Hurricane Ivan
961346
223807450
2008-07-05T22:25:13Z
Lou-86
6585997
[[WP:UNDO|Undid]] revision 223792598 by [[Special:Contributions/76.101.23.233|76.101.23.233]] ([[User talk:76.101.23.233|talk]])
{{otherhurricaneuses|Tropical Storm Ivan|the Atlantic hurricane of 2004}}
{{Infobox Hurricane
| Name=Hurricane Ivan
| Type=hurricane
| Year=2004
| Basin=Atl
| Image location=Hurricane Ivan 13 sept 2004.jpg
| Image name=Hurricane Ivan as a Category 5
| Formed=[[September 2]], [[2004]]
| Dissipated=[[September 24]], [[2004]]
| 1-min winds=145
| Pressure=910
| Damages=19200
| Inflated=2
| Fatalities=92 direct, 32 indirect
| Areas=[[Windward Islands]] (especially [[Grenada]]), [[Venezuela]], [[Jamaica]], [[Grand Cayman]], [[Cuba]], [[Alabama]], [[Florida]], and most of the eastern [[United States]], (after rebirth) [[Texas]], [[Louisiana]]
| Hurricane season=[[2004 Atlantic hurricane season]]
}}
'''Hurricane Ivan''' was the strongest hurricane of the [[2004 Atlantic hurricane season]]. The [[cyclone]] formed as a [[Cape Verde-type hurricane]] in early September and became the ninth named storm, the sixth [[tropical cyclone|hurricane]], and the fourth major hurricane of the year. Ivan reached [[Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale|Category 5]] strength on the [[Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale]], the strongest possible category. Ivan became the sixth most intense Atlantic hurricane on record. At its peak in the [[Gulf of Mexico]], Ivan was the size of the state of [[Texas]]. It also spawned 117 tornadoes across the eastern [[United States]].
Ivan caused catastrophic damage to [[Grenada]] and heavy damage to [[Jamaica]], [[Grand Cayman]], and the western tip of [[Cuba]]. After peaking in strength, the hurricane moved north-northwest across the Gulf of Mexico to strike [[Gulf Shores, Alabama]] as a strong [[Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale|Category 3]] storm, causing significant damage. Ivan dropped heavy rains on the [[Southeastern United States]] as it progressed northeast and east through the eastern United States, becoming an [[extratropical cyclone]]. The remnant low from the storm moved into the western subtropical Atlantic and regenerated back into a tropical cyclone, which then moved across [[Florida]] and the Gulf of Mexico into [[Louisiana]] and [[Texas]], causing minimal damage. Ivan caused an estimated [[United States dollar|US$]]13 billion (2004 USD) in damages to the United States, making it the fifth costliest hurricane ever to strike that country.
==Storm history==
{{storm path|Ivan 2004 track.png}}
{{main|Meteorological history of Hurricane Ivan}}
[[Image:Hurricane Ivan ISS.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The eye of Hurricane Ivan as seen from the [[International Space Station]] on [[September 11]], [[2004]].]]
On [[September 2]], [[2004]], Tropical Depression Nine formed from a large [[tropical wave]] southwest of the [[Cape Verde Islands]]. As the system moved to the west, it strengthened gradually, becoming Tropical Storm Ivan on [[September 3]] and reaching hurricane strength on [[September 5]], {{convert|1150|mi|km}} to the east of [[Tobago]]. Later that day, the storm intensified rapidly, and by 5 p.m. [[North American Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] (2100 [[UTC]]), Ivan became a [[Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale|Category 3]] hurricane with winds of {{convert|125|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}. The [[National Hurricane Center]] said that the rapid strengthening of Ivan on [[September 5]] was unprecedented at such a low [[latitude]] in the [[Atlantic basin]].<ref name="TCR">Stacey R. Stewart. [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/2004ivan.shtml? Tropical Cyclone Report for Hurricane Ivan.] Retrieved on [[2008-02-01]].</ref><ref name=NHCdisc14">[[National Hurricane Center]]. [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2004/dis/al092004.discus.014.shtml? Hurricane Ivan Discussion 14.] Retrieved on [[2008-02-01]].</ref>
As it moved west, Ivan weakened slightly because of vertical [[wind shear]] in the area.<ref name="NHCdisc17">[[National Hurricane Center]]. [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2004/dis/al092004.discus.017.shtml? Hurricane Ivan Discussion 17.] Retrieved on [[2008-02-01]].</ref> The storm passed over [[Grenada]] on [[September 7]], battering several of the [[Windward Islands]] as it entered the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Ivan reintensified rapidly and became a Category 5 hurricane just north of the Windward [[Netherlands Antilles]] and [[Aruba]] on [[September 9]] with winds reaching {{convert|160|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}. Ivan weakened slightly as it moved west-northwest towards [[Jamaica]]. As Ivan approached the island late on [[September 10]], it began a westward jog that kept the eye and the strongest winds to the south and west. However, because of its proximity to the Jamaican coast, the island was battered with hurricane-force winds for hours.<ref name="TCR"/>
{{Most intense hurricanes|align=right}}
After passing Jamaica, Ivan resumed a more northerly track and regained Category 5 strength. Ivan's strength continued to fluctuate as it moved west on [[September 11]], and the storm attained its highest winds of {{convert|170|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} as it passed within {{convert|30|mi|km}} of [[Grand Cayman]]. Ivan reached its peak strength with a minimum central pressure of 910 [[Bar (unit)|mbar]] ([[Pascal (unit)|hPa]]) on [[September 12]], making Ivan the tenth most intense [[Atlantic hurricane]] on record, as of August 2007. Ivan passed through the [[Yucatán Channel]] late on [[September 13]] while its eyewall affected the westernmost tip of [[Cuba]]. Once over the [[Gulf of Mexico]], it weakened slightly to Category 4 strength, which it maintained while approaching the [[Gulf Coast of the United States]].<ref name="TCR"/>
[[Image:IvanRadar-04Sep16-0650Z.gif|left|thumb|200px|Hurricane Ivan at landfall on the extreme eastern [[Alabama]] [[Gulf Coast]].]]
