Hutu 59537 223495248 2008-07-04T09:10:57Z Numbo3-bot 7118326 robot Adding: [[bn:হুটু]] {{Infobox Ethnic group |group=Hutu |image=[[Image:Pierre Nkurunziza.jpeg|100px]] [[Image:Alice Nzomukunda.jpg|92px]] |poptime= 5-9.5 million |popplace=[[Rwanda]], [[Burundi]], Eastern [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] (mainly refugees) |rels=[[Roman Catholic Church|Catholicism]], [[Protestantism]], [[Sunni Islam]], indigenous beliefs. |langs=[[Kirundi]], [[Kinyarwanda]], [[French language|French]] |related=[[Tutsi]], [[Twa]] }} <!-- Note: this page focuses more on Rwanda than it does on Burundi, because that is what the sources do. Anyone who would like to provide more information on Burundian Hutus should feel free to add as much as they can find. --> The '''Hutu''' are a [[Central Africa]]n [[ethnic group]], living mainly in [[Rwanda]] and [[Burundi]]. ==Population statistics== The Hutu are the largest of the three [[ethnic group]]s in [[Burundi]] and [[Rwanda]]; according to the [[United States]] [[Central Intelligence Agency]], 84% of Rwandans<ref name="ciarw"> {{cite web | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rw.html#People | title = Rwanda: People| accessdate = 2006-10-31| author = CIA World Factbook writers | publisher = CIA World Factbook}} </ref> and 85% of Burundians<ref name="ciabi"> {{cite web | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/by.html#People | title = Burundi: People| accessdate = 2006-10-31 | author = CIA World Factbook writers| publisher = CIA World Factbook}} </ref> are Hutu, although other sources have found statistics that differ by several percent.<ref name="ethnologue"> {{cite web | url = http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=kin | title = Kinyarwanda | accessdate = 2006-10-31}} </ref> The division between the Hutu and the [[Tutsi]] (the larger of the other two groups) is based more upon social class than ethnicity, as there are no significant lingual, physical, or cultural differences between them. (The [[Twa]] [[pygmy|pygmies]], the smallest of Rwanda and Burundi's three groups, also share language and culture with the Hutu and Tutsi, but are much shorter and have agreed-upon genetic differences.)<ref name="britannicatwa"> {{cite web | url = http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9073927/Twa | title = Twa | accessdate = 2006-11-01 | author = Encyclopædia Britannica writers | publisher = Encyclopædia Britannica}} </ref><ref name="HRW-1"> {{cite web |url= http://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/rwanda/Geno1-3-09.htm#P200_83746 | date= 1999 | title= The Meaning of “Hutu,” “Tutsi,” and “Twa” | publisher = [[Human Rights Watch]]| accessdate=2006-10-31}}</ref> ==Competing theories about origins== {{main|Origins of Tutsi and Hutu}} The Hutu arrived in [[Africa]]'s [[African Great Lakes|Great Lakes]] region from what is now Chad during the 11th century, displacing the Twa pygmies,<ref name="lp">{{cite web| url = http://www.lonelyplanet.com/worldguide/destinations/africa/burundi?v=print| title = Burundi| accessdate = 2006-12-30| publisher = Lonely Planet Publications}}</ref> and dominated the area with a series of small kingdoms until the arrival of the Tutsi. Several theories exist to explain the Tutsi and their differences (if any) from the Hutu. One is that the Tutsi were a [[Hamitic]] people who migrated south from what is now [[Ethiopia]], conquering the Hutu kingdoms and establishing dominance over the Hutu and Twa between the 15th and 18th centuries.<ref name="lp"/> However, an alternate theory, that the Hutu and Tutsi were originally one people, but were artificially divided by [[German colonial empire|German]] and then [[Belgian colonial empire|Belgian]] colonists so the Tutsi minority could serve as local overseers for [[Berlin]] and [[Brussels]], has received support among those supporting Rwandan national unity, but may be an attempt at historical [[Historical revisionism %28negationism%29|revisionism]].<ref name="unityessay">{{cite web |url= http://www.newint.org/issue260/keynote.htm|title= I am Rwandese (at bottom of page)|accessdate=2006-10-31 |author= Joseph Mutaboba |publisher= New Internationalist}}</ref><ref name="india">{{cite web |url= http://www.indiacause.com/columns/OL_060130.htm|date=2006-10-30| title= Invasion Theories| accessdate=2006-10-31 |author= Saumitra Sen }}</ref> Still others suggest that the two groups are related but not identical, and that the differences between the two were exacerbated by Europeans<ref name="udayton">{{cite web| url = http://academic.udayton.edu/race/06hrights/GeoRegions/Africa/Rwanda01.htm| title = Sexual Violence and Genocide Against Tutsi Women| accessdate = 2007-01-03| last = Vernellia R.| first = Randall|date=2006-02-16| publisher =[[University of Dayton]] }}</ref> or by a gradual, natural split as those who owned cattle became known as Tutsi and those who did not became Hutu.