Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia
184236
225764295
2008-07-15T08:24:23Z
Al-Sha145
7478665
/* Family and succession */
{{Saudibox_begin | name = {{lang|ar|عبدالعزيز آل سعود}}<br>`Abdul-`Azīz Āl Sa`ūd }}
{{Saudibox_image | image = [[Image:IbnSaud.jpg]]|caption = }}
{{Saudibox_ancestry | name = '''`Abd al-`Azīz''' ibn [[Abdul Rahman ibn Faisal|Abd al-Rahman]] ibn [[Faisal ibn Turki ibn Abdullah Al Saud|Faisal]] ibn [[Turki ibn Abdallah|Turki]] ibn [[Abdallah ibn Muhammad ibn Saud|Abdallah]] ibn [[Muhammad ibn Saud]]}}
{{Saudibox_offspring}}
*[[Saud of Saudi Arabia|King Saud]]
*[[Faisal of Saudi Arabia|King Faisal]]
*[[Muhammad bin Abdul Aziz Al Saud|Mohammed]]
*[[Khalid of Saudi Arabia|King Khaled]]
*[[Nasr]]
*[[Saad]]
*[[Fahd of Saudi Arabia|King Fahd]]
*[[Mansur]]
*[[Abdullah of Saudi Arabia|King Abdullah]]
*[[Bandar bin Abdul Aziz|Bandar]]
*[[Musa'id bin Abdul Aziz|Musa'id]]
*[[Mishaal bin Abdul Aziz|Mishaal]]
*[[Sultan bin Abdul Aziz|Sultan]]
*[[Abdul Mohsin]]
*[[Abd al-Rahman bin Abdul Aziz|Abd al-Rahman]]
*[[Mutaib bin Abdul Aziz|Mutaib]]
*[[Talal bin Abdul Aziz al-Saud|Talal]]
*[[Badr bin Abdul Aziz|Badr]]
*[[Nawaf bin Abdul Aziz|Nawaf]]
*[[Nayef bin Abdul Aziz|Nayef]]
*[[Turki bin Abd al-Aziz|Turki]]
*[[Fawwaz bin Abdul Aziz|Fawwaz]]
*[[Abdulilah bin Abdul Aziz|Abdulilah]]
*[[Salman bin Abdul Aziz|Salman]]
*[[Ahmed bin Abdul Aziz|Ahmed]]
*[[Mamdouh bin Abdul Aziz|Mamdouh]]
*[[Abdul Majeed bin Abdul Aziz|Abdul Majeed]]
*[[Sattam bin Abdul Aziz|Sattam]]
*[[Muqran bin Abdul Aziz Al Saud|Muqran]]
(More than Sixty offspring)
{{Saudibox_end}}
'''`Abdul`Azīz Āl Sa`ūd, King of Saudi Arabia''' ( [[1876]] – [[November 9]], [[1953]]) ([[Arabic language|Arabic]]: عبدالعزيز آل سعود) was the first [[King of Saudi Arabia|monarch]] of [[Saudi Arabia]]. His full name was `Abdul-`Azīz Ibn Abdur Rahman Al-Faisal Āl Sa`ūd <ref> ''Current Biography 1943'', pp330-34 </ref>. In the West, he was referred to as '''Ibn Saud''', a much abbreviated form of his name <ref>"ibn Saud" or "bin Saud", meaning 'son of Saud', was a sort of title borne by previous heads of the House of Saud, similar to a [[Scottish clan]] chief's title of "''the'' MacGregor" or "''the'' MacDougall". When used without comment it refers solely to `Abd al-`Azīz. (See Robert Lacey, ''The Kingdom'' (NY, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1981), p. 15)</ref>.