Just before it made landfall in the [[United States]], Ivan's eyewall weakened considerably, and its southwestern portion almost disappeared. Around 2 a.m. CDT [[September 16]] (0700 UTC), Ivan made landfall on the U.S. mainland in [[Gulf Shores, Alabama]] as a Category 3 hurricane with {{convert|120|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} winds. Ivan then continued inland, maintaining hurricane strength until it was over central [[Alabama]]. Ivan weakened rapidly that evening and became a tropical depression the same day, still over Alabama. Ivan lost tropical characteristics on [[September 18]] while crossing [[Virginia]]. Later that day, the remnant low drifted off the U.S. [[mid-Atlantic]] coast into the [[Atlantic Ocean]], and the low pressure disturbance continued to dump rain on the United States.<ref name="TCR"/>
On [[September 20]], Ivan's remnant surface low completed an [[anticyclone|anticyclonic]] loop and moved across the Florida peninsula. As it continued west across the northern Gulf of Mexico, the system organized and took on tropical characteristics.<ref name="TCR"/> On [[September 22]] the National Weather Service, "after considerable and sometimes animated in-house discussion [regarding] the demise of Ivan,"<ref>[[National Hurricane Center]]'s [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2004/dis/al092004.discus.067.shtml? Tropical Depression IVAN Special Discussion Number 67], September 22 2004</ref> determined that the low was in fact a result of the remnants of Ivan and thus named it accordingly. On the evening of [[September 23]], the revived Ivan made landfall near [[Cameron, Louisiana]] as a tropical depression. Ivan finally dissipated on [[September 24]] as it moved overland into [[Texas]].<ref name="TCR"/>
===Records===
{{Highest ACE Atlantic hurricanes|align=left}}
[[Image:Hurricane Ivan 05 sept 2004 1330Z.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Ivan as a Category 3 hurricane east of the [[Windward Islands|Windwards]] on September 5, 2004.]]
Ivan set several new records for intensity at low latitudes. When Ivan first became a [[Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale|Category 3]] hurricane on [[September 5]] (1800 UTC), it was centered near 10.2 degrees north. This is the most southerly location on record for a major hurricane in the Atlantic basin.<ref name="TCR"/> Just six hours later, Ivan also became the most southerly Category 4 hurricane on record in the Atlantic basin when it reached that intensity while located at 10.6 degrees north.<ref name="HURDAT"/> Finally, at midnight (UTC) on [[September 9]] while centered at 13.7 degrees north, Ivan became the most southerly Category 5 hurricane on record in the Atlantic basin.<ref name="HURDAT">[[National Hurricane Center]]. [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/tracks1851to2006_atl.txt Atlantic Hurricane Track Database.] Retrieved on [[2008-02-01]].</ref> [[Hurricane Felix]] nearly matched this record in 2007, becoming a Category 5 hurricane at 13.8 degrees north latitude.<ref>[[National Hurricane Center]]. [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/TCR-AL062007_Felix.pdf Hurricane Felix Tropical Cyclone Report.] Retrieved on [[2008-02-01]].</ref>
Ivan had the world record of 33 (32 consecutive) six-hour periods with an intensity at or above Category 4 strength. This record was broken two years later by Pacific [[Hurricane Ioke|Hurricane/Typhoon Ioke]], which had 36 (33 consecutive) six-hour periods at Category 4 strength. This contributed to Ivan's total ACE of 70.38,<ref>[[National Climatic Data Center]]. [http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/research/2004/hurricanes04.html#ivan Climate of 2004: Atlantic Hurricane Season.] Retrieved on [[2008-02-01]]</ref> second only to the [[1899 Hurricane San Ciriaco]].<ref name="HURDAT"/>
Scientists from the [[Naval Research Laboratory]] at [[Stennis Space Center]], [[Mississippi]] have used a computer model to predict that, at the height of the storm, the maximum wave height within Ivan's eyewall reached {{convert|131|ft|m}}.<ref>[[U.S. Naval Research Laboratory]]. [http://www.nrl.navy.mil/pao/pressRelease.php?Y=2005&R=12-05r NRL Measures Record Wave During Hurricane Ivan.] Retrieved on [[2008-02-01]].</ref>
==Preparations==
