Hummingbird 70649 225865965 2008-07-15T19:38:17Z Gzuckier 57035 /* Feeding */ {{Copyedit|date=January 2008}} {{otheruses}} {{Taxobox | name = Hummingbird | image = Archilochus-alexandri-002-edit.jpg | image_width = 250px | image_caption = Female Black-chinned Hummingbird | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Aves]] | subclassis = [[Neornithes]] | infraclassis = [[Neognathae]] | unranked_ordo = [[Cypselomorphae]] | ordo = [[Apodiformes]] | familia = '''Trochilidae''' | familia_authority = [[Nicholas Aylward Vigors|Vigors]], 1825 | subdivision_ranks = Subfamilies | subdivision = [[Hermit (hummingbird)|Phaethornithinae]]<br> [[Trochilinae]]<br> ---- For a taxonomic list of genera, see: *[[List of hummingbirds in taxonomic order]] For an alphabetic species list, see: *[[List of hummingbirds|Alphabetic species list]] }} '''Hummingbirds''' are birds of the [[family (biology)|family]] '''Trochilidae''', and are native only to the [[Americas]]. They are known for their ability to [[hover]] in mid-air by rapidly flapping their [[wing]]s 15–80 times per second (depending on the species). Capable of sustained hovering, hummingbirds also have the ability to fly backward, being the only group of birds able to do so.<ref>Robert S. Ridgely and Paul G. Greenfield, "The Birds of Ecuador volume 2- Field Guide", Cornell University Press, 2001</ref> Hummingbirds may also fly vertically and laterally. Their English name derives from the characteristic [[hum (sound)|hum]] made by their wings. ==Appearance== [[Image:Hummer tongue.jpg|250px|left|thumb|250px|A hummingbird with its tongue out.]] Hummingbirds are small birds with long, thin [[Beak|bills]]. The bill, combined with an extendable, [[Forked tongue|bifurcated tongue]], allows the bird to feed upon [[nectar]] deep within flowers. The bill can be opened wide, and the lower half ([[mandible]]) has the ability to flex downward to create an even wider opening; this facilitates the capture of flying insects in the mouth rather than at the tip of the bill.<ref>Omara-Otunnu, Elizabeth. [http://advance.uconn.edu/2004/040719/04071910.htm Hummingbird's Beaks Bend To Catch Insects]. University of Connecticut ''[http://advance.uconn.edu/index.html Advance]'' (2004-07-19).</ref> [[Image:Humming close up.jpg|thumb|250px|left|[[Iridescent]] [[plumage]] in a male [[Anna's Hummingbird]].]] The [[Bee Hummingbird]] (''Mellisuga helenae'') is the smallest bird in the world, weighing 1.8 [[gram]]s (0.06 ounces) and measuring about 5 cm (2 inches). A typical North American hummingbird, such as the [[Rufous Hummingbird]] (''Selasphorus rufus''), weighs approximately 3 g (0.106 ounces) and has a length of 10–12 cm (3.5–4 inches). The largest hummingbird is the [[Giant Hummingbird]] (''Patagona gigas''), with some weighing as much as 24 grams (0.85 ounces) and measuring 21.5 cm (8.5 inches). Most species exhibit conspicuous [[sexual dimorphism]], with males more brightly colored and females displaying more [[Camouflage|cryptic coloration]].<ref>[http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Troichilidae.html ADW: Troichilidae: Classification<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> [[Iridescent]] plumage is present in both sexes of most species, with green being the most common color. Highly modified structures within certain feathers, usually concentrated on the head and breast, produce intense metallic [[iridescence]] in a rainbow of colors. ==Feeding== [[Image:Colibri-thalassinus-001-edit.jpg|left|thumb|250px|Green Violet-ear at a flower.]] Hummingbirds feed on the [[nectar (plant)|nectar]] of plants and are important [[pollinator]]s, especially of deep-throated, tubular flowers. Like bees, they are able to assess the amount of sugar in the nectar they eat; they reject flower types that produce nectar which is less than 12% sugar and prefer those whose sugar content is around 25%. Nectar is a poor source of [[nutrients]], so hummingbirds meet their needs for [[protein]], [[amino acids]], [[vitamins]], [[minerals]], etc. by preying on [[insect]]s and [[spider]]s, especially when feeding young. Most hummingbirds have bills that are long and straight or nearly so, but in some species the bill shape is adapted for specialized feeding. [[Thornbill]]s have short, sharp bills adapted for feeding from flowers with short [[Corolla (flower)|corolla]]s and piercing the bases of longer ones. The [[Sicklebill]]s' extremely decurved bills are adapted to extracting nectar from the curved corollas of flowers in the family [[Gesneriaceae]]. The bill of the [[Fiery-tailed Awlbill]] has an upturned tip, as in the [[Avocet]]s. The male [[Tooth-billed Hummingbird]] has barracuda-like spikes at the tip of its long, straight bill. The two halves of a hummingbird's bill have a pronounced overlap, with the lower half ([[mandible]]) fitting tightly inside the upper half ([[maxilla]]). When hummingbirds feed on nectar, the bill is usually only opened slightly, allowing the tongue to dart out and into the interior of flowers. Like the similar nectar-feeding [[sunbirds]] and unlike other birds, hummingbirds drink by using protrusible grooved or trough-like tongues.