He was born in [[Riyadh]] into the [[House of Saud|House of Su'ūd]] (commonly transliterated Saud), which had followed the [[Wahhabi]] movement of Islam since the 18th century and had historically maintained dominion over the interior highlands of Arabia known as the [[Nejd]] (see [[First Saudi State]] and [[Second Saudi State]]). Beginning with the reconquest of his family's ancestral home city of [[Riyadh]] in [[1902]], Ibn Saud consolidated his control over the [[Nejd]] in [[1922]], conquered the [[Hejaz]] in [[1925]], and founded the unified nation of [[Saudi Arabia]] in [[1932]]. His later reign saw the discovery of [[Economy of Saudi Arabia|petroleum in Saudi Arabia]] in [[1938]], and the beginning of large-scale exploitation of that resource after World War II.
Ibn Saud was the father of some 50 to 60 children, including all [[List of kings of Saudi Arabia|kings of Saudi Arabia]] that have ruled after him.
== Loss and reclamation of power ==
Abdul Aziz ibn Saud was born in [[Riyadh]] in central Arabia in 1876. In 1890, at the age of fourteen, Ibn Saud followed his family into exile in [[Kuwait]] following the conquest of the family's lands by the rival dynasty of [[Al Rashid]]. He spent the remainder of his childhood in Kuwait. Abd al-Rahman had a stipend from the Turkish government of 60 Turkish pounds a month and Abdul Aziz went on several profitable raids in Nejd as he grew to adulthood. He attended the daily majlis of the emir of Kuwait, Mubarak al Sabah, from whom he learned much about the world. However, the family's home in Kuwait was one of the simplest and cramped by five sons and at least one daughter.
In the Spring of 1901, Ibn Saud and some relatives — including a half-brother, Mohammed, and several cousins — set out on a raiding expedition targeting for the most part tribes associated with the Rashidis. As booty was abundant, with many camels stolen, the raiding party grew to around 200 as tribesmen loyal to the Sauds joined the party. In the Fall, with [[Ramadan]] approaching, the group, reduced in number by defections, holed up in the [[Jabrin Oasis]]. It may have been only then that Ibn Saud decided to attack [[Riyadh]] and regain his family's heritage. On the night of [[January 15]], [[1902]], together with a party of some sixty, including seven relatives and some slaves, he recaptured Riyadh with only twenty; the rest were guarding the camels in an isolated oasis. They had been told to escape if the venture failed. The [[Rashidi]] governor of the city, [[Ajlan]], was killed as he fled the attack by Ibn Saud in front of the fort gate. Ibn Saud was considered a "magnetic" leader, and following the capture of Riyadh many former supporters of the [[House of Saud]] once again rallied to his support.
In the two years following his dramatic seizure of Riyadh, Ibn Saud recaptured almost half of Nejd from the Rashidis. In 1904, however, [[Ibn Rashid]] appealed to the [[Ottoman Empire]] for assistance in defeating the House of Saud. The Ottomans sent troops to Arabia, setting Ibn Saud on the defensive. The armies of the [[House of Saud]] suffered a major defeat on [[June 15]], [[1904]], but his forces soon regrouped and returned to the offensive as the Turkish troops left the country due to supply problems.
Ibn Saud finally consolidated control over the Nejd and the eastern coast of Arabia in 1912 with the help of an organized and well-trained army. In that year he founded the [[Ikhwan]], a militant religious organization which was to assist in his later conquests. More broadly, he revived his dynasty's traditional alliance with the [[Wahhabism|Wahhabi]] [[ulema]] ("scholars"). In the same year, he instituted an [[agrarian]] policy to settle the [[nomadic pastoralism|nomadic pastoralist]] [[bedouins]] into colonies, and to dismantle their tribal organizations in favor of allegiance to the Ikhwan. During [[World War I]] the [[British government]] attempted to cultivate favor with Ibn Saud via its political agent, Captain [[William Shakespear (explorer)|William Shakespear]], but this was abandoned after Shakespear's death at the [[Battle of Jarrab]]. Instead, the British transferred support to Ibn Saud's rival [[Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca|Sharif Hussein bin Ali]], leader of the [[Hejaz]], with whom the Saudis were almost constantly at war. Despite this, the British entered into a treaty in December 1915 (the "[[Treaty of Darin]]") which made the lands of the House of Saud a British protectorate. In exchange, Ibn Saud pledged to again make war against Ibn Rashid, who was an ally of the Ottomans.
