Hypermarket
452848
222633839
2008-06-30T10:46:43Z
87.15.251.13
/* Italy */
[[Image:Fredmeyer edit 1.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Packaged food aisles at [[Fred Meyer]] in [[Portland, Oregon]]]]
In [[commerce]], a '''hypermarket''' is a [[big-box store|superstore]] which combines a [[supermarket]] and a [[department store]]. The result is a very large [[retailing|retail]] facility which carries an enormous range of products under one roof, including full lines of [[grocery store|groceries]] and [[product (business)|general merchandise]]. When they are planned, constructed, and executed correctly, a consumer can ideally satisfy all of their routine weekly shopping needs in one trip.
Hypermarkets, like other [[big-box store]]s, typically have business models focusing on high-volume, low-[[profit margin|margin]] sales. Because of their large [[surface area|footprints]] — a typical [[Wal-Mart]] Supercenter covers 14,000 [[square metre|m²]] (150,000 [[square foot|square feet]]), a typical [[Carrefour]] 19,500 m² (210,000 square feet) — and the need for many shoppers to carry large quantities of goods, many hypermarkets choose [[suburb]]an or out-of-town locations that are easily accessible by automobile.
==History==
{{Expand-section|date=March 2007}}
In 1931 [[Fred Meyer]] opened his first one-stop shopping center in Portland, Oregon. The store included a grocery store alongside a drug store plus general merchandise, a gasoline station, and eventually included apparel. The stores would expand across the [[Pacific Northwest]] after the 1960s. Hendrik Meijer opened his first hypermarket, [[Meijer|Meijer Thrifty Acres]] (now Meijer Stores), in [[Grand Rapids, Michigan]] in 1962.<ref>[http://www.meijer.com/about.html About Meijer]</ref> The original Meijer store, located on the corner of Kalamazoo Avenue and 28th Street, is still open today. The format was pioneered in Europe by [[Carrefour]] upon opening its first such store in 1963 at [[Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois, Essonne|Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois]], [[France]],<ref>[http://www.carrefour.com/cdc/group/history/ Carrefour's History]</ref><ref>[http://www.extendedretail.com/pastissue/article.asp?art=25742&issue=147 "Top 5 Retailers"], ''Extended Retail Solutions'', issue 147.</ref><ref>Jean-Mark Villermet, [http://www.amazon.ca/dp/2200372639 ''Naissance de l'hypermarche''], 1991, ISBN 2200372639, Colin (publisher).</ref> 1962 was the same year [[Jewel (supermarket)|Jewel-Osco]] brought Jewel Grand Bazaar into [[Illinois]].<ref>[http://retailhistory.blogspot.com/2006/12/jewel-grand-bazzar.html Jewel Grand Bazzar]</ref> In Canada, the Oshawa group introduced a hypermarket near [[Montreal]] in 1973.<ref>[http://www.fmi.org/facts_figs/75_anniversary.htm Facts & Figures]</ref>
In the 1980s and 1990s, the three major [[Department store#Discount department store|discount store]] chains in the [[United States]]—[[Wal-Mart]],<ref>[http://www.walmartstores.com/GlobalWMStoresWeb/navigate.do?catg=5 The Wal-Mart Story]</ref> [[Kmart]]<ref>[http://www.kmartcorp.com/corp/story/general/kmart_glance.stm Kmart At A Glance]</ref> and [[Target Corporation|Target]]—started developing discount stores in the hypermarket format. Wal-Mart developed [[Hypermart USA]] and later [[Wal-Mart#Wal-Mart Supercenter|Wal-Mart Supercenter]], and Kmart developed Super Kmart. In 1991, Dayton-Hudson Corporation (now Target Corporation) expanded its Target Greatland discount store chain into [[Columbus, Ohio]], where it learned that its general merchandise superstores were unable to compete against the Meijer hypermarket chain.<ref name="small_market">[http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3092/is_n14_v30/ai_11054236 Discount Store News article ''Target to introduce Small Market stores - Dayton-Hudson Corp. Target Stores'']</ref><ref name="target_greatland">[http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3092/is_n7_v32/ai_13654262 Discount Store News article ''Greatland may need food to succeed - Dayton Hudson Corp. Target Stores' Greatland superstores'']</ref> In response, Dayton-Hudson entered the hypermarket format in 1995 by opening its first [[Target Corporation#SuperTarget|SuperTarget]] store in [[Omaha, Nebraska]].<ref name="supertarget">[http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3092/is_n7_v36/ai_19263212 Discount Store News article ''The test takes off: SuperTarget cautiously picks up the pace - The Power Retailers: Target'']</ref>
