Ice 14946 226116008 2008-07-16T21:56:48Z 88.104.252.222 {{otheruses|ICE}} {{otheruses4|water ice|the use of "ice" in the planetary sciences|volatiles}} [[Image:BoiseIceFountain3430.jpg|right|thumb|235px|A fountain in [[Boise]], [[Idaho]], February 2007]] [[Image:SnowflakesWilsonBentley.jpg|right|thumb|235px|[[Snow#Snowflakes|Snowflakes]] (ice crystals) by [[Wilson Bentley]], 1902]] '''Ice''' is the name given to any one of the 15 known [[crystalline solid]] [[phases of matter|phases]] of [[water (molecule)|water]]. In non-scientific contexts, it usually describes [[ice Ih|ice I<sub>h</sub>]], which is known to be the most abundant of these phases. It can appear transparent or an opaque bluish-white [[colour]], depending on the presence of [[Impurity|impurities]] such as [[air]]. The addition of other materials such as [[soil]] may further alter the appearance. The most common [[phase transition]] to [[ice Ih|ice I<sub>h</sub>]] occurs when [[liquid]] water is cooled below 0&nbsp;[[Celsius|°C]] (273.15&nbsp;[[Kelvin|K]], 32&nbsp;[[Fahrenheit|°F]]) at [[standard atmospheric pressure]]. It can also [[Deposition (physics)|deposit]] from a vapour with no intervening liquid phase, such as in the formation of [[frost]]. Ice appears in nature in forms as varied as [[snow]]flakes and [[hail]], [[icicle]]s, [[glacier]]s, [[pack ice]], and entire polar [[ice cap]]s. It is an important component of the [[global climate]], particularly in regard to the [[water cycle]]. Furthermore, ice has numerous cultural applications, from the ice cooling one's drink to [[winter sports]] and [[ice sculpture]]. The word is from [[Old English]] ''ís'', in turn derived from [[Proto-Germanic]] ''*[[isaz]]''. == Characteristics == [[Image:Ground Ice Curls.jpg|thumb|Strings of ice found in the Adirondack Region of New York State]] As a naturally occurring crystalline solid, ice is considered a [[mineral]] consisting of hydrogen oxide. An unusual property of ice frozen at a pressure of one [[Atmosphere (unit)|atmosphere]] is that the solid is some 8% less dense than liquid water. Water is the only known [[nonmetal|non-metallic]] substance to expand when it freezes. Ice has a [[density]] of 0.9167 g/cm³ at 0 °C, whereas water has a density of 0.9998 g/cm³ at the same temperature. Liquid water is most dense, essentially 1.00 g/cm³, at 4 °C and becomes less dense as the water molecules begin to form the [[Hexagonal (crystal system)|hexagonal]] [[crystal]]s of [[ice crystals|ice]] as the temperature drops to 0 °C. (In fact, the word "crystal" derives from Greek word for [[frost]].) This is due to [[hydrogen bond]]s forming between the water molecules, which line up [[molecules]] less efficiently (in terms of volume) when water is frozen. The result of this is that ice floats on liquid water, which is an important factor in Earth's [[climate]] (if water had sunk instead of floating, any body of water would have frozen from the bottom to the surface, killing any fish and other creatures not resistant to freezing temperatures). Density of ice increases slightly with decreasing temperature (density of ice at −180 °C (93 K) is 0.9340 g/cm³).{{Fact|date=May 2007}} When ice melts, it absorbs as much [[Heat|heat energy]] (the [[heat of fusion]]) as it would take to heat an equivalent mass of water by 80&nbsp;°C, while its temperature remains a constant 0&nbsp;°C. It is also theoretically possible to superheat ice beyond its equilibrium melting point. Simulations of ultrafast laser pulses acting on ice show it can be heated up to room temperature for an extremely short period (250 ps), without melting. <ref>[http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v439/n7073/abs/nature04415.html Ultrafast superheating and melting of bulk ice : Abstract : Nature<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Light reflecting from ice can appear blue, because ice absorbs more of the red frequencies than the blue ones. Also, icebergs containing impurities (e.g. sediments, algae, air bubbles) can appear green.