In the Caribbean, 500,000 [[Jamaica]]ns were told to evacuate from coastal areas,<ref>{{cite web|author=Jamaica Observer|year=2004|title=500,000 to evacuate, Many refuse to leave|accessdate=2008-02-05|url=http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/html/20040910T110000-0500_66008_OBS_________TO_EVACUATE_.asp}}</ref> but only 5,000 were reported to have moved to shelters.<ref>{{cite web|author=FOXNews.com|year=2004|title=Hurricane Ivan Pounds Jamaica|accessdate=2008-02-05|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,131956,00.html}}</ref> Many schools and businesses were closed in the [[Netherlands Antilles]],<ref name="afp99">{{cite web|author=Agence France-Presse|year=2004|title=Hurricane Ivan kills at least 14 in Caribbean|accessdate=2007-11-22|url=http://wwwnotes.reliefweb.int/w/rwb.nsf/6686f45896f15dbc852567ae00530132/530fcb683baa58f285256f0a0051a657?OpenDocument}}</ref> and about 300 people evacuated their homes on [[Curaçao]].<ref>{{cite web|author=[[Associated Press]]|year=2004|title=Ivan leaves at least 12 dead in Grenada|accessdate=2007-11-23|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20041011092510/http://www.cnn.com/2004/WEATHER/09/08/hurrican.ivan.ap/index.html}}</ref> 12,000 residents and tourists were evacuated from [[Isla Mujeres]] off the [[Yucatán Peninsula]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Environment News Service|year=2004|title=Storm Weary Florida Braces for Hurricane Ivan|accessdate=2008-02-05|url=http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/sep2004/2004-09-14-04.asp}}</ref>
In [[Louisiana]], mandatory evacuations of vulnerable areas in [[Jefferson Parish, Louisiana|Jefferson]], [[Lafourche Parish, Louisiana|Lafourche]], [[Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana|Plaquemines]], [[St. Charles Parish, Louisiana|St. Charles]], [[St. James Parish, Louisiana|St. James]], [[St. John the Baptist Parish, Louisiana|St. John the Baptist]], and [[Tangipahoa Parish, Louisiana|Tangipahoa]] parishes took place, with voluntary evacuations ordered in six other parishes. More than one-third of the population of [[Greater New Orleans]] evacuated voluntarily, including more than half of the residents of [[New Orleans, Louisiana|New Orleans]] itself. At the height of the evacuation, intense traffic congestion on local highways caused delays of up to 12 hours. About a thousand special-needs patients were housed at the [[Louisiana Superdome]] during the storm. Ivan was considered a particular threat to the New Orleans area because dangers of catastrophic flooding. However, Plaquemines and St. Bernard Parishes suffered a moderate amount of wind damage. [[Hurricane preparedness for New Orleans]] was judged poor.<ref>Natural Hazards Observer (November 2004). [http://www.colorado.edu/hazards/o/archives/2004/nov04/nov04c.html What if Hurricane Ivan Had Not Missed New Orleans?] Retrieved on [[2008-02-03]].</ref> At one point, the media sparked fears of an "[[Atlantis|Atlantean]]" catastrophe if the hurricane were to make a direct strike on the city.<ref>[[USA Today]]. [http://www.usatoday.com/weather/hurricane/2004-09-14-new-orleans-storm_x.htm Direct hit by Ivan in New Orleans could mean a modern Atlantis.] Retrieved on [[2004-09-14]].</ref> These fears were not realized, as the storm's path turned further east. The publicity generated may have contributed to the somewhat more effective evacuation of the city in preparation for [[Hurricane Katrina]] a year later, however.
In [[Mississippi]], evacuation of [[mobile home]]s and vulnerable areas took place in [[Hancock County, Mississippi|Hancock]], [[Jackson County, Mississippi|Jackson]], and [[Harrison County, Mississippi|Harrison]] counties. In [[Alabama]], evacuation in the areas of [[Mobile County, Alabama|Mobile]] and [[Baldwin County, Alabama|Baldwin]] counties south of [[Interstate 10]] was ordered, including a third of the incorporated territory of the City of Mobile, as well as several of its suburbs.
In Florida, a full evacuation of the [[Florida Keys]] began at 7:00 a.m. EDT [[September 10]] but was lifted at 5:00 a.m. EDT [[September 13]] as Ivan tracked further west than originally predicted. Voluntary evacuations were declared in ten counties along the [[Florida Panhandle]], with strong emphasis in the immediate western counties of [[Escambia County, Florida|Escambia]], [[Santa Rosa County, Florida|Santa Rosa]], and [[Okaloosa County, Florida|Okaloosa]].
Ivan prompted the evacuation of 270 animals at "[[The Little Zoo That Could]]" in Alabama. The evacuation had to be completed within a couple of hours, with only 28 volunteers available to move the animals.