Ibn Saud did not, however, immediately make war against Ibn Rashid, despite a steady supply of weapons and cash (£5,000 [[Pound Sterling|Sterling]] per month) from the British. He argued that the payment he received was insufficient to adequately wage war against an enemy as powerful as [[Ibn Rashid]]. In 1920, however, Ibn Saud finally marched again against the Rashidis, extinguishing their dominion in 1922. The defeat of the Rashidis doubled the territory of the Ibn Saud, and he was able to negotiate a new treaty with the British at Uqair in 1922, in which Britain recognized many of his territorial gains while in exchange Ibn Saud agreed not to attempt to expand his state's borders into British protectorates on the Gulf coast and in Iraq. British subsidies continued until 1924.
In 1925 the Sauds captured the holy city of [[Mecca]] from [[Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca|Sharif Hussein bin Ali]], ending 700 years of [[Hashemite]] tutelage of the Islamic holy places. On [[10 January]] [[1926]], Ibn Saud was proclaimed King of the [[Hejaz]] in the [[Al-Masjid al-Haram|Great Mosque]] at [[Mecca]]. On [[May 20]], [[1927]], following the defeat of Hussein, the [[United Kingdom|British]] government signed the [[Treaty of Jeddah]], which abolished the Darin protection agreement and recognized the independence of the Hejaz and Najd, covering much of what is today Saudi Arabia, with the Al Saud as its rulers. At this point, Ibn Saud changed his title from Sultan of Nejd to King of Nejd. Initially the two parts of his dominion (Nejd in the east and Hejaz in the west) were administered separately.
From 1927 to 1932 Ibn Saud continued to consolidate power throughout the [[Arabian Peninsula]]. In March 1929 he defeated elements of the [[Ikhwan]], which had disobeyed his orders to cease raiding and had invaded [[Iraq]] against his wishes, at the [[Battle of Sbilla]]. In 1932, having conquered most of the Peninsula, Ibn Saud renamed his dominions "Saudi Arabia" and proclaimed himself "King of Saudi Arabia".
== Oil and the rule of Ibn Saud ==
[[Petroleum|Oil]] was discovered in Saudi Arabia in 1938, and Ibn Saud through his adviser [[St. John Philby]] granted substantial authority over [[ARAMCO#History|Saudi oil fields to American oil companies]].
Saud forced many nomadic tribes to settle down and abandon "petty wars" and vendettas. He also began to fight crime in Saudi Arabia, particularly crime against [[pilgrim]]s visiting the holy cities of [[Mecca]] and [[Medina]].
==Foreign wars==
Ibn Saud positioned Saudi Arabia as neutral in [[World War II]], but was generally considered to favour the [[Allies]].<ref>A Country Study: Saudi Arabia. Library of Congress Call Number DS204 .S3115 1993. Chapter 5. World War II and Its Aftermath</ref>
In 1948 Saud participated in the [[1948 Arab-Israeli war|Arab-Israeli war]]. The contribution of Saudi Arabia was generally considered token.<ref>A Country Study: Saudi Arabia. Library of Congress Call Number DS204 .S3115 1993. Chapter 5. World War II and Its Aftermath</ref>
==Family and succession==
[[Line of succession to the Saudi Arabian Throne|Succession to Saudi Arabia]]'s throne has been a process that has, to a large extent, excluded all but the senior members of the [[Al Saud]]. Male progeny, with tenure in senior government positions, whose mothers were [[King Abdul Aziz Ibn Saud]]'s wives and from prominent peninsula based families and tribes, and who have shown both the willingness and ability to build the necessary consensus from other wings in the family are, in theory, the most eligible candidates.