<ref name=cade1>"Drinking Behavior of Mousebirds in the Namib Desert, Southern Africa "; Tom J. Cade and Lewis I. Greenwald; ''The Auk'', V.83, No. 1, January, 1966 [http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Auk/v083n01/p0126-p0128.pdf pdf]</ref> Hummingbirds do not spend all day flying, as the energy costs of this would be prohibitive; the majority of their activity consists simply of sitting or perching. Hummingbirds feed in many small meals, consuming many small invertebrates and up to five times their own body weight in nectar each day. They spend an average of 10-15% of their time feeding and 75-80% sitting and digesting. ===Co-evolution with ornithophilous flowers=== Hummingbirds are specialized [[nectarivore]]s (Stiles, 1981) and are tied to the [[ornithophilous]] flowers they feed upon. Some species, especially those with unusual bill shapes such as the [[Sword-billed Hummingbird]] and the [[sicklebill]]s, are [[co-evolution|coevolved]] with a small number of flower species. Many plants pollinated by hummingbirds produce flowers in shades of [[red]], [[Orange (colour)|orange]], and bright [[pink]], though the birds will take nectar from flowers of many colors. Hummingbirds can see [[wavelength]]s into the [[near-ultraviolet]], but their flowers do not reflect these wavelengths as many insect-pollinated flowers do. This narrow [[color spectrum]] may render hummingbird-pollinated flowers relatively inconspicuous to most insects, thereby reducing [[nectar robbing]].<ref>Rodríguez-Gironés MA, Santamaría L (2004) Why Are So Many Bird Flowers Red? PLoS Biol 2(10): e350 doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0020350</ref><ref>Altschuler, D. L. 2003. Flower Color, Hummingbird Pollination, and Habitat Irradiance in Four Neotropical Forests. '''[[Biotropica]]''' 35(3): 344–355.</ref> Hummingbird-pollinated flowers also produce relatively weak [[nectar]] (averaging 25% sugars w/w) containing high concentrations of [[sucrose]], whereas insect-pollinated flowers typically produce more concentrated nectars dominated by [[fructose]] and [[glucose]].<ref>Nicolson, S. W., and P. A. Fleming. 2003. Nectar as food for birds: the physiological consequences of drinking dilute sugar solutions. Plant Syst. Evol. 238: 139–153 (2003) DOI 10.1007/s00606-003-0276-7</ref> ==Aerodynamics of flight== [[Image:Hummingbird wake Pengo.svg|thumb|A trail of wake [[Vortex|vortices]] generated by a hummingbird's flight. Discovered after training a bird to fly through a cloud of neutrally buoyant helium-filled soap bubbles and recording airflows in the wake with [[stereo photography]].<ref>Rayner, J.M.V. 1995. Dynamics of vortex wakes of flying and swimming vertebrates. ''J. Exp. Biol.'' 49:131–155.</ref>]] [[Image:Archilochus-alexandri-002-edit.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Female [[Black-chinned Hummingbird]]]] Hummingbird flight has been studied intensively from an [[aerodynamics|aerodynamic]] perspective using wind tunnels and high-speed [[video camera]]s. Writing in ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'', the [[biophysics|biomechanist]] [[Douglas Warrick]] and coworkers studied the [[Rufous Hummingbird]], ''Selasphorus rufus'', in a [[wind tunnel]] using [[particle image velocimetry]] techniques and investigated the lift generated on the bird's upstroke and downstroke. They concluded that their subjects produced 75% of their weight support during the down-stroke and 25% during the up-stroke: many earlier studies had assumed (implicitly or explicitly) that [[lift (force)|lift]] was generated equally during the two phases of the wingbeat cycle, as is the case of insects of a similar size. This finding shows that hummingbirds' hovering is similar to, but distinct from, that of hovering insects such as the [[hawk moth]]s.<ref name="Warrick et al">Warrick, D. R.; Tobalske, B.W. & Powers, D.R. (2005): Aerodynamics of the hovering hummingbird. ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' 435: 1094–1097 {{DOI|10.1038/nature03647}} (HTML abstract)</ref> The Giant Hummingbird's wings beat at 8–10 beats per second, the wings of medium-sized hummingbirds beat about 20–25 beats per second and the smallest beat 70 beats per second. ==Metabolism== [[Image:Hummingbird in ggp 24.JPG|[[Anna's Hummingbird]], ''Calypte anna'' performs [[personal grooming]]|thumb|200px]] With the exception of insects, hummingbirds while in flight have the highest [[metabolism]] of all animals, a necessity in order to support the rapid beating of their wings. Their [[heart rate]] can reach as high as 1,260 beats per minute, a rate once measured in a [[Blue-throated Hummingbird]] [http://www.hummingbirds.net/about.html#heartbeat]. They also typically consume more than their own weight in nectar each day, and to do so they must visit hundreds of flowers daily. At any given moment, they are only hours away from starving. Hummingbirds are capable of slowing down their metabolism at night, or any other time food is not readily available. They enter a [[hibernation]]-like state known as [[torpor]]. During torpor, the heart rate and rate of breathing are both slowed dramatically (the heart rate to roughly 50–180 beats per minute), reducing the need for food. Most organisms with very rapid metabolisms have short life-spans; hummingbirds, however have been known to survive in captivity for as long as 17 years{{Fact|date=June 2008}}. The dynamic range of metabolic rates in hummingbirds (Suarez and Gass 2002) requires a corresponding dynamic range in kidney function (Bakken et al. 2004). The glomerulus is a cluster of capillaries in the nephrons of the kidney which removes certain substances from the blood, or a filtration mechanism. The rate at which food is metabolized is called the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Most often these fluids are reabsorbed by the kidney. During torpor, to prevent dehydration, the GFR slows, preserving necessities for the body such as glucose, water and salts. GFR also slows when a bird is undergoing water deprivation. The interruption of GFR is a survival and physiological mechanism unique to hummingbirds (Bakken et al 2004). Studies of hummingbirds' metabolisms are highly relevant to the question of why a [[bird migration|migrating]] [[Ruby-throated Hummingbird]] can cross 800 [[kilometre|km]] (500 [[statute mile|mile]]s) of the [[Gulf of Mexico]] on a nonstop flight, as field observations suggest it does. This hummingbird, like other birds preparing to migrate, stores up fat to serve as fuel, thereby augmenting its weight by as much as 100 percent and hence increasing the bird's potential flying time.<ref name="Skutch, 1973">Skutch, Alexander F. & Singer, Arthur B. (1973): ''The Life of the Hummingbird''. Crown Publishers, New York. ISBN 0-517-50572-X</ref> == Range == Hummingbirds are found only in the [[Americas]], from southern [[Alaska]] and [[Canada]] to [[Tierra del Fuego]], including the [[Caribbean]]. The majority of species occur in tropical [[Central America|Central]] and [[South America]], but several species also breed in temperate areas. Only the migratory [[Ruby-throated Hummingbird]] breeds in continental [[North America]] east of the [[Mississippi River]] and [[Great Lakes]]. The [[Black-chinned Hummingbird]], its close relative and another migrant, is the most widespread and common species in the western [[United States]], while the [[Rufous Hummingbird]] is the most widespread species in western [[Canada]].<ref>Williamson, S. L. 2002. A Field Guide to Hummingbirds of North America (Peterson Field Guide Series). Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston. ISBN 0-618-02496-4</ref> Most hummingbirds of the U.S. and Canada migrate south in fall to spend the northern winter in [[Mexico]] or Central America. A few southern South American species also move to the tropics in the southern winter. A few species are year-round residents in the warmer coastal and interior desert regions. Among these is [[Anna's Hummingbird]], a common resident from southern California inland to southern Arizona and north to southwestern [[British Columbia]]. The Rufous Hummingbird is one of several species that breed in western North America and are wintering in increasing numbers in the southeastern United States, rather than in tropical Mexico. Thanks in part to artificial feeders and winter-blooming gardens, hummingbirds formerly considered doomed by faulty navigational instincts are surviving northern winters and even returning to the same gardens year after year. Individuals that survive winters in the north, however, may have altered internal navigation instincts that could be passed on to their offspring. The Rufous Hummingbird nests farther north than any other species and must tolerate temperatures below freezing on its breeding grounds. This cold hardiness enables it to survive temperatures well below freezing, provided that adequate shelter and feeders are available. ==Reproduction== [[Image:IMG 2377.JPG|thumb|250px|Hummingbird nest with two chicks in [[Santa Monica, California]]]] [[Image:Calliope-nest.