Humphrey the Whale
5401904
212594634
2008-05-15T13:11:10Z
128.178.55.217
[[Image:Humpback Whale underwater shot.jpg|thumb|right|270px|[[Humpback whale]]s live in the open ocean.]]
'''Humphrey the Whale''' is arguably the most widely publicized [[humpback whale]] in history,<ref>Wendy Tokuda, ''Humphrey the lost whale'', Heian Intl Publishing Company, 1992 ISBN 0-89346-346-9</ref><ref>Ernest Callenbach and Christine Leefeldt, ''Humphrey the Wayward Whale'', ISBN 0-930588-23-1</ref> having errantly entered [[San Francisco Bay]] twice, departing from his [[Mexico]] to [[Alaska]] migration. This behavior is not normal for any Humpback whale, and Humphrey became well known on national television and press coverage for his misadventures in the years 1985 and 1990. Humphrey is a member of the species ''[[Megaptera novaeangliae]]'', and each episode of his bay excursions resulted in a dramatic estuarine rescue of this giant mammal by the [[Marine Mammal Center]], based in [[Marin County, California]], assisted by the [[United States Coast Guard]] and hundreds of other volunteers. Humphrey (sometimes known in the media as '''Humphrey the humpback whale''') is 40 feet (12 m) long and weighs 80,000 pounds (36 tonnes). Humphrey’s last sighting was in the vicinity of the [[Farallon Islands]] in the year 1991.
==Humphrey's Journeys Inland==
[[Image:Humphreywhale.jpg|thumb|340px|left|Humphrey the whale with unique [[fluke]] markings]]
In 1985, Humphrey mysteriously entered San Francisco Bay and was followed closely on the evening news by all Bay Area [[television station]]s.<ref>Tom Tiede, ''The Great Whale Rescue (An American Folk Epic)'', Pharos Press (hardcover), New York (1986)</ref> Each evening the Bay area audience would tune in for the latest update on Humphrey’s plight, until even more amazingly he swam up the [[Sacramento River]] into a [[freshwater]] habitat. Then national media coverage began and the whole country watched the ensuing chapter. The whale, first spotted at Oakland's Outer Harbor October 10, 1985, swam up the [[Carquinez Strait]], the Sacramento River and under the Rio Vista Bridge to a dead-end slough 69 miles (111 km) from the ocean.<ref>Jane Kay, ''San Francisco Examiner'' Monday, Oct. 9, 1995</ref> Humphrey reached the freedom of the [[Pacific Ocean]] under the [[Golden Gate Bridge]] November 4, 1985, at 4:36 p.m. The town of [[Rio Vista, California|Rio Vista]] considers the Humphrey visit to have given it national recognition, and to this date there is a [[granite]] plaque at the harbor commemorating the visit and local restaurants menus remarking on his stay in Rio Vista.
[[Image:humpbackwhale00.jpg|thumb|250px|Tail flukes have unique markings allowing identification of each individual]]
Humphrey stayed a considerable time in 1990 in the [[embayment]] immediately north of [[Sierra Point, Brisbane, California|Sierra Point]] in [[Brisbane, California]] where occupants of the [[Dakin Building]] could observe his antics. Humphrey became beached on a [[bay mud|mudflat]] in San Francisco Bay to on the north of [[Sierra Point, Brisbane, California|Sierra Point]] and to the south of [[Candlestick Park]]. He was extricated from the mudflat with a large cargo net and support from the Marine Mammal Center and a U.S. Coast Guard boat.
Both times he was successfully guided back to the Pacific Ocean using a "sound net" in which people in a [[flotilla]] of boats made unpleasant noises behind the whale by banging on steel pipes, a [[Japan]]ese fishing technique known as "[[oikami]]." Simultaneously, the attractive sounds of humpback whales preparing to feed were broadcast from a boat headed towards the open ocean. Researchers [[Louis Herman]] and Bernie Krause led a team of scientists who used sound recordings of natural whale feeding [[vocalization]]s to guide Humphrey back to safety. These sounds were produced for a swimming trajectory of fifty miles (80 km) until Humphrey reached the Pacific Ocean sometimes attaining speeds of thirty miles per hour (48 km/h).<ref>Toni Knapp, ''The Six Bridges of Humphrey the Whale''. Illustrated by Craig Brown. Roberts Rinehart, 1993 (1989)</ref> Humphrey has been seen only once since the second misadventure, at the Farallon Islands in 1991. A film “Humphrey the Lost Whale” was produced and opened at the Tybee Island Marine Science Center, Savannah, Georgia on September 24, 2005.
