table form=== {{MtDNA}} ===Other forms=== For a graphical depiction of haplogroup branching, see Vincent Macaulay's mtDNA haplogroup skeleton. {{ref|macaulay-skeleton}} For information on the mutations which characterize each haplogroup, see the table of mtDNA haplogroup motifs. {{ref|macaulay-motifs}} ==See also== *[[Human mitochondrial genetics]] *[[Cambridge Reference Sequence]] *[[Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup]] *[[* (haplogroup)]] *[[Molecular phylogeny]] *[[Genetic genealogy]] *[[Genealogical DNA test]] *[[Hypervariable region]] ==References== * {{note|macaulay-skeleton}} [http://www.stats.gla.ac.uk/~vincent/images/skeleton07-08-02.jpg Mitochondrial haplogroup skeleton], by Vincent Macaulay * {{note|macaulay-motifs}} [http://www.stats.gla.ac.uk/~vincent/founder2000/motif.html Mitochondrial haplogroup motifs], by Vincent Macaulay ===External links=== *[https://www.cambridgedna.com/genealogy-dna-ancient-migrations-slideshow.php An mtDNA view of the peopling of the world by Homo sapiens] *[http://www.mitomap.org/mitomap-phylogeny.pdf mtDNA .pdf map] *[http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~jswdna/nmute.gif Map of macro-haplogroup N] by John S. Walden *[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=16205836&query_hl=9&itool=pubmed_docsum Indian maternal gene pool], ''Journal of Human Genetics'' *[http://www.ftdna.com/pdf/43026_doron.pdf The Matrilineal Ancestry of Ashkenazi Jewry: Portrait of a Recent Founder Event], ''American Journal of Human Genetics'' [[Category:Human mtDNA haplogroups|*]] [[Category:Genetic genealogy]] [[Category:Recent single origin hypothesis]] [[ca:Haplogrups mitocondrials humans]] [[cs:Haploskupiny lidské mitochondriální DNA]] [[es:Haplogrupos de ADN mitocondrial humano]] [[pt:Haplogrupos de ADN mitocondrial humano]] [[zh:人類粒線體DNA單倍體群]]