==Impact==
{| class="infobox bordered" style="width: 250px; font-size: ; float: right;" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0"
|-
|colspan="8" align=center|'''Deaths from Hurricane Ivan'''
|-
!'''Country'''
!'''Total'''
!'''Region or State'''
!'''Area<br>total'''
!'''Direct<br>deaths'''
|-
|rowspan=1 bgcolor="#e6e9ff"|[[Barbados]]
|rowspan=1 bgcolor="#e6e9ff"|'''1'''
|colspan=2 bgcolor="#ffffcc"|
|rowspan=1 |1
<!--|-
|rowspan=1 bgcolor="#e6e9ff"|[[Canada]]
|rowspan=1 bgcolor="#e6e9ff"|'''6'''
|colspan=1 bgcolor="#ffffcc"|[[Newfoundland and Labrador]]
|colspan=1 bgcolor="#ffffcc"|6
|rowspan=1 |6
-->
|-
|rowspan=1 bgcolor="#e6e9ff"|[[Cayman Islands]]
|rowspan=1 bgcolor="#e6e9ff"|'''2'''
|colspan=2 bgcolor="#ffffcc"|
|rowspan=1 |1
|-
|rowspan=1 bgcolor="#e6e9ff"|[[Dominican Republic]]
|rowspan=1 bgcolor="#e6e9ff"|'''4'''
|colspan=2 bgcolor="#ffffcc"|
|rowspan=1 |4
|-
|rowspan=1 bgcolor="#e6e9ff"|[[Grenada]]
|rowspan=1 bgcolor="#e6e9ff"|'''39'''
|colspan=2 bgcolor="#ffffcc"|
|rowspan=1 |39
|-
|rowspan=1 bgcolor="#e6e9ff"|[[Jamaica]]
|rowspan=1 bgcolor="#e6e9ff"|'''17'''
|colspan=2 bgcolor="#ffffcc"|
|rowspan=1 |17
|-
|rowspan=1 bgcolor="#e6e9ff"|[[Trinidad and Tobago]]
|rowspan=1 bgcolor="#e6e9ff"|'''1'''
|colspan=1 bgcolor="#ffffcc"|[[Tobago]]
|colspan=1 bgcolor="#ffffcc"|1
|rowspan=1 |1
|-
|rowspan=10 bgcolor="e6e9ff"|[[USA]]
|rowspan=10 bgcolor="e6e9ff"|'''54'''
|rowspan=1 bgcolor="ffffcc"|[[Alabama]]
|rowspan=1 bgcolor="ffffcc"|5
|rowspan=1 |0
|-
|rowspan=1 bgcolor="ffffcc"|[[Connecticut]]
|rowspan=1 bgcolor="ffffcc"|1
|rowspan=1 |0
|-
|rowspan=1 bgcolor="ffffcc"|[[Florida]]
|rowspan=1 bgcolor="ffffcc"|19
|rowspan=1 |14
|-
|rowspan=1 bgcolor="ffffcc"|[[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]
|rowspan=1 bgcolor="ffffcc"|4
|rowspan=1 |2
|-
|rowspan=1 bgcolor="ffffcc"|[[Louisiana]]
|rowspan=1 bgcolor="ffffcc"|4
|rowspan=1 |0
|-
|rowspan=1 bgcolor="ffffcc"|[[Maryland]]
|rowspan=1 bgcolor="ffffcc"|1
|rowspan=1 |0
|-
|rowspan=1 bgcolor="ffffcc"|[[Mississippi]]
|rowspan=1 bgcolor="ffffcc"|3
|rowspan=1 |1
|-
|rowspan=1 bgcolor="ffffcc"|[[North Carolina]]
|rowspan=1 bgcolor="ffffcc"|10
|rowspan=1 |8
|-
|rowspan=1 bgcolor="ffffcc"|[[Pennsylvania]]
|rowspan=1 bgcolor="ffffcc"|6
|rowspan=1 |0
|-
|rowspan=1 bgcolor="ffffcc"|[[Tennessee]]
|rowspan=1 bgcolor="ffffcc"|1
|rowspan=1 |0
|-
|rowspan=1 bgcolor="#e6e9ff"|[[Venezuela]]
|rowspan=1 bgcolor="#e6e9ff"|'''3'''
|colspan=2 bgcolor="#ffffcc"|
|rowspan=1 |3
|-
|bgcolor="#e6e9ff"|'''Totals'''
|bgcolor="#e6e9ff"|'''121'''
|colspan=2 bgcolor="#e6e9ff"|
|bgcolor="#e6e9ff"|'''91'''
|-
|colspan="7" |<small>Because of differing sources, totals may not match.</small>
|-
|colspan="7" |Sources:<ref>[[CNN]]. [http://www.cnn.com/2004/WEATHER/09/17/hurricane.ivan/ U.S. death toll at least 24 in Ivan's wake.] Retrieved on [[2008-02-01]].</ref><ref>KOMO Staff and News Services. [http://www.komotv.com/news/printstory.asp?id=33105 Ivan's U.S. Death Toll Rises To 33 As Residents Survey Damage.] Retrieved on [[2008-02-01]].</ref>
|-
|}
Ivan killed 64 people in the Caribbean—mainly in [[Grenada]] and [[Jamaica]]—three in [[Venezuela]], and 25 in the [[United States]], including fourteen in [[Florida]]. Thirty-two more deaths in the United States were indirectly attributed to Ivan. Tornadoes spawned by Ivan struck communities along concentric arcs on the leading edge of the storm.<ref>[[CNN]]. [http://www.cnn.com/2004/WEATHER/09/16/hurricane.ivan/index.html Ivan's stormy trek floods Southeast.] Retrieved on [[2004-09-16]].</ref> In Florida, [[Blountstown, Florida|Blountstown]], [[Marianna, Florida|Marianna]], and [[Panama City Beach, Florida|Panama City Beach]] suffered three of the most devastating tornadoes. A Panama City Beach news station was nearly hit by an [[Fujita scale|F2]] tornado during the storm.<ref>[http://media.graytvinc.com/video/tornado.wmv Video of the tornado]</ref> Ivan also caused over [[United States dollar|US$]]13 billion in damages in the United States and US$3 billion in the Caribbean (2004 USD).