<ref>[http://weatherquesting.com/blue-ice.htm Why some ice looks blue]</ref> ===Slipperiness=== [[Image:Ice crystals.jpg|left|thumb|250px|Ice crystals at refrigerator window]] Until recently, it was widely believed that ice was slippery because the pressure of an object in contact with it caused a thin layer to melt. For example, the blade of an ice skate, exerting pressure on the ice, melted a thin layer, providing lubrication between the ice and the blade. This explanation is no longer widely accepted. There is still debate about why ice is slippery. The explanation gaining acceptance is that ice molecules in contact with air cannot properly bond with the molecules of the mass of ice beneath (and thus are free to move like molecules of liquid water). These molecules remain in a semiliquid state, providing lubrication regardless of pressure against the ice exerted by any object. <ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/21/science/21ice.html?ex=1298178000&en=5dc162576f801e16&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss Explaining Ice: The Answers Are Slippery - New York Times<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> This phenomenon doesn't seem to hold true at all temperatures. The extreme conditions, found especially in Antarctica, have been observed to make ice and snow lose their slippery qualities. Explorers report that, at very low temperatures, snow loses its "glide", and pulling a sledge across it becomes like pulling a sledge through sand.{{Fact|date=May 2007}} == Types == [[Image:Icicles.jpg|thumb|right|Ice coating the branches of a tree]] [[Image:Feather_ice_1,_Alta_plateau,_Norway.jpg|thumb|Feather ice on the plateau near [[Alta, Norway]]. The crystals form at temperatures below −30 °C (i.e. −22 °F).]] Everyday ice and [[snow]] have a [[Hexagonal (crystal system)|hexagonal]] [[crystal structure]] ([[ice Ih|ice I<sub>h</sub>]]). Subjected to higher pressures and varying temperatures, ice can form in roughly a dozen different phases. Only a little less stable (metastable) than I<sub>h</sub> is the cubic structure ([[Ice Ic|I<sub>c</sub>]]). At other temperatures and pressures, other forms of ice exist, including [[Ice II|II]], [[Ice III|III]], [[Ice V|V]], [[Ice VI|VI]], [[Ice VII|VII]], [[Ice VIII|VIII]], [[Ice IX|IX]], and [[Ice X|X]]. With care all these types can be recovered at ambient pressure. The types are differentiated by their crystalline structure, ordering and density. There are also two metastable phases of ice under pressure, both fully hydrogen-disordered; these are [[Ice IV|IV]] and [[Ice XII|XII]]. Ice XII was discovered in 1996. In 2006, [[Ice XIII|XIII]] and [[Ice XIV|XIV]] were discovered.<ref>C.G. Salzmann, P.G. Radaelli, A. Hallbrucker, E. Mayer, J.L. Finney, Science '''311''', 1758, ''2006''</ref> Ices XI, XIII, and XIV are hydrogen-ordered forms of ices I<sub>h</sub>, V, and XII respectively. As well as crystalline forms, solid water can exist in amorphous states as [[amorphous solid water]] (ASW), [[low-density amorphous ice]] (LDA), [[high-density amorphous ice]] (HDA), [[very high-density amorphous ice]] (VHDA) and [[hyperquenched glassy water]] (HGW). Rime is a type of ice formed on cold objects when drops of water crystalize on them. This can be observed in [[fog]]gy weather, when the temperature drops during night. [[Soft rime]] contains a high proportion of trapped air, making it appear white rather than transparent, and giving it a [[density]] about one quarter of that of pure ice. [[Hard rime]] is comparatively denser. [[Aufeis]] is layered ice that forms in Arctic and subarctic stream valleys. Ice, frozen in the stream bed, blocks normal groundwater discharge, and causes the local water table to rise, resulting in water discharge on top of the frozen layer. This water then freezes, causing the water table to rise further and repeat the cycle. The result is a stratified ice deposit, often several metres thick. Ice can also form [[icicles]], similar to [[stalactite]]s in appearance, as water drips and re-freezes. [[Clathrate hydrate]]s are forms of ice that contain gas molecules trapped within its crystal lattice. [[Pancake ice]] is a formation of ice generally created in areas with less calm conditions. Some other substances (particularly solid forms of those usually found as fluids) are also called "ice": [[dry ice]], for instance, is a popular term for solid [[carbon dioxide]]. In outer space, hexagonal crystalline ice (the predominant form found on Earth), is extremely rare. Amorphous ice is more common; however, hexagonal crystalline ice can be formed via volcanic action.