Hydrochlorothiazide 547154 222860604 2008-07-01T13:44:43Z DOI bot 6652755 Citation maintenance. Formatted: title. You can [[WP:DOI|use this bot]] yourself! Please [[User:DOI_bot/bugs|report any bugs]]. {{Drugbox | IUPAC_name = 6-chloro-3,4-dihydro-2H-<BR>1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-<BR>7-sulfonamide 1,1-dioxide | image = Hydrochlorothiazide-2D-skeletal.png | image2 = Hydrochlorothiazide-from-xtal-3D-balls.png | width=200px | CAS_number=58-93-5 | ATC_prefix=C03 | ATC_suffix=AA03 | ATC_supplemental= | PubChem=3639 | DrugBank= | C=7 | H=8 |Cl=1 | N=3 | O=4 | S=2 | molecular_weight = 297.742 | smiles = Clc1cc2NCNS(=O)(=O)c2cc1S(=O)(=O)N | bioavailability= Variably absorbed from GI tract | metabolism = does not undergo significant metabolism (>95% excreted unchanged in urine)<ref>{{cite journal |author=Beermann B, Groschinsky-Grind M, Rosén A.|title=Absorption, metabolism, and excretion of hydrochlorothiazide |journal=Clin Pharmacol Ther |volume=19 |issue=5 (Pt 1) |pages=531–7 |year=1976}}</ref> | elimination_half-life=5.6-14.8 hours | excretion = Primarily excreted unchanged in urine | pregnancy_category = B (D if used to treat pregnancy-induced hypertension) | legal_status = Rx-only | routes_of_administration= Oral (capsules, tablets, oral solution) }} '''Hydrochlorothiazide''', sometimes abbreviated '''HCT''', '''HCTZ''', or '''HZT''' is a popular [[diuretic]] drug of the [[thiazide]] class that acts by inhibiting the [[kidney]]s' ability to retain water. This reduces the volume of the [[blood]], decreasing blood return to the heart and thus [[cardiac output]] and, by other mechanisms, is believed to lower [[peripheral vascular resistance]]. Hydrochlorothiazide is sold both as a [[generic drug]] and under a large number of brand names, including: '''Apo-Hydro''', '''Aquazide H''', '''Dichlotride''', '''Hydrodiuril''', '''HydroSaluric''', '''Microzide''', '''Oretic'''. == Activity == Hydrochlorothiazide belongs to the [[thiazide]] class of [[Diuretic|diuretics]], acting on the [[kidneys]] to reduce [[sodium]] (Na) reabsorption in the [[distal convoluted tubule]]. This increases the [[osmolarity]] in the lumen, causing less water to be reabsorbed by the [[collecting duct]]s. This leads to increased urinary output. == Indications == HCT is often used in the treatment of [[hypertension]], congestive [[heart failure]], symptomatic [[edema]] and the prevention of [[kidney stone]]s. It is effective for nephrogenic [[diabetes insipidus]] (paradoxical effect, which decreases urine formation) and is also sometimes used for [[hypercalciuria]] and [[Dent's Disease]]. [[Hypokalemia]], an occasional side-effect, can be usually prevented by [[potassium]] supplements or combining hydrochlorothiazide with a [[potassium-sparing diuretic]]. Thiazides are also used in the treatment of [[osteoporosis]]. Thiazides decrease mineral bone loss by promoting calcium retention in the kidney, and by directly stimulating [[osteoblast]] differentiation and bone mineral formation.<ref name="pmid17656470">{{cite journal |author=Dvorak MM, De Joussineau C, Carter DH, ''et al'' |title=Thiazide diuretics directly induce osteoblast differentiation and mineralized nodule formation by interacting with a sodium chloride co-transporter in bone |journal=J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. |volume=18 |issue=9 |pages=2509–16 |year=2007 |pmid=17656470 |doi=10.1681/ASN.2007030348 |url=http://jasn.asnjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=17656470}}</ref> == Side effects == * [[Hypokalemia]] * [[Hypomagnesemia]] * [[Hyperuricemia]] and [[gout]] * [[Hyperglycemia|High blood sugar]] * [[Hypercalcemia]] * [[Headache]] * [[Nausea]]/[[vomit]]ing ==External links== * [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/medmaster/a682571.html NIH medlineplus druginfo] ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Antihypertensives and diuretics}} [[Category:Thiazides]] [[de:Hydrochlorothiazid]] [[hr:Hidroklorotiazid]] [[hu:Hidroklorotiazid]] [[nl:Hydrochloorthiazide]] [[ja:ヒドロクロロチアジド]] [[no:Hydroklortiazid]] [[nn:Hydroklortiazid]] [[pl:Hydrochlorotiazyd]] [[pt:Hidroclorotiazida]]