[[Image:FDR on quincy.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Ibn Saud converses with [[United States|American]] President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] (right) on board the [[USS Quincy (CA-71)|USS Quincy]] after the [[Yalta Conference]]]]
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:Thekingwithhisfamily.jpg|thumb|200px|King Abdulaziz with his sons]] -->
The number of children that Ibn Saud fathered are unknown, and estimates range from about 80 to over 100. One source indicates that he had 37 sons by 16 wives.<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/1894793.stm</ref> His number of wives is put at 22<ref>http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/templateC05.php?CID=2526</ref> though never more than three or four simultaneously.They include: (names of Kings in bold)
#By '''Wadha bint Muhammad al-Hazzam'''
##Turki (I) (1900-1919)
##''' [[Saud of Saudi Arabia|Saud]]''' ([[January 12]], 1902 - [[February 23]], 1969); reigned 1953-1964
##Muneera
#By '''Tarfah bint Abdullah al-Shaikh Abdul-Wahab'''
##Khaled (I) (born 1903, died in infancy)
##'''[[Faisal of Saudi Arabia|Faisal]]''' (April 1904 - [[March 25]], 1975); reigned 1964-1975
##Saad (I) (1914 - 1919)
##Anud (born 1917)
#By '''Jauhara bint Musa'd Al Saud'''
##[[Muhammad bin Abdul Aziz Al Saud|Muhammad]] (1910-1988)
##''' [[Khalid of Saudi Arabia|Khaled]]''' (II) (1913 - [[June 13]], 1982); reigned 1975-1982
##
#By '''Bazza''' (the first wife named Bazza)
##[[Nasr bin Abdul Aziz al-Saud|Nasser]] (1919 - 1984)
#By '''Jawhara bint Sa'ad bin Abd al-Muhsin al-Sudairi'''
##[[Saad bin Abdul Aziz al-Saud|Saad]] (II) (1920 - 1993)
##[[Musa'id bin Abdul Aziz al-Saud|Musa'id]] (born 1923)
##Abdul Mohsin (1925-1985)
##[[Al-Bandari bint Abdulaziz]] (1928 - [[March 8]], [[2008]])<ref name=embassy> {{cite news |first=|last=|title=Princess Al-Bandari passes away in Riyadh |url=http://www.saudiembassy.net/2008News/News/NewsDetail.asp?cIndex=7725|work= [[Diplomatic missions of Saudi Arabia|Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia, Washington D.C.]] |publisher= |date=2008-03-08 |accessdate=2008-04-07}}</ref>
#By '''[[Hassa bint Ahmad al-Sudairi]]''' <br> These are known as the "[[Sudairi Seven]]")
##''' [[Fahd of Saudi Arabia|Fahd]]''' (II) (1923 - [[August 1]], 2005); reigned 1982-2005
##[[Sultan bin Abdul Aziz|Sultan]] (born 1926); current crown prince
##[[Abd al-Rahman bin Abdul Aziz|Abd al-Rahman]] (born 1931)
##[[Nayef bin Abdul Aziz|Naif]] (born 1933)
##[[Turki bin Abdul Aziz|Turki]] (II) (born 1934)
##[[Salman bin Abdul Aziz|Salman]] (born 1936)
##[[Ahmed bin Abdul Aziz|Ahmed]] (born 1940)
##Loulwa
##Jawaher
##Lateefa
##Zameera
##Al-Takhi
##Mahtab-ul Rashid
##Sameena
##Fahid
##Usman bin Abdullah
##Farhad Naifi
##Kamran Latifi
##Al-Jawhara
##Moudhi (died young)
##Felwa ( died young)
#By '''Shahida'''
##[[Mansur ibn Abdul Aziz al-Saud|Mansur]] (1922 - [[May 2]], 1951)