==Success==
[[Image:Walmartsupercenterproducesection.jpg|thumb|right|300px|The produce section of a typical [[Wal-Mart Supercenter]] (Wal-Mart's hypermarket brand)]]
After the successes of super- and hyper-markets and amid fears that smaller stores would be forced out of business, [[France]] enacted laws that made it more difficult to build hypermarkets and also restricted the amount of economic leverage that hypermarket chains can impose upon their suppliers (the ''Loi Galland''). Large retailers for the most part work around the law by using loopholes.{{Fact|date=March 2007}} As of 2004, the ''Loi Galland'' has become increasingly controversial and there have been calls to amend it.{{Fact|date=March 2007}}
In [[Japan]], hypermarkets may be found in urban areas as well as less populated areas. The Japanese government encourages hypermarket installations, as mutual investment by financial stocks are a common way to run hypermarkets. Japanese hypermarkets may contain restaurants, [[Manga]] (Japanese comic) stands, [[Internet cafe]]s, typical department store merchandise, a full range of groceries, [[beauty salon]]s and other services all inside the same store. A recent trend has been to combine the [[variety store|dollar store]] concept with the hypermarket blueprint, giving rise to the "[[hyakkin]] plaza"—''hyakkin'' (百均) or ''hyaku en'' (百円) means 100 [[Japanese yen|yen]] (roughly 1 [[United States dollar|US dollar]]).
In France, hypermarkets are generally situated in [[shopping mall|shopping center]]s ([[French language|French]]: ''centre commercial'') outside of cities. They are surrounded by extensive parking lots, and generally by other specialized large stores (for instance, selling clothing, sports gear, automotive items, etc.).
==List of hypermarkets==
{{Unreferencedsection|date=December 2006}}
{{listdev}}
===France===
Carrefour was the earliest hypermarket, starting in 1963 in [[Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois]]. It remains the dominant chain in France, and worldwide is the largest hypermarket chain in terms of size, and second-largest (after Wal-Mart) in terms of revenues. Other important brands include Géant Casino (with 127 hypermarkets in France), Auchan, Leclerc, and Cora.
*[[Carrefour]]
*[[Auchan]]
*[[E.Leclerc]]
*[[Géant]]
*[[Hyper U]]
*[[Cora (hypermarket)|Cora]]
*[[Casino]]
===Italy===
* Auchan
* Carrefour
* Panorama
* Ipercoop
* Interspar (or Iperspar in some towns)
* E.Leclerc-Conad
* Iperfamila (or Emisfero / Galassia in some towns)
* Pam Superstore (or Superal Superstore in some towns)
* Ipersimply SMA (or Cityper SMA in some towns)
* Esselunga Superstore
* Bennet
* Iperstore GS
* Il Gigante
* Iperpellicano
* Iper
* Iperstanda
* Ipersisa
===United Kingdom===
*[[Asda]]
*[[Tesco]]
*[[Sainsbury's]]
*[[Morrison's]]
===United States===
Stores in the United States tend to be single-level enterprises with long operating hours; many of them, especially Wal-Mart, are continuously open except on major holidays (typically [[Thanksgiving]] and [[Christmas]]). There is some controversy to hypermarts in the U.S., with opposition coming primarily from [[preservationist]]s who argue that they destroy conventional retail districts, including independent grocers and supermarkets and [[downtown]]s. Hypermarkets have been most successful in northern states where adverse winter weather conditions make it inconvenient to visit multiple stores.
*[[Meijer]]
*[[Fred Meyer]]
*[[Kmart|Super Kmart]]
*[[Target Corporation|SuperTarget]]
*[[bigg's]]
*[[Wal-Mart|Wal-Mart Supercenter]]
====Defunct U.S. hypermarkets====
Source<ref>''Forbes'' magazine, February 13, 1995, p. 55, "Squeezing the tomatoes."</ref>
*[[Twin Valu]] - division of [[Supervalu (United States)|Supervalu]]
*[[Hypermart USA]] - division of [[Wal-Mart]]
*[[Kmart#Former|American Fare]] - division of [[Kmart]]/[[Bruno's]]<ref>
[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE7DF123EF932A25755C0A964958260] Bruno's former link to American Fare and Kmart</ref>
*[[Auchan]] - Tested in the Houston and Chicago areas. These stores were reduced in size from between 220,000 and 260,000 square feet (20,500 to 24,000m²) to between 150,000 and 220,000 (14,000 to 20,500), since 1995 as Wal-Mart Supercenter and Super Kmart.