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Calliope Hummingbird feeding two chicks in [[Grand Teton National Park]]]] As far as is known, male hummingbirds do not take part in nesting. Most species make a cup-shaped nest on the branch of a tree or shrub. Two white eggs are laid which, despite being the smallest of all bird eggs, are in fact large relative to the hummingbird's adult size. [[Avian incubation|Incubation]] typically lasts 12–19 days. The nest varies in size relative to species, from smaller than half of a [[walnut]] shell to several centimeters in diameter. ==Systematics and evolution== [[Image:Hummingbird feather.jpg|250px|right|thumb|250px|Hummingbird feather]] Traditionally, hummingbirds are placed in the order [[Apodiformes]], which also contains the [[swift]]s, though some taxonomists have separated them into their own order, [[Trochiliformes]]. Hummingbirds' wings are hollow and fragile, making fossilization difficult and leaving their evolutionary history a mystery. Some scientists{{Who|date=June 2008}} believe that the hummingbird evolved relatively recently. Scientists also theorize that hummingbirds originated in South America, where there is the greatest species diversity; Brazil, Peru and Ecuador contain over half of the known species. The ancestors of extant hummingbirds may have lived in parts of Europe to what is southern [[Russia]] today{{Fact|date=June 2008}}. There are between 325 and 340 species of hummingbird, depending on taxonomic viewpoint, historically divided into two subfamilies, the '''[[hermit (hummingbird)|hermits]]''' (subfamily '''[[Phaethornithinae]]''', 34 species in six genera), and the '''typical hummingbirds''' (subfamily '''[[Trochilinae]]''', all the others). However, recent phylogenetic analyses by McGuire et al. (2007) suggest that this division is slightly inaccurate, and that there are nine major clades of hummingbirds: the Topazes, the Hermits, the Mangoes, the Coquettes, the Brilliants, the Giant Hummingbird (''[[Patagona gigas]]''), the Mountain Gems, the Bees, and the Emeralds. The Topazes (''[[Topaza pella]]'' and ''[[Florisuga mellivora]]'') have the oldest split with the rest of the hummingbirds. Fossil hummingbirds are known from the [[Pleistocene]] of [[Brazil]] and the [[Bahamas]]—though neither has yet been scientifically described—and there are fossils and subfossils of a few extant species known; until recently, older fossils had not been securely identifiable as hummingbirds. In 2004, Dr. [[Gerald Mayr]] of the [[Senckenberg Museum]] in [[Frankfurt am Main]] identified two 30-million-year-old hummingbird fossils and published his results in ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]''.<ref>[http://www.cbc.ca/health/story/2004/05/06/bird_fossils040506.html Oldest hummingbird fossil found<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The fossils of this primitive hummingbird species, named ''[[Eurotrochilus inexpectatus]]'' ("unexpected European hummingbird"), had been sitting in a museum drawer in [[Stuttgart]]; they had been unearthed in a clay pit at [[Wiesloch]]-Frauenweiler, south of [[Heidelberg]], [[Germany]] and, because it was assumed that hummingbirds never occurred outside the Americas, were not recognized to be hummingbirds until Mayr took a closer look at them. Fossils of birds not clearly assignable to either hummingbirds or a related, extinct family, the [[Jungornithidae]], have been found at the [[Messel pit]] and in the [[Caucasus]], dating from 40–35 [[mya (unit)|mya]]; this indicates that the split between these two lineages indeed occurred at that date. The areas where these early fossils have been found had a climate quite similar to the northern [[Caribbean]] or southernmost [[China]] during that time. The biggest remaining mystery at the present time is what happened to hummingbirds in the roughly 25 million years between the primitive ''Eurotrochilus'' and the modern fossils. The astounding morphological adaptations, the decrease in size, and the dispersal to the Americas and extinction in Eurasia all occurred during this timespan. [[DNA-DNA hybridization]] results <ref name="Bleiweiss et al">Bleiweiss, Robert; Kirsch, John A. W. & Matheus, Juan Carlos (1999): DNA-DNA hybridization evidence for subfamily structure among hummingbirds. ''[[Auk (journal)|Auk]]'' 111(1): 8–19. {{PDFlink|[http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Auk/v111n01/p0008-p0019.pdf fulltext]|901&nbsp;[[Kibibyte|KiB]]<!