===Southeastern Caribbean and Venezuela===
[[Image:Grenada ivan.jpg|275px|thumb|left|Aftermath of Hurricane Ivan in Grenada]]
{{main|Effects of Hurricane Ivan in the Lesser Antilles and South America}}
Ivan passed directly over [[Grenada]] on [[September 7]], [[2004]], killing 39 people. The capital, [[St. George's, Grenada|St. George's]], was severely damaged and several notable buildings were destroyed, including the residence of the prime minister. Ivan also caused extensive damage to a local prison, allowing most of the inmates to escape. The island, in the words of a Caribbean disaster official, suffered "total devastation." According to a member of the Grenadian parliament, at least 85% of the small island was devastated.<ref>[[Associated Press]]. [http://msnbc.msn.com/ID/5927015/ Cuba mostly spared Ivan's wrath.] Retrieved on [[2004-09-15]].</ref> Extensive looting was reported. In all, damage on the island totaled [[United States dollar|US$]]815 million (2004 USD).<ref name="TCR"/>
Elsewhere in the Caribbean, a pregnant woman was killed in [[Tobago]] when a tree fell on top of her home, and a 75-year-old Canadian woman drowned in [[Barbados]]. Three deaths were reported in [[Venezuela]]. Over one-hundred fifty homes on Barbados and around 60 homes in [[St. Vincent and the Grenadines]] were also reportedly damaged.
===Jamaica===
On [[September 11]] and [[September 12]], the center of Ivan passed near [[Jamaica]], causing significant wind and flood damage. [[Looting|Looters]] were reported roaming the streets of Jamaica's capital city, [[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]] (which appeared deserted), robbing emergency workers at gunpoint. Overall, 17 people were killed in Jamaica and 18,000 people were left homeless as a result of the flood waters and high winds.<ref>[[United States Department of State]]. [http://usinfo.state.gov/wh/Archive/2005/Feb/16-896856.html U.S. Gives Jamaica $450,000 for School Equipment and Supplies.] Retrieved on [[2005-02-16]].</ref> Most of the major resorts and hotels fared well, though, and were reopened only a few days after Ivan had passed.<ref>Caribbean Disaster Emergency Response Agency. [http://www.cdera.org/cunews/news/article_610.php News Conference Report: Tourism impact on the Caribbean by Hurricanes Frances, Ivan, Jeanne.] Retrieved on [[2004-09-30]].</ref> Damage on Jamaica totaled [[United States dollar|US$]]360 million (2004 USD).<ref name="TCR"/>
===Cayman Islands===
[[Image:Cayman - Ivan damage.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Ivan damage in the Cayman Islands.]]In the [[Cayman Islands]], Governor [[Bruce Dinwiddy]] described damage as "very, very severe and widespread." A quarter or more of the buildings on the islands were reported to be uninhabitable, with 85% damaged to some extent. Much of [[Grand Cayman]] still remained without power, water, or sewer services for several months later. After five months, barely half the pre-Ivan hotel rooms were usable. Only two people were killed on the islands, though at first many deaths were suspected because of the many graves that were washed up during the storm.<ref name="WMO 2004 summary">{{cite web| title=Twenty-seventh Session, RA IV Hurricane Committee: Final Report | author=[[World Meteorological Organization]] | year = 2005 | accessdate = 2006-04-27 | url =http://www.wmo.ch/web/www/TCP/Final%20HC%2027%20Report-English.pdf | format=PDF}}</ref> The damage totaled [[United States dollar|US$]]1.85 billion (2004 USD) in the Cayman Islands.<ref name="TCR"/>
===Rest of the Caribbean===
There were four deaths in the [[Dominican Republic]]. The region's [[Caribbean Development Bank]] estimates Ivan caused over [[United States dollar|US$]]3 billion (2004 USD) damage on island nations, mostly in the [[Cayman Islands]], [[Grenada]], and [[Jamaica]].<ref>{{cite web|author=National Hurricane Center|year=2005|title=Hurricane Ivan, Tropical Cyclone Report|accessdate=2008-02-05|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/2004ivan.shtml}}</ref> Minor damage, including some beach erosion, was reported in the [[ABC islands (Lesser Antilles)|ABC islands]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Kitty Bean Yancey|date=2004-09-17|title=Grenada, Grand Cayman, Grand Bahama feel the pain|publisher=USA Today|accessdate=2007-11-23}}</ref>
Even though Ivan did not make landfall on [[Cuba]]n soil, its storm surge caused localized flooding on [[Santiago de Cuba]] and [[Granma Province|Granma]], on the southern part of the island. At [[Cienfuegos]], the storm produced waves of {{convert|15|ft|m}}, and [[Pinar del Río]] recorded {{convert|339|mm|in}} of rainfall. While there were no casualties on the island, the Cuban government estimates that about US$1.2 billion (2004 USD) of property damage were directly due to Ivan.<ref name="WMO 2004 summary">{{cite web| title=Twenty-seventh Session, RA IV Hurricane Committee: Final Report | author=[[World Meteorological Organization]] | year = 2005 | accessdate = 2006-04-27 | url =http://www.wmo.ch/web/www/TCP/Final%20HC%2027%20Report-English.pdf | format=PDF}}</ref>
===United States===
[[Image:Hurricane Ivan2.jpg|thumb|right|Hurricane Ivan sank and stacked numerous boats at Bayou Grande Marina at NAS Pensacola.]]