##[[Mishaal bin Abdul Aziz|Mishaal]] (born 1926)
##Qumasha (born 1927)
##[[Mutaib bin Abdul Aziz|Mutaib]] (born 1931)
#By '''[[Fahda bint Asi al-Shuraim]]'''
##''' [[Abdullah of Saudi Arabia|Abdullah]]''' (born August 1924); current king, since 2005
##Nuf
##Sita
#By '''Bazza''' (the second wife named Bazza)
##[[Bandar bin Abdul Aziz al-Saud|Bandar]] (born 1923)
##[[Fawwaz bin Abdul Aziz|Fawwaz]] (born 1934)
#By '''Haya bint Sa'ad al-Sudairy''' (1913 - [[April 18]], 2003)
## Badr (I) (1931-1932)
##[[Badr bin Abdul Aziz|Badr]] (II) (born 1933)
##Hussa died in 2000
##Abdalillah (born 1935)
##[[Abdul Majeed bin Abdul Aziz|Abdul Majeed]] (1943-2007)
##Nura
##Mishail
#By '''Munaiyir'''
##[[Talal bin Abdul Aziz al-Saud|Talal]] (II) (born 1931)
##[[Mishari bin Abdul Aziz al-Saud|Mishari]] (1932 - [[May 23]], 2000)
##[[Nawwaf bin Abdul Aziz|Nawwaf]] (born 1933)
#By '''Mudhi'''
##[[Majed bin Abdul Aziz al-Saud|Majed]] (II) ([[October 19]], 1938 - [[April 12]], 2003)
##[[Sattam bin Abdul Aziz|Sattam]] (born [[January 21]], 1941)
Haya
Sultana
#By '''Nouf bint al-Shalan'''
##Thamir (1937 - [[June 27]], 1959)
##Mamduh (born 1940)
##Mashhur (born 1942)
#By '''Saida al-Yamaniyah'''
##Hidhlul (born 1941)
#By '''Baraka al-Yamaniyah'''
##[[Muqran bin Abdul Aziz Al Saud|Muqran]] (born [[September 15]], 1945)
#By '''Futayma'''
##[[Hamad bin Abdul Aziz al-Saud|Hamad]] (1947-1994)
#By ??
##Fahd (I) (1905-1919)
##Sara (1916 - June 2000)
##Shaikha (born 1922)
##Majeed (I) (1934-1940)
##Talal (I) (1930-1931)
##Jiluwi (I)(1942-1944)
##Abdul Salem (1941-1942)
##Jiluwi (II) (1952-1952) Was the youngest son of Ibn Saud but died as an infant.
All of these carry the surname "bin Abdul Aziz Al Saud" for men and "bint Abdul Aziz Al Saud" for women. Ibn Saud is the father of all the [[King of Saudi Arabia|Kings of Saudi Arabia]] that have succeeded him. [[Saud of Saudi Arabia|King Saud]] succeeded his father as regent of Saudi Arabia in 1953, three months after being appointed Prime Minister by his father. In 1964 King Saud was deposed by the [[Saudi Council of Ministers]] and succeeded by [[Faisal of Saudi Arabia|King Faisal]], another of Ibn Saud's sons. Faisal was followed by three further sons, [[Khalid of Saudi Arabia|King Khalid]], [[Fahd of Saudi Arabia|King Fahd]] and [[Abdullah of Saudi Arabia|King Abdullah]]. According to the Saudi Basic Law of 1992, the King of Saudi Arabia must be a son or grandson of Ibn Saud.
==References==
<div class="references-small">
* [http://www.ibnsaud.info/ King Abdulaziz bin Saud (Ibn Saud) website]
* Michael Oren, "Power, Faith and Fantasy: The United States in the Middle East, 1776 to the Present" (Norton, 2007).
* DeGaury, Gerald. ''
* DeNovo, John A. ''American Interests and Policies in the Middle East 1900-1939'' University of Minnesota Press, 1963.
* Eddy, William A. ''FDR Meets Ibn Saud''. New York: American Friends of the Middle East, Inc., 1954.