-- application/pdf, 923556 bytes -->}}</ref> suggest that the main radiation of South American hummingbirds at least partly took place in the [[Miocene]], some 12–13 mya, during the uplifting of the northern [[Andes]]. ===Lists of species and genera=== * [[List of hummingbirds|Alphabetical list, sortable by common or binomial name]] * [[List of hummingbirds in taxonomic order]] ==Hummingbirds and humans== {{Original research|date=June 2008}} Their relatively small size, brilliant colors, fearless personalities, and remarkable mode of flight have won hummingbirds nearly universal admiration from humans. They do not harm crops or livestock, make loud noises, foul cars or buildings with their droppings, or bite when handled, making them among the most benign of all birds. Hummingbirds have not always benefited from this admiration. Their beauty and novelty made them popular with commercial and scientific collectors in the 19th century; many fashionable parlors were decorated with glass cases containing preserved specimens of hummingbirds and other colorful tropical species. Their demanding dietary requirements and high metabolism kept them from becoming popular as pets, though many have been imported into Europe and the United States for zoos and private aviaries. Habitat destruction is the most pervasive threat to all hummingbirds, but other human-related causes of hummingbird mortality include pesticide poisoning; collisions with windows, cars, utility lines, and transmission towers; predation by domestic cats; electrocution on electric fences; and entanglement in the hooked spines of [[burdock]], an alien weed. Hummingbirds sometimes fly into buildings, especially [[Garage (house)|garages]], possibly while investigating brightly colored objects such as flower arrangements, floral draperies, and emergency release handles for automatic garage doors. Once inside, they may be unable to escape because their natural [[instinct]] when threatened or trapped is to fly upward. This is a life-threatening situation for hummingbirds, as they can become exhausted and die in a relatively short period of time, possibly as little as an hour. It is usually difficult to catch a trapped hummingbird until it is exhausted, and handling such small birds requires extreme delicacy of touch. Sometimes a trapped hummingbird will land on a broom or a long branch if it is moved very carefully into a position near the bird. Once relaxed on the perch, the bird may remain long enough to allow itself to be carried outside to safety. A more time-consuming but less traumatic alternative is to place a feeder near where the trapped bird is flying or perching, waiting until it begins using the feeder, then moving the feeder a few feet at a time toward an open door or window. Once the feeder is hanging in the opening, the bird should notice the escape route on its own. === Hummingbird Gardens === The diet of hummingbirds requires an energy source — typically [[nectar]] — and a protein source — typically small insects. Providing suitable nectar-producing plants in a pesticide-free garden is the safest and most convenient way to provide both the energy and other nutrition that hummingbirds need. Hummingbirds may visit almost any colorful garden [[flower]] in search of nectar, but not all flowers produce the amount or type of nectar that they prefer. Commonly cultivated ornamental plants that make excellent additions to hummingbird gardens include: * [[Monarda didyma|scarlet bee balm]] * [[Lobelia cardinalis|cardinal flower or scarlet lobelia]] * wild (species-type) [[Canna (plant)|cannas]] * [[Lonicera sempervirens|coral or trumpet honeysuckle]] * [[Lonicera ciliosa|orange or western trumpet honeysuckle]] * red [[Aquilegia|columbines]] * red morning glories such as [[Ipomoea quamoclit|cypress vine]] * red and bright pink [[salvia]]s such as [[Salvia splendens|tropical sage]], [[Salvia coccinea|Texas or and [[Salvia greggii|Gregg or autumn sage]] * deep blue [[Salvia guaranitica|anise-scented sage]] * orange- and pink-flowered "hummingbird mints" in the genus [[Agastache]] * red and bright pink [[penstemon]]s * [[Justicia