*Leedmark, a joint-venture involving [[E.Leclerc]] of France, opened one 306,000 squart foot store near [[Washington DC]]
*[[Treasure Island (retailer)|Treasure Island]]
*[[The Real Superstore]]- a division of the defunct National Tea Company, the former US Subsidiary of the Canadian [[Loblaw's]] chain, which runs [[The Real Canadian SuperStore]] (See listings for Canada in the Canadian section below.)
===Canada===
* In [[Canada]], [[Loblaw Companies|Loblaw's]] operates the [[Real Canadian Superstore]], [[Atlantic Superstore]] and in Quebec [[Maxi (supermarket)|Maxi]] & Cie. Wal-Mart has been operating [[Wal-Mart Canada|stores in Canada]] since 1994. Initially, Wal-Mart stores offered only dry goods with very few basic groceries (mostly candy, with some snacks and staples), but in more recent years has included a larger selection of grocery items in their stores. This includes an aisle or two of refrigerated and [[frozen food|frozen goods]]. As of 2006, the majority of stores have been modified to reflect this change. However, in 2006, Wal-Mart began building larger stores similar to the Supercenter format in the United States. The first three opened in [[Ancaster, Ontario|Ancaster]], [[London, Ontario|London]], and [[Stouffville, Ontario|Stouffville]] in [[Ontario]], with another 14 projected to open across Canada by the end of the 2007. A number of existing stores may be expanded to reflect this change, where space allows.
===Other countries===
*In [[Argentina]], the most common hypermarkets are [[Carrefour]], COTO and Norte.
*In [[Australia]], [[Coles Myer]] tried the hypermarket concept in the mid- to late 1980s with more than 35 Super K-Mart stores. However, these were converted to [[K-Mart]] and [[Coles Supermarkets]] in the early 1990s. [[Coles Myer]] still have two hypermarkets in [[Brisbane]] named [[Pick 'n Pay Hypermarket|Pick 'n Pay]]. Coles Myer had planned to open a group of hypermarkets called [[Coles SuperCentres]] in late 2007, but due to lower than expected financial performance of the company as well as the fact that it has put itself up for sale to private equity firms, the rollout of the hypermarkets has been delayed. [http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/3/story.cfm?c_id=3&objectid=10429675]
*In [[Belarus]], there is a hypermarket called [[Gippo]] (Гиппо) in [[Minsk]]. Its logo contains a [[hippopotamus]] [http://www.psk.by/v_object_torg_gippo.php].
*In [[Brazil]], there are hypermarkets open 24 hours a day, such as Extra (from the Pão de Açúcar business group), as well as foreign companies, such as Wal-Mart and Carrefour.
*In [[Chile]], the principal hypermarkets are [[Distribución y Servicio|Líder]], [[Cencosud S.A.|Jumbo]] and [[Falabella|Tottus]].
*In [[People's Republic of China|China]], the largest hypermarket retailer is [[Shanghai]]-based Bailian (百联), followed by [[Beijing]]-based Hualian (华联). Foreign retailers such as Carrefour, Wal-Mart, Metro, Tesco, Auchan and Ito Yokado also have a large presence in China.
*In [[Colombia]] major hypermarkets are [[Carrefour]] and [[Almacenes Exito]]
*In [[Croatia]], [[Mercator (retail)|Mercator]] and [[Konzum]] have hypermakets in major towns.
*In [[Serbia]], [[Tempo Centar]], [[METRO Cash & Carry]] and [[Mercator (retail)|Mercator]] have hypermakets in major towns.
*In the [[Czech Republic]], major hypermarkets are [[Hypernova]] of [[Ahold]], [[Globus (hypermarkets)|Globus]] and [[Tesco]]. Cash and carry [[Makro]] has its store here too. The film ''[[Czech Dream]]'' explores the relationship between the general public and hypermarkets.
*In [[Denmark]], [[Bilka]] is the biggest chain of hypermarkets (operated by [[Dansk Supermarked]]); the 2nd biggest chain is [[Kvickly xtra]] (formerly known as OBS, and operated by Coop). Opening of new hypermarkets have decreased recently because of restriction on store sizes to protect the stores in city centers.
*In [[El Salvador]] there are three hypermarket chains, Price Mart, Hiper Europa, and Hiper Paíz.