Along with the 14 deaths in [[Florida]], Ivan is blamed for eight deaths in [[North Carolina]], two in [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], and one in [[Mississippi]]. An additional 32 deaths were reported as indirectly caused by the storm.
Ivan caused an estimated [[United States dollar|US$]]13 billion (2004 USD) in damage in the United States alone, making it the third costliest hurricane on record at the time, being very near [[Hurricane Charley|Hurricane Charley's]] US$14 billion but well below [[Hurricane Andrew|Hurricane Andrew's]] US$26 billion. Ivan displaced [[Hurricane Hugo]], which had previously held the third spot. In 2005, [[Hurricane Katrina]] caused US$81 billion in damage, displacing Ivan to fourth place, and [[Hurricane Wilma]] caused US$20 billion in damage, displacing Ivan again to fifth place.
{{Costliest US Atlantic hurricanes|align=left}}
====Florida====
Heavy damage as Ivan made landfall on the U.S. coastline was observed in [[Pensacola, Florida|Pensacola]], [[Pensacola Beach]], dwellings situated far inland along the shorelines of [[Escambia Bay]], [[East Bay (Florida)|East Bay]], and [[Blackwater Bay]] in [[Escambia County, Florida|Escambia County]] and [[Santa Rosa County]], and [[Fort Walton Beach, Florida]] on the eastern side of the storm. The area just west of Pensacola, including the community of [[Warrington, Florida|Warrington]] (which includes [[Naval Air Station Pensacola|Pensacola NAS]]), [[Perdido Key]], and Southwest [[Escambia County, Florida|Escambia County]], took the brunt of the storm. Some of the subdivisions in this part of the county were completely destroyed, with a few key roads in the Perdido area only opened in late 2005, over a year after the storm hit. Shattered windows from gusts and flying projectiles experienced throughout the night of the storm were common. As of December 2007, roads remained closed on Pensacola Beach because of damage from Ivan's storm surge.
[[Image:Hurricane Ivan I-10 Damage.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Damage to [[Interstate 10|I-10]] causeway over [[Escambia Bay]] near Pensacola]]
In Pensacola, the [[Interstate 10]] bridge across [[Escambia Bay]] was heavily damaged, with as much as a {{convert|0.25|mi|m}} of the bridge collapsing into the bay. The causeway that carries [[U.S. Highway 90]] across the northern part of the same bay was also heavily damaged. Virtually all of Perdido Key, an area on the outskirts of Pensacola that bore the brunt of Ivan's winds and rain, was essentially leveled. High surf and wind brought extensive damage to Innerarity Point.
On [[September 26]], [[2006]], over two years after Ivan struck the region, funding for the last 501 [[FEMA trailer|FEMA-provided trailers]] ran out for those living in Santa Rosa and Escambia counties.<ref>Franklin Hayes. [http://www.globalaging.org/armedconflict/countryreports/americas/fema.htm Elderly Left Homeless by FEMA Deadline.] Retrieved on [[2008-02-03]].</ref>
====Alabama====
The city of [[Demopolis]], over {{convert|100|mi}} inland in west-central [[Alabama]], endured wind gusts estimated at {{convert|90|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}, while [[Montgomery, Alabama|Montgomery]] saw wind gusts in the {{convert|60|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} to {{convert|70|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} range at the height of the storm.<ref>[[National Weather Service]] Forecast Office, Birmingham, Alabama. [http://www.srh.noaa.gov/bmx/significant_events/2004/09_16_Ivan/index.php Hurricane Ivan...September 2004.] Retrieved on [[2008-02-03]].</ref>
The heaviest damage as Ivan made landfall on the U.S. coastline was observed in [[Baldwin County, Alabama|Baldwin County]] in Alabama, where the storm's eye (and eyewall) made landfall. High surf and wind brought extensive damage to [[Orange Beach, Alabama|Orange Beach]] near the border with Florida. There, two five-story condominium buildings were undermined to the point of collapse by Ivan's storm surge of {{convert|14|ft|m}}. Both were made of steel-reinforced concrete. Debris gathered in piles along the storm tide, exaserbating the damage when the floodwaters crashed into homes sitting on pilings.<ref>Timothy P. Marshall. [http://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/106925.pdf Hurricane Ivan Damage Survey.] Retrieved on [[2008-02-01]].</ref> [[Brewton, Alabama|Brewton]], a community about {{convert|50|mi|km}} inland, also suffered severe damage.
In addition to the damage to the southern portions of the state, there was extensive damage to the state's electrical grid. At the height of the outages, [[Alabama Power]] reported 489,000 subscribers had lost electrical power—roughly half of its subscriber base.
[[Image:Ivan2004filledrainblk.gif|thumb|right|250px|Ivan Rainfall in the United States]]
====Rest of the United States====
Further inland, Ivan caused major [[flooding]], bringing the [[Chattahoochee River]] near [[Atlanta]] and many other [[river]]s and [[stream]]s to levels at or near 100-year records. The [[Delaware River]] and its tributaries crested just below their all-time records set by [[Hurricane Diane]] in 1955.