californica|chuparosa]] * [[Kniphofia uvaria|torch lily or red-hot poker]] * [[fuchsia]]s * tropical [[verbena]]s such as the [[Stachytarpheta|porterweeds]] * "shrimp plants" such as [[Justicia brandegeeana]] and [[Pachystachys lutea]] * [[aloes]] * Turk's-cap or "sleeping [[hibiscus]]" (''[[Malvaviscus]]'' spp.) * "cigar plants" [[Cuphea ignea|''Cuphea ignea'']] 'David Verity' and [[Cuphea micropetala|''Cuphea micropetala'']] * [[Heliconia]]s. Large woody plants that attract hummingbirds include [[Aesculus pavia|red buckeye]], [[trumpet vine]], coral trees ([[Erythrina]]), and [[ocotillo]]. The location, climate, and growing season of the garden will determine the list of plants suitable for attracting hummingbirds. Ideally, the selection should include species and varieties that bloom throughout the season when hummingbirds are present. Placing the plants near windows, porches, or patios affords a good view of the birds. Where space is limited, smaller plant species can be grown in pots, window boxes, and hanging baskets. === Feeders and artificial nectar === {{howto}} Hummingbirds will also take sugar water from [[bird feeder|artificial feeders]]. Such feeders allow people to observe and enjoy hummingbirds up close while providing the birds with a reliable source of energy, especially when flower blossoms are less abundant. [[Image:humm7.jpg|thumb|left|Hummingbirds will either hover or perch to feed; red feeders are preferred, but colored liquid is not necessary and may be hazardous to their health.]] [[Image:Hummingbird-Feeder-Transparent.jpg|thumb|Hummingbird hovering to feed at a red feeder with yellow "flowers"]] Homemade "nectar" can be made by adding 1 part white, granulated table sugar to 4 parts water. During the pre migratory and post migratory periods in Spring and Fall the ratio may be enriched to 1 part sugar to 3 parts water to assist birds that are about to expend immense energy or have already lost bulk post migration. Brief boiling will dissolve the sugar more quickly and may slow spoilage of the solution. Once cooled, the nectar is ready to pour into a clean feeder. Only white granulated sugar is proven safe to use in hummingbird feeders. Powdered sugars contain corn starch as an anti-caking agent; this additive can contribute to premature fermentation of the solution. Brown, turbinado, and "raw" sugars contain iron, which can be deadly to hummingbirds if consumed over long periods.<ref>http://microvet.arizona.edu/AzVDL/newsletters/Apr05.pdf Arizona Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory Newsletter, April 2005</ref> [[Honey]] is made by bees from the nectar of flowers, but it contains sugars that are less palatable to hummingbirds and promotes the growth of [[microorganisms]] that may be dangerous to their health.<ref>[http://faq.gardenweb.com/faq/lists/hummingbird/2003021845028716.html Feeders and Feeding Hummingbirds (The Entire Article)<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.sabo.org/hbfaqs.htm#honey Hummingbird F.A.Q.s from the Southeastern Arizona Bird Observatory<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Baker's or caster sugar is extra-fine granulated sugar and is safe to use; it dissolves more quickly than ordinary table sugar but is more expensive. Other things to avoid using in feeders include [[Sugar substitute|artificial sweeteners and non-nutritive sweeteners]] such as [[saccharin]] (Sweet'N Low), [[aspartame]] (Equal), [[sucralose]] (Splenda), and [[stevia]]. Though hummingbirds might drink feeder solutions containing these sugar substitutes, they will be starved of the calories they need to sustain their metabolism. Red food dye is often added to homemade solutions, and commercial products sold as "instant nectar" or "hummingbird food" may also contain [[preservative]]s and/or artificial flavors as well as dyes. These additives have not been studied for long-term effects on hummingbirds, but studies on laboratory animals indicate the potential to cause disease and premature mortality at high consumption rates.<ref>http://www.trochilids.com/dye.html Trochilids.com: Should I Add Red Dye to My Hummingbird Food?</ref> While it is true that bright colors, especially red, ''initially'' attract hummingbirds more quickly than others, it is better to use a feeder that has extensive red on it, rather than coloring the liquid offered in it. Although some commercial products contain small amounts of nutritional additives, hummingbirds obtain all necessary nutrients from the insects they eat. This renders the added nutrients unnecessary.