*In [[Egypt]] there are three hypermarket chains; [[Carrefour]], [[Hyper One]] and [[Spinneys]] in the shopping mall [[City Stars (Cairo)|City Stars]].
*[[Estonia]] [[Latvia]] and [[Lithuania]] have the chain [[Rimi Baltic|Rimi]], which stocks food and other goods in the larger cities of the two countries.
*In [[Finland]] the largest hypermarkets are Prisma ([[S-Group]]), Citymarket ([[Kesko]]) and Euromarket ([[Tradeka]]).
*In [[Germany]], the biggest hypermarket brands are Real ([[METRO AG]]) and [[Marktkauf]] (which is a brand of [http://www.ava.de/ AVA], which in turn belongs to [[EDEKA]]). However, for various reasons, such as the strong competition by more focused discounters such as [[Aldi]] and [[Lidl]], as well as legal restrictions on store size, [[Rabattgesetz|pricing policy]], and [[Ladenschlussgesetz|opening times]], the hypermarket concept is not as widespread in Germany as in other countries.
*In [[Hong Kong]], there were some hypermarkets owned by [[Carrefour]]. Currently, there are four hypermarkets, all named [[PARKnSHOP]] Megastore.
*In [[Hungary]] the biggest hypermarket brand is [[Tesco]]. [[Auchan]], [[Cora (hypermarket)|Cora]], [[METRO AG|Metro]] and [[Spar]] operates also several hypermarket in the country.
*In [[India]], [[Reliance Retail]] and [[Spencers Hyper]] are the major hypermarket chains, though the recent opening up of the retail sector to foreign investors is likely to increase the numbers exponentially.
*in [[Indonesia]], [[Carrefour]] is the market leader, competing with local owned [[Hypermart]] (a subsidiary of [[Matahari]] group) and Malaysia's [[Giant Hypermarket]].
*In [[Italy]] and Italian-speaking parts of [[Switzerland]], the term is ''ipermercati''. The biggest hypermarkets are Auchan, Carrefour, Iper, Panorama, Ipercoop, Emisfero, Iperstanda, Il Gigante, Interspar/Iperspar, Iperfamila, Aliper, E. Leclerc, Galassia, Iperstore GS.
*In [[Japan]], [[JUSCO]] (Aeon), [[Ito Yokado]], YouMe Town, Fuji and Uny are widely seen.
*In [[Kuwait]], hypermarkets include the [[Sultan Center]], [[CityCentre]], [[Lulu Hypermarket]] and a newly opened [[Carrefour]]. The Sultan Center has 11 Hypermarkets in Kuwait that target European markets [http://www.thesultancenter.com]. CityCentre has Two Hypermarkets in Kuwait, one in [[Shuwaikh]] and one in [[Salmiya]] [http://www.citycentre.com.kw]. Carrefour has one Hypermarket at The Avenues, one of the most prestigious malls in the whole world located in [[Shuwaikh]] few minutes out of [[downtown]] [[Kuwait City]]
*In [[Kenya]] there are hypermarkets like [[Uchumi]] and [[Nakumat]] hypermarkets in the capital city Nairobi, and some of them operate 24/7.
*In [[Lithuania]], there is the homegrown chain of [[Maxima supermarket]]s which range in sizes from neighborhood convenience stores to giant supercenters that stock over 65,000 different brands. The chain has 399 stores open throughout Lithuania and its neighboring countries.
*In [[Malaysia]], [[Giant Hypermarket]] is the country's first own hypermarket. Other major hypermarkets are [[Jusco]], [[Tesco]] and [[Carrefour]].
*In [[Mexico]], [[Comercial Mexicana]] is the competitor to [[Walmex]], the Mexican operations of Wal-Mart.
*In [[Norway]] the [[Coop]] chain operates hypermarkets under the Obs! name.
*In [[Peru]], the [[Wong (supermarket)|Wong]] and its sister hypermarket [[Hipermercados Metro]] are the biggest chain in Peru. Their main competitor is [[Tottus]] which has the largest stores in South America.
*In [[Poland]], the most common hypermarkets are [[Carrefour]], [[Géant]], Real (which is a brand of [[METRO AG]]) and [[Tesco]].
*In [[Portugal]], there are a considerable number of hypermarket chains in operation, including [[Continente]] (the biggest and the first Portuguese chain to go international), [[Jumbo Auchan|Jumbo]], [[Feira Nova (supermarket)|Feira Nova]] and [[Carrefour]]. Most of these chains also operate supermarkets and smaller stores.