In Western [[North Carolina]], many streams and rivers reached well above flood stage in an area that was heavily flood damaged just a week and a half before from the remnants of [[Hurricane Frances]], causing many roads to be closed. The [[Blue Ridge Parkway]] as well as [[Interstate 40]] through the [[Pigeon River]] gorge in [[Haywood County, North Carolina]], sustained major damage, and landslides were common across the mountains. As a result of the rain, a major debris flow of mud, rocks, trees, and water surged down [[Peek's Creek]], near [[Franklin, North Carolina]], sweeping away 15 houses and killing five people.<ref>Dnet Web Services. [http://dnet.net/News/ivan/peeksCreek.asp Peeks Creek Photos.] Retrieved on [[2008-02-01]].</ref><ref>North Carolina Geological Survey. [http://www.geology.enr.state.nc.us/Landslide%20web%20version/Geologic_hazards_landslide_show/Landslides_Peeks_Creek_Debris_Flow_2004.htm Landslides.] Retrieved on [[2008-02-01]].</ref>
The system also spawned deadly [[tornado]]es as far north as [[Maryland]]<ref>The Washington Times. [http://www.washtimes.com/metro/20040919-011210-8032r.htm Maryland women die in Ivan's wake.] Retrieved [[2004-09-19]].</ref> and destroyed seven oil platforms in the [[Gulf of Mexico]] while at sea. While crossing over the Mid-Atlantic states, Ivan's remnants spawned 117 tornadoes across the eastern United States, with the 40 tornadoes spawned in [[Virginia]] on [[September 17]] setting a daily record for the commonwealth.<ref>Virginia Department of Emergency Management. [http://www.vdem.state.va.us/newsroom/history/tornado.cfm Virginia's Weather History: Virginia Tornadoes.] Retrieved on [[2008-02-03]].</ref> Ivan then moved into the [[Wheeling, West Virginia]] and [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania|Pittsburgh]] area, causing major flooding. [[Pittsburgh International Airport]] recorded the highest 24-hour rainfall for Pittsburgh, recording {{convert|5.95|in|mm}} of rain.<ref>[[National Weather Service]] Forecast Office, Pittsburgh, PA. [http://www.erh.noaa.gov/pbz/hourlyclimate.htm NWS Pittsburgh Hourly Climate Data Archive, August, 2004.] Retrieved on [[2008-02-01]].</ref> Ivan's rain caused widespread flooding. The [[Juniata River]] basin was flooded, and the Frankstown Branch crested at its highest level ever.<ref>Pennsylvania Emergency Management Agency. [http://www.pema.state.pa.us/pema/cwp/view.asp?a=3&q=261264&pp=12&n=1 Ivan Flooding Situation Reports: September 28, 2004, Situation Report #15.] Retrieved on [[2008-02-01]].</ref> After Ivan regenerated in the Gulf of Mexico, it caused further heavy rainfall up to {{convert|8|in|mm}} in areas of [[Louisiana]] and [[Texas]].
===Canada===
On the morning of [[September 21]], the remnant mid-level circulation of Ivan combined with a frontal system. This produced a plume of moisture over the [[Canadian Maritimes]] for four days, producing heavy rainfall totaling {{convert|6.2|in|mm}} in [[Gander, Newfoundland]]. High winds of up to {{convert|89|mph|abbr=on}} downed trees and caused power outages in [[Newfoundland and Labrador|Newfoundland]], [[Prince Edward Island]], and eastern [[Nova Scotia]]. The system produced intense waves of up to {{convert|50|ft|m}} near [[Cape Bonavista]]. The system killed two when it grounded a fishing vessel and was indirectly responsible for four traffic fatalities in Newfoundland.<ref name="chc">{{cite web|author=[[Canadian Hurricane Centre]]|year=2004|title=2004 Tropical Cyclone Season Summary|accessdate=2006-06-23|url=http://www.atl.ec.gc.ca/weather/hurricane/storm04.html}}</ref>
==Aftermath==
===Grenada===
[[Grenada]] suffered serious economic repercussions following the destruction caused by Ivan. Before Ivan, the economy of Grenada was projected to grow by 4.7%, but the island's economy instead contracted by nearly 3% in 2004. The economy was also projected to grow by at least 5% through 2007, but, [[as of 2005]], that estimate had been lowered to less than 1%. The government of Grenada also admitted that [[government debt]], 130% of the island's [[Gross domestic product|GDP]], was "unsustainable" in October 2004 and appointed a group of professional debt advisors in January 2005 to help seek a cooperative restructuring agreement with creditors.<ref>{{cite web|author=Ministry of Finance, Government of Grenada|year=2005|title=IMF statement on Grenada|accessdate=2008-02-05|url=http://finance.gov.gd/newsitem.aspx?nid=632}}</ref>
More than [[United States dollar|US$]]150 million was sent to Grenada in 2004 to aid reconstruction following Ivan, but the economic situation remains fragile. The [[International Monetary Fund]] reports that as "difficult enough as the present fiscal situation is, it is unfortunately quite easy to envisage circumstances that would make it even more so." Furthermore, "shortfalls in donor financing and tax revenues, or events such as a further rise in global oil prices, pose a grave risk."<ref>[[United States Department of State]]. [http://usinfo.state.gov/wh/Archive/2005/Feb/24-832208.html Grenada Making Comeback from Hurricane Ivan.] Retrieved on [[2005-02-24]].</ref>