<ref>Williamson, S. L. 2002. A Field Guide to Hummingbirds of North America (Peterson Field Guide Series). Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston. ISBN 0-618-02496-4</ref> Authorities on hummingbirds recommend that if you use a feeder, use just plain sugar and water.<ref name="Shackelford">Shackelford, Clifford Eugene; Lindsay, Madge M. & Klym, C. Mark (2005): ''Hummingbirds of Texas with their New Mexico and Arizona ranges''. Texas A&M University Press, College Station. ISBN 1-58544-433-2</ref><ref>Williamson, S. 2000. Attracting and Feeding Hummingbirds. (Wild Birds Series) T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, New Jersey. ISBN 0-7938-3580-1</ref> A hummingbird feeder should be easy to refill and clean. Prepared sugar water can be refrigerated for 1 week before being used, but once placed outdoors it will only remain fresh for 2–4 days in hot weather, or 4–6 days in moderate weather, before turning cloudy or developing mold. Sugar water may develop significant growth of yeasts and other microorganisms before turning cloudy, so feeders should be cleaned and refilled on a regular schedule even if there is no visible contamination. If the feeder is in a shady area, the solution will last longer without spoiling. Maintaining cleanliness of the feeder is essential for the health of the birds. When changing the sugar water, the feeder should be rinsed thoroughly with warm tap water, flushing the reservoir and ports to remove any contamination or sugar build-up. If dish soap is used, it always needs extra rinsing so that no residue is left behind. The feeder can be soaked in diluted chlorine bleach if black specks of mold appear and rinsed well with clear water. The recommended ratio is 1/4 cup bleach to 1 gallon of clean water. Other animals are also attracted to hummingbird feeders. It is a good idea to use a feeder that has very narrow ports, or ports with mesh-like "bee guards", to prevent bees and wasps from getting to the sugar water or crawling inside where they may become trapped. [[New World oriole|Orioles]], woodpeckers, bananaquits, and other animals are known to drink from hummingbird feeders, sometimes tipping them and draining the liquid. If this becomes a problem, it is possible to buy feeders which are specifically designed to support their extra weight. If ants find your hummingbird feeder, they can be discouraged by the use of an "ant moat", which is available at specialty garden stores and online. Sticky or greasy substances used to repel ants, including petroleum jelly and commercial insect barrier products ("Tree Tanglefoot"), must be used inside an ant moat — or a different, inaccessible location — to avoid potentially fatal contamination of the birds' plumage.<ref>* Williamson, S. 2000. Attracting and Feeding Hummingbirds. (Wild Birds Series) T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, New Jersey. ISBN 0-7938-3580-1</ref> Sometimes a large hummingbird drives its smaller brethren away from a feeder. An effective solution is to put out a second feeder that contains a slightly lower sugar concentration. Hummingbirds can detect a feeding source that is denser in sugar by even a small percentage, and the more aggressive bird will make that feeder its own. The smaller birds will flock to the remaining feeder. === In myth and culture === * The [[Aztec]] [[god]] [[Huitzilopochtli]] is often depicted as a hummingbird. <!--Photo or drawing would be useful here--> The [[Nahuatl]] word ''huitzil'' (hummingbird) is an [[Onomatopoeia|onomatopoeic]] word derived from the sounds of the hummingbird's wing-beats and zooming flight. [[Image:Nazca colibri.jpg|thumb|right|350px|Aerial photograph of hummingbird image at [[Nazca Lines| Nazca]] in [[Peru]]]] * One of the [[Nazca Lines]], displayed at right, depicts a hummingbird. * The [[Ohlone]] tells the story of how Hummingbird brought fire to the world. See [http://npca-retired.wsm.ga1.org/cultural_diversity/native_expression/hummingbird.html article] at the [[National Parks Conservation Association]]'s website for a recounting. *[[Trinidad and Tobago]] is known as "The land of the hummingbird," and a hummingbird can be seen on that nation's [[coat of arms]] and 1-cent coin as well as its national airline, "[[Caribbean Airlines]]". ==See also== * [[Macroglossum stellatarum|Hummingbird Hawk-moth]] (''Macroglossum stellatarum'') * [[Hemaris]], another genus of sphinx moths confused with hummingbirds * [[Bird feeder]], for information about hummingbird feeders. ==Footnotes==<!