<ref name="HRW-1"/> [[Mahmood Mamdani]] states that the [[Belgian colonial empire|Belgian colonial power]] designated people as Tutsi or Hutu on the basis of cattle ownership, physical measurements and church records.<ref>Mahmood Mamdani (2001) ''When Victims Become Killers: Colonialism, Nativism, and the Genocide in Rwanda'', Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press</ref> ==Post-colonial history of the Hutu and Tutsi== {{Hutu militants}} The Belgian-sponsored [[Rwandan monarchy|Tutsi monarchy]] survived until [[1959]], when [[Kigeli V of Rwanda|Kigeli V]] was exiled from the colony (then called [[Ruanda-Urundi]].) In Burundi, Tutsis, who are the minority, maintained control of the government and military. In Rwanda, the political power was transferred from the minority Tutsi to the majority Hutu. In Burundi, [[Burundi genocide#May to July, 1972|a campaign of genocide]] was conducted against Hutu population in 1972,<ref>Michael Bowen, ''Passing by;: The United States and genocide in Burundi'', 1972, (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1973), 49 pp</ref> <ref>René Lemarchand, ''Selective genocide in Burundi'' (Report - Minority Rights Group; no. 20, 1974), 36 pp.</ref> <ref>Rene Lemarchand, ''Burundi: Ethnic Conflict and Genocide'' (New York: Woodrow Wilson Center and Cambridge University Press, 1996), 232 pp. *Edward L. Nyankanzi, ''Genocide: Rwanda and Burundi'' (Schenkman Books, 1998), 198 pp.</ref> <ref>Christian P. Scherrer, ''Genocide and crisis in Central Africa: conflict roots, mass violence, and regional war''; foreword by Robert Melson. Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 2002. </ref> <ref>Weissman, Stephen R. "[http://www.usip.org/pubs/peaceworks/pwks22.html Preventing Genocide in Burundi Lessons from International Diplomacy]", [[United States Institute of Peace]] </ref> and an estimated 100,000 to 300,000 Hutus died.<ref>[http://allan.stam.googlepages.com/Rwandaoped0405042.pdf Rwanda 1994: Genocide + Politicide, Christian Davenport and Allan Stam]</ref><ref>[http://allan.stam.googlepages.com/Rwandaoped0405042.pdf Rwanda 1994: Genocide + Politicide, Christian Davenport and Allan Stam]</ref> In 1993, Burundi's first democratically elected president and also a Hutu, [[Melchior Ndadaye]], was assassinated by Tutsi militia. This sparked [[Burundi genocide#1993|a genocide]] by Hutu leaders of as many as 400,000 Tutsis. The conflict resulted in genocide in Rwanda as well.<ref name="HRW-2">{{cite web |url= http://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/rwanda/Geno1-3-09.htm#P233_103259|date= 1999 |title= The Hutu Revolution| publisher = Human Rights Watch| accessdate=2006-10-31}}</ref> Tutsis, however, remained in control of [[Burundi]]. During the [[Rwandan Genocide]] of 1994, extremists killed<ref name="PBS">{{cite web| url = http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/evil/etc/slaughter.html| title = Timeline of the genocide| accessdate = 2006-12-30| publisher = PBS}}</ref> an estimated 800,000 Rwandans, mainly Tutsis as well as moderate Hutus.<ref name="BBC">{{cite news | title = How the genocide happened | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/1288230.stm | publisher = BBC| date = 2004-04-01| accessdate = 2006-10-31 }}</ref> About 30% of the [[Twa]] population of Rwanda also died in the fighting.<ref name="irin">{{cite news | title = Minorities Under Siege: Pygmies today in Africa | url = http://www.irinnews.org/webspecials/pygmy/52529.asp | publisher = UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs| date = 2006| accessdate = 2006-12-11 }}</ref> As of [[2006]], violence between the Hutu and Tutsi has subsided, but the situation in both Rwanda and Burundi is still tense, and tens of thousands of Rwandans are still living outside the country (see [[Great Lakes refugee crisis]]).<ref name="ciarw"/> ==See also== *[[Burundi Civil War]] *[[History of Burundi|History]] and [[Demographics of Burundi|demographics]] of Burundi *[[History of Rwanda|History]] and [[Demographics of Rwanda|demographics]] of Rwanda *[[Hamitic#Hamitic theory in Rwanda|Hamitic theory]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== *[http://www.fas.org/irp/world/para/interahamwe.htm Information on the Army for the Liberation of Rwanda (Armée pour la libération du Rwanda)], FAS.org *[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4095568.stm Living with Rwanda's Hutu Rebels], BBC [[Category:Ethnic groups in Rwanda]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Burundi]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in the Democratic Republic of the Congo]] [[Category:Bantu]] [[bn:হুটু]] [[bg:Хуту]] [[ca:Hutu]] [[da:Hutu]] [[de:Hutu]] [[el:Χούτου]] [[es:Hutu]] [[eo:Hutuoj]] [[eu:Hutu]] [[fr:Hutu]] [[gl:Hutu]] [[hr:Hutu]] [[id:Hutu]] [[it:Hutu]] [[he:הוטו]] [[rw:Abahutu]] [[nl:Hutu]] [[ja:フツ]] [[no:Hutu]] [[pl:Hutu]] [[pt:Hútus]] [[ru:Хуту]] [[sr:Хуту]] [[sh:Hutu]] [[fi:Hutut]] [[sv:Hutuer]] [[tr:Hutu]] [[zh:胡图族]]