==Two More "Wayward Whales"==
[[Image:CalfDawnBreachWindsurfers.jpg|thumb|250px|The calf "Dawn" in the Sacramento River in 2007 with the [[Antioch Bridge]] visible in the distance]]
In early May 2007, two humpback whales, a mother and her calf, entered [[San Francisco Bay]] and swam up the [[Sacramento River]] approximately 90 nautical miles upstream from the [[Golden Gate]], about 20 miles further inland than Humphrey had gone two decades earlier. Just as with Humphrey, researchers, [[United States Coast Guard|Coast Guard]] personnel, and volunteers tried several methods to coax the whales back downriver. They played recordings of feeding sounds and other [[List of whale songs|whale vocalizations]] to lure them, and they banged on submerged metal pipes and sprayed high-powered blasts of water to repel them, but it is not clear whether any of these were particularly effective. There was heightened concern for the whales' well-being this time, because both of them had sizable gash wounds, most likely made from boat [[keel]] or [[propellor]] strikes. [[Veterinarians]] administered [[antibiotics]] to the whales to help heal these deep open wounds, and they took samples of skin lesions incurred during the whales' extended time away from [[seawater]] to analyze them for possible [[freshwater]] [[bacterial infection]].<ref>http://www.cnn.com/2007/US/05/28/delta.whales.ap/index.html</ref>
On May 20, after languishing for six days in the [[Sacramento Deep Water Ship Channel]], the whales finally started moving. They were spotted the next day about 20 miles downstream, just upriver from [[Rio Vista, California|Rio Vista]], where they lingered for several days, seemingly hesitant to pass under the [[Rio Vista Bridge]]. On May 27 they were on the move again and were spotted the next day another 20 miles downstream in the [[brackish water|saltier waters]] of [[Suisun Bay]], just 45 miles or so from the ocean, but again their circling movements seemed to indicate a reluctance to pass beneath a bridge, actually a trio of bridges this time at [[Benicia, California|Benicia]]. On May 29, however, they again moved quickly, passing under the [[Benicia Bridge]] in the morning and swimming through the [[Carquinez Strait]] and past yet another pair of [[Carquinez Bridge|bridges]]. By late afternoon they had continued through [[San Pablo Bay]] and were circling just beyond the [[Richmond-San Rafael Bridge]] near [[Tiburon, California|Tiburon]]. They were last spotted at sunset that night, within 10 miles of the [[Golden Gate Bridge]] and the open ocean beyond.
A small controversy arose over what to call the whales as soon as they were spotted far enough upiver to warrant significant attention. Besides being called "the Wayward Whales," they were also dubbed "Momma" and "Baby", "Rio" and "Vista", and "Delta" and "Dawn" (for the [[Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta]] and the popular 1970s song [[Delta Dawn]]). Rumour has it that California's Lieutenant Governor [[John Garamendi]] was the one to bestow the last pair of names upon the whales.<ref>[http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2007/05/20/MNG2NPUD131.DTL Errant whales delight delta crowds / Ice chests, binocs, cameras fill shore at Port of Sacramento<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
The story of the wayward whales inspired local television anchor Stefanie Cruz to write a children's book based on the tale. "Delta & Dawn: Mother and Baby Whales' Journey" which was released November 2007. Cruz is an anchor for CW31/CBS13 in Sacramento.
==Description==
Humphrey and other Humpback whales can readily be identified by a stocky body with well defined humps and black upper elements. His head and lower [[jaw]] are covered with knobs called [[tubercle]]s, which are actually [[hair follicle]]s and are characteristic of the species. The tail flukes, which are lifted high in the [[dive]] sequence, have wavy rear edges.
The long black and white tail [[fin]], which is approximately one third of his body length, and [[pectoral]] fins has a unique pattern, which enable scientists to positively identify Humphrey, in a similar way to the bill markings on [[Bewick's Swan]]s. Several hypotheses have been suggested to explain the evolution of the Humpback's pectoral fins, proportionally the longest fins of any [[cetacean]]. The two most accepted hypotheses are that the higher maneuverability afforded by long fins is a significant evolutionary advantage, or that the increased surface is useful for temperature control when migrating between warm and cold climates.
The Humpback Whale is a [[mammal]] which belongs to the [[baleen whale]] suborder. It is a large [[whale]]: an adult usually ranges between 12–16 [[Metre|m]] (40–50 [[Foot (unit of length)|ft]]) long and weighs approximately 36,000 [[kilogram]]s (79,000 [[Pound (mass)|pounds]]), or 36 [[tonne]]s (40 [[short ton]]s).<ref>Phil Clapham, ''Humpback Whale'', pp 589–592 in the ''Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals'' ISBN 0-12-551340-2</ref> It is well known for its [[whale surfacing behaviour|breaching]] (leaping out of the water), its unusually long front fins, and its complex [[whale song]].<ref>'' National Audubon Society Guide to Marine Mammals of the World'' Reeves, Stewart, Clapham and Powell. ISBN 0-375-41141-0</ref> The Humpback Whale lives in oceans and seas around the world, and is regularly sought out by [[whale watching|whale-watchers]].
== References==
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==External links==
*[http://neuro-www2.mgh.harvard.edu/brainmusic/tramowebsite/acousecolfolder/Humphrey.html Voice recording of sounds that lured Humphrey to safety]
*[http://www.deltadawnbook.com Children's book inspired by Delta and Dawn]
[[Category:Baleen whales]]
[[Category:Famous cetaceans]]
[[Category:Western North American coastal fauna]]
[[Category:Fauna of the Western United States]]
[[Category:San Francisco Bay]]
[[Category:Solano County, California]]