* Iqbal, Dr. Sheikh Mohammad. ''Emergence of Saudi Arabia'' (A Political Study of Malik Abd al-Aziz ibn Saud 1901-1953). Srinagar, Kashmir: Saudiyah Publishers, 1977.
* Lacey, Robert. "The Kingdom", 1981
* Long, David. ''Saudi Arabia'' Sage Publications, 1976.
* Aaron David Miller; ''Search for Security: Saudi Arabian Oil and American Foreign Policy, 1939-1949'' University of North Carolina Press. 1980.
* James Parry, ''[http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/199901/a.man.for.our.century.htm#the.first.and.second.saudi.states A Man for our Century''], Saudi Aramco World, January/February 1999, p4-11
* Philby, H. St. J. B. ''Saudi Arabia'' 1955.
* Rentz, George. "Wahhabism and Saudi Arabia". in Derek Hopwood, ed., ''The Arabian Peninsula: Society and Politics'' 1972.
* [[Amin al-Rihani|Rihani, Ameen]]. ''Ibn Sa'oud of Arabia''. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin Company, 1928.
* Sanger, Richard H. ''The Arabian Peninsula'' Cornell University Press, 1954.
* Benjamin Shwadran, The Middle East, Oil and the Great Powers, 3rd ed. (1973)
* Troeller, Gary. ''The Birth of Saudi Arabia:Britain and the Rise of the House of Sa'ud''. London: Frank Cass, 1976.
* Twitchell, Karl S. ''Saudi Arabia'' Princeton University Press, 1958.
* Van der D. Meulen; ''The Wells of Ibn Saud''. London: John Murray, 1957.
</div>
'''Directories'''
* [http://www.saudinf.com/ ''SAMIRAD website - Saudi Arabia Market Information and Directory''] directory category
==Notes==
<div class="references-small">
<references />
</div>
<small>6.The birthdate of Abdul Aziz has been a source of debate. It is generally accepted as [[1876]], although a few sources give it as [[1880]]. A primary reason stated in Robert Lacey's book "The Kingdom", which gives a clear statement on the reasons why 1876 is more reasonable, is that a leading Saudi historian found records that show Abdul Aziz in 1891 greeting an important tribal delegation. The historian reasoned that a nine or ten-year-old child (as given by the 1880 bithdate) would have been too young to be allowed to greet such a delegation, while an adolescent of 14 or 15 (as given by the 1876 date) would likely have been allowed. The major reason, though, is that when Lacey interviewed one of ibn Saud's sons prior to writing the book, the son recalled that his father often laughed at records showing his birthdate to be 1880. ibn Saud's response to such records was that "I swallowed four years of my life."</small>
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{{s-hou|House of Saud||1876||1953}}
{{succession box | before=[[Ali of Hejaz|Ali bin Hussein]] | title=[[Kingdom of Hejaz|King of Hejaz]] | after=himself as King of Saudi Arabia | years=1926-1932}}
{{Succession box two to one|before1=himself as King of Hejaz and sultan of Najd | title1=[[King of Saudi Arabia]]|after=[[Saud of Saudi Arabia|Saud bin Abdul-Aziz]] | years1=1932-1953|before2=[[Abdul Rahman bin Faisal|Abdul Rahman bin Faisal Al Saud]] | title2=[[House of Saud|Head of the House of Saud]]|years2=1901-1953}}
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{{SaudiKings}}
{{Arab-Israeli Conflict}}
[[Category:Arab statesmen]]
[[Category:Kings of Saudi Arabia|Abdul Aziz ibn Saud]]
[[Category:World War II political leaders|Ibn Saud]]
[[Category:Saudi royal family]]
[[Category:1876 births|Ibn Saud]]
[[Category:1953 deaths|Ibn Saud]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
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[[da:Abdul Aziz af Saudi-Arabien]]
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[[pl:Abd al-Aziz ibn Saud]]
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