-- Biological Journal of the Linnean Society (1998), 65: 63; 77 --> {{reflist}} ==References== Bakken, B. H., McWhorter, T. J., Tsahar, E., Martinez del Rio, C. (2004). Hummingbirds arrest their kidneys at night: diel variation in glomerular filtration rate in Selasphorus platycercus. The Journal of Experimental Biology. 207: 4383-4391. * del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A. & Sargatal, J. (editors) (1999): ''[[Handbook of Birds of the World]], Volume 5: Barn-owls to Hummingbirds''. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. ISBN 84-87334-25-3 * Gerwin, John A. & Zink, Robert M. (1998): Phylogenetic patterns in the Trochilidae. ''[[Auk (journal)|Auk]]'' 115(1): 105-118. {{PDFlink|[http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Auk/v115n01/p0105-p0118.pdf fulltext]|936&nbsp;[[Kibibyte|KiB]]<!-- application/pdf, 958786 bytes -->}} * McGuire, J. A., Witt, C. C., Altshuler, D. L., and Remsen Jr., J. V. 2007. Phylogenetic systematics and biogography of hummingbirds: Bayesian and maximum likelihood analyses of partitioned data and selection of an appropriate partitioning strategy. '''Systematic Biology, 56''': 837-856. * Meyer de Schauensee, Rodolphe (1970): ''A Guide to Birds of South America''. Livingston, Wynnewood, PA. * Stiles, Gary. 1981. Geographical Aspects of Bird Flower Coevolution, with Particular Reference to Central America. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 68:323-351. Suarez, R. K., Gass, C. L. (2002). Hummingbirs foraging and the relation between bioenergetics and behavior. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A. 133: 335-343. * Williamson, S. 2000. Attracting and Feeding Hummingbirds. (Wild Birds Series) T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, New Jersey. ISBN 0-7938-3580-1 * Williamson, S. L. 2002. A Field Guide to Hummingbirds of North America (Peterson Field Guide Series). Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston. ISBN 0-618-02496-4 ==Gallery== <gallery> Image:Eugenes-fulgens-001.jpg|[[Magnificent Hummingbird]]—Guadalupe, Panama Image:Hummingbird.jpg|A male [[Costa's Hummingbird]], showing its plumage to good effect Image:L30greenviolet.JPG|Male [[Green Violet-ear]] Image:Selasphorus rufus on Saltspring Island.jpg|A hovering [[Rufous Hummingbird]] on [[Saltspring Island]] Image:Hummingbird and his flower11.jpg|The size of a hummingbird Image:Humming_ggp.jpg|hummingbird among flowers Image:IMG_42371h.jpg|hummingbird among flowers Image:IMG_5355hum_flow.jpg|hummingbird among flowers Image:Hummingbirds fighting.jpg|two males fighting Image:Humming_flowers.jpg|Hummingbird among ''[[Crocosmia]]'' Image:Hummingbird in ggp 15.jpg Image:Hummingbird in ggp 23.JPG|[[Personal grooming|Grooming]] Image:Hummingbird is attacking a much bigger bird.jpg|Hummingbird is attacking a bigger bird Image:Hummingbird and a hiney bee.jpg|Hummingbird and [[honey bee]] to compare the sizes Image:Hummingbird- among and Crocosmia.jpg|Hummingbird at ''[[Crocosmia]]'' Image:Hummingbird_Texas.jpg |A Texas Hummingbird [http://www.everafterimages.com PhotoCredit Everafterimages.com] </gallery> ==External links== {{Commons|Trochilidae}} *[http://www.hummingbirdforum.com The Official Hummingbird Forum] *[http://www.hummingbirds.net/ Hummingbirds.net] *[http://www.learner.org/jnorth/humm/index.html Journey North: Hummingbirds] *[http://www.hummingbirdsociety.org/indexnew.asp The Hummingbird Society] *[http://www.rubythroat.org/ Ruby Throat Hummingbird Project] *[http://mariri.net/content/view/15/1/ Ecuador Hummingbirds and Climate Change] *[http://www.infochembio.ethz.ch/links/en/zool_voegel_kolibris.html Hummingbird species] *[http://www.hummingbirdsguide.net Hummingbird videos] [[Category:Heraldic birds]] [[Category:Pollinators]] [[Category:Trochilidae]] [[Category:National symbols of Trinidad and Tobago]] [[Category:Natural history of the Americas]] {{Link FA|he}} {{Link FA|tr}} [[ar:طنان]] [[gn:Mainumby]] [[ay:Luli]] [[bs:Kolibri]] [[br:Trochilidae]] [[bg:Колибриподобни]] [[ca:Colibrí]] [[da:Kolibrier]] [[de:Kolibris]] [[nv:Dahiitį́hii]] [[et:Koolibrilased]] [[es:Trochilidae]] [[eo:Kolibro]] [[fa:مرغ مگس‌خوار]] [[fr:Trochilidae]] [[ko:벌새]] [[hr:Kolibri]] [[is:Kólibrífuglar]] [[it:Colibrì]] [[he:קוליבריים]] [[ka:კოლიბრები]] [[ht:Zwazo mouch]] [[lt:Kolibriniai]] [[hu:Kolibrifélék]] [[nl:Kolibries]] [[ja:ハチドリ]] [[no:Kolibrier]] [[pl:Kolibry]] [[pt:Beija-flor]] [[qu:Q'inti]] [[ru:Колибри (семейство)]] [[simple:Hummingbird]] [[sl:Kolibriji]] [[sr:Колибри]] [[fi:Kolibrit]] [[sv:Kolibrier]] [[ta:ஓசனிச்சிட்டு]] [[th:นกสีชมพู]] [[vi:Chim ruồi]] [[chr:ᏩᎴᎳ]] [[tr:Sinek kuşu]] [[uk:Колібрі]] [[zh:蜂鸟]]