*In [[Russia]], [[Auchan]] (Ашан) has 10 stores in the [[Moscow]] area, two in [[Leningrad Oblast]], and one each in [[Yekaterinburg]] and [[Nizhniy Novgorod Oblast]] [http://www.auchan.ru/en/shops/]. [[Saint Petersburg]]'s [[Lenta]] (Лента) has also some stores in big cities, so does [[Novosibirsk]]'s [[Gigant]] (Гигант).
*In [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Géant]] and [[Carrefour]] are the major hypermarkets.
*In the Philippines, mall and department store operator [[Shoemart]] has blanketed the islands with the hypermarket concept using the SM brand as an [[anchor store]] to their malls.
*In [[Singapore]], [[Carrefour]] was the first to operate hypermarkets.<ref>[http://www.carrefour.com.sg Carrefour Singapore]</ref> Malaysian [[Giant Hypermarket|Giant]] and local [[National Trades Union Congress|NTUC]] and [[Sheng Siong]] followed.
*In [[Slovenia]] the biggest is [[Mercator (retail)|Mercator]], the 2nd biggest is Spar and the third is Tuš.
*In [[South Africa]], the [[Pick 'n Pay]] chain uses the term for 14 of their largest stores.
*In [[South Korea]], foreign hypermarkets Carrefour and Walmart failed to gain popularity. Korean hypermarkets include [[Shinsegae Group|E-Mart]], Lotte Shopping, Home Plus and [[Homever]].
*In [[Spain]], the largest hypermarkets are [[Eroski]] and [[Hipercor]] (short for ''Hiper''mercado [[El Corte Inglés|El ''Cor''te Inglés]]). Carrefour also operates many stores in Spain. Spanish hypermarkets tend to be located in the industrial sprawl outside of Spain's dense urban cores.
*In [[Sri Lanka]], [[Arpico Supercentres]] have few around the capital city, [[Colombo]].
*In [[Sweden]], the largest hypermarket chains are [[Coop Forum]] and [[ICA AB|MAXI ICA Stormarknad]].
*In the [[United Kingdom]], the first hypermarket in the UK was opened in [[Irlam]] in 1976 by [[Tesco]].{{Fact|date=February 2007}} Tesco now operate some smaller hypermarkets known as "Tesco Extra" and also some [[Tesco Hypermarket]]s. [[ASDA]] (owned by Wal-Mart) also operates some hypermarkets branded as "ASDA Wal-Mart Supercentres". [[Sainsbury's]] operated a dedicated hypermarket format from 1975 to 1999. These thirteen "Savacentre" stores were originally a joint venture with [[Bhs|BHS]] and after 1989 became a wholly-owned subsidiary. In 1999 Savacentre stores were merged into the rest of the Sainsbury's supermarket chain.
*In [[Vietnam]], some supermarkets have been developed into hypermarkets. These include Me Linh Plaza furniture Hypermarket, [[Big C]] Thang Long and [[Metro AG|Metro]] Thang Long, all of which are in [[Hanoi]].
==Warehouse club==
Another category of stores sometimes included in the hypermarket category is the membership-based [[wholesale]] [[warehouse club]]s that are popular in [[North America]], pioneered by [[Fedco]] and today including [[Sam's Club]], a division of Wal-Mart; [[Costco]], in which [[Carrefour]] has a small ownership percentage;<ref>Robert Spector, [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb4331/is_198501/ai_n15126345 "Carrefour enters U.S. via share in Costco"], ''Supermarket News'', January 1985.</ref> and [[BJ's Wholesale Club]] on the East Coast. In Europe, [[Makro]] leads the market. However, warehouse clubs differ from what is normally considered a hypermarket because of their sparse interior decor, restrictive membership, and broad-not-deep selections that maximize [[inventory]] turnover.
==Notes==
{{Cleanup-section|date=June 2008}}
<references />
[[Category:Distribution, retailing, and wholesaling]]
[[Category:Marketing]]
[[Category:Retailers]]
[[bg:Хипермаркет]]
[[cs:Hypermarket]]
[[de:Hypermarkt]]
[[es:Hipermercado]]
[[fr:Hypermarché]]
[[id:Hipermarket]]
[[it:Ipermercato]]
[[hu:Hipermarket]]
[[nl:Hypermarkt]]
[[ja:総合スーパー]]
[[ru:Гипермаркет]]
[[fi:Hypermarketti]]
[[sv:Stormarknad]]
[[wa:Foû grand botike]]
[[zh:量販店]]