===United States===
Ivan is suspected of bringing spores of [[soybean rust]] from [[Venezuela]] into the [[United States]], the first ever occurrences of soybean rust found in [[North America]]. Since the Florida soybean crop had already been mostly harvested, economic damage was limited. Some of the most severe outbreaks in [[South America]] have been known to reduce [[soybean]] crop yields by half or more.<ref>Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services. [http://www.doacs.state.fl.us/press/2004/11172004_2.html Soybean Rust Confirmed In Florida.] Retrieved on [[2004-11-17]].</ref>
===Retirement===
{{see also|List of retired Atlantic hurricane names}}
This storm also marked the third occasion the name "Ivan" had been used to name a tropical cyclone in the Atlantic, as well as the fourth of five occurrences worldwide. Because of the severe damage and deaths in the Carribean and United States, the name Ivan was retired in the spring of 2005 by the [[World Meteorological Organization]] and will never again be used in the [[Atlantic basin]].<ref>[[NOAA]]. [http://www.publicaffairs.noaa.gov/grounders/retirednames.html The Retirement of Hurricane Names.] Retrieved on [[2008-02-12]].</ref> It was replaced by Igor for the [[2010 Atlantic hurricane season|2010 season]].<ref>[[National Hurricane Center]]. [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/aboutnames.shtml Worldwide Tropical Cyclone Names.] Retrieved on [[2008-02-12]].</ref>
===Hydrological records===
Ivan broke several [[hydrological]] records; it is credited with possibly causing the largest [[ocean wave]] ever recorded, a 91 foot (27 meter) wave that may have been as high as 131 ft (40 m), and the fastest seafloor current, at 2.25 [[m/s]] (5 mph).<ref>{{cite news|title=The ten-storey Mexican wave|date=June 15, 2005|publisher=The Times|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0%2C%2C11069-1654539%2C00.html}}</ref>
== See also ==
{{tcportal}}
* [[List of retired Atlantic hurricane names]]
* [[List of Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes]]
* [[List of wettest tropical cyclones in the United States]]
* [[Hurricane Ivan tornado outbreak]]
== References ==
{{reflist|2}}
== External links ==
* [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/2004ivan.shtml? NHC Tropical Cyclone Report for Hurricane Ivan]
* [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2004/IVAN.shtml? NHC advisory archives for Hurricane Ivan]
* [http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/ivan2004.html HPC Rainfall Page for Ivan]
* [http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical2004/IVAN/IVAN_archive.shtml Hydrometeorological Prediction Center advisory archive on Tropical Depression Ivan]
* [[U.S. state|State]] Emergency Management sites:
** [http://www.alabama.gov/hurricanewatch.php Alabama]
** [http://www.myflorida.com/myflorida/hurricane/public_advisories.html Florida]
** [http://www.lsp.org/emergency.html Louisiana]
** [http://www.msema.org/index.htm Mississippi]
** [http://www.dem.dcc.state.nc.us North Carolina]
** [http://www.txdps.state.tx.us/dem/ Texas]
* [http://weather.about.com/od/submityourstory/a/survivingivan.htm Hurricane Ivan Survivor Story] Weather at About.com
* [http://www.paradise-inn-carriacou.com/slideshows/ivan.php Hurricane Ivan pictures of damage on Grenada and Carriacou]
* [http://www.floridamemory.com/PhotographicCollection/photo_exhibits/hurricanes.cfm Historic Images of Florida Hurricanes (State Archives of Florida )]
* [http://www.wired.com/news/business/0,1367,65000,00.html Thanks for the Pageviews, Ivan]
* [http://www.wired.com/news/technology/0,1282,64952,00.html Ivan May Just Be a Messenger]
* [http://www.westegg.com/inflation/ Inflation calculator]
{{Retired Atlantic hurricanes}}
{{2004 Atlantic hurricane season buttons}}
[[Category:2004 Atlantic hurricane season|Ivan]]
[[Category:Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes|Ivan]]
[[Category:Retired Atlantic hurricanes|Ivan]]
[[Category:Hurricane Ivan|Ivan]]
[[Category:Alabama hurricanes|Ivan (2004)]]
[[Category:Florida hurricanes|Ivan (2004)]]
[[Category:Hurricanes in Grenada|Ivan (2004)]]
[[Category:Hurricanes in Jamaica|Ivan (2004)]]
[[Category:Hurricanes in the Cayman Islands|Ivan (2004)]]
[[Category:2004 meteorology]]
[[Category:Hurricanes in the United States|Iran (2004)]]
[[Category:Rogue wave incidents]]
[[Category:F3 tornadoes]]
[[de:Hurrikan Ivan]]
[[es:Huracán Iván]]
[[fr:Ouragan Ivan]]
[[ga:Hurricane Ivan]]
[[lv:Viesuļvētra Aivens]]
[[nl:Ivan (orkaan)]]
[[ja:ハリケーン・アイバン]]
[[pt:Furacão Ivan]]
[[simple:Hurricane Ivan]]
[[fi:Hurrikaani Ivan]]
[[sv:Orkanen Ivan]]