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2004/12/09/science/09ice.html?ex=1260334800&en=9326ecdbb6f20b0a&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland ''Astronomers Contemplate Icy Volcanoes in Far Places''], Kenneth Chang, [[New York Times]], December 9, 2004</ref> == Uses == ===Ice harvesting=== [[Image:Ice Harvesting on Lake St Clair Michigan circa 1905--photograph courtesy Detroit Publishing Company.jpg|thumb|right|Harvesting ice on [[Lake Saint Clair (North America)|Lake Saint Clair]] in [[Michigan]], ''circa'' 1905]][[Image:MumbaiIceCart gobeirne.jpg|thumb|right|Ice being transported by cart in [[Mumbai]], [[India]]]] Ice has long been valued as a means of cooling. Until recently, the [[Hungarian Parliament]] building used ice harvested in the winter from [[Lake Balaton]] for air conditioning. [[Icehouse (building)|Icehouse]]s were used to store ice formed in the winter, to make ice available all year long, and early [[refrigerator]]s were known as [[icebox]]es, because they had a block of ice in them. In many cities, it was not unusual to have a regular ice delivery service during the summer. For the first half of the 19th century, ice harvesting had become big business in America. [[Frederic Tudor]], who became known as the “Ice King,” worked on developing better insulation products for the long distance shipment of ice, especially to the tropics. The advent of artificial [[refrigeration]] technology has since made delivery of ice obsolete. In 400 BC [[Iran]], [[Persian Empire|Persian]] engineers had already mastered the technique of storing ice in the middle of summer in the desert. The ice was brought in during the winters from nearby mountains in bulk amounts, and stored in specially designed, naturally cooled ''refrigerators'', called [[yakhchal]] (meaning ''ice storage''). This was a large underground space (up to 5000 m³) that had thick walls (at least two meters at the base) made out of a special mortar called ''sārooj'', composed of sand, clay, egg whites, lime, goat hair, and ash in specific proportions, and which was known to be resistant to heat transfer. This mixture was thought to be completely water impenetrable. The space often had access to a [[Qanat]], and often contained a system of [[windcatcher]]s which could easily bring temperatures inside the space down to frigid levels on summer days. The ice was then used to chill treats for royalty on such occasions. === Sports === [[Image:Ice surfing.jpg|right|thumb|[[Ice surfing]] on the [[Żnin]] Small Lake]] Ice also plays a role in winter recreation, in many sports such as [[ice skating]], [[tour skating]], [[ice hockey]], [[ice fishing]], [[ice climbing]], [[curling]], [[broomball]] and sled racing on [[bobsled]], [[luge]] and [[Skeleton (sport)|skeleton]]. Many of the different sports played on ice get international attention every four years during the [[Winter Olympic Games]]. A sort of sailboat on blades gives rise to [[ice boat]]ing. The human quest for excitement has even led to [[ice racing]], where drivers must speed on lake ice, while also controlling the skid of their vehicle (similar in some ways to [[dirt track racing]]). The sport has even been modified for [[ice rink]]s. === Transportation === [[Image:IcebreakerNasa.jpg|left|thumb|U.S. Coast Guard [[icebreaker]]s near [[McMurdo Station]], February 2002]] Ice can also be an obstacle; for [[harbour]]s near the [[geographical pole|pole]]s, being ice-free is an important advantage; ideally, all year long. Examples are [[Murmansk]] (Russia), [[Petsamo]] (Russia, formerly Finland) and [[Vardø]] (Norway). Harbours which aren't ice-free are opened up using [[icebreaker]]s. Ice forming on [[road]]s is a dangerous winter hazard. [[Black ice]] is very difficult to see, because it lacks the expected frosty surface. Whenever there is [[freezing rain]] or snow which occurs at a temperature near the melting point, it is common for ice to build up on the [[window]]s of vehicles. Driving safely requires the removal of the ice build-up. [[Ice scraper]]s are tools designed to break the ice free and clear the windows, though removing the ice can be a long and laborious process. Far enough below the freezing point, a thin layer of ice crystals can form on the inside surface of windows. This usually happens when a vehicle has been left alone after being driven for a while, but can happen while driving, if the outside temperature is low enough. Moisture from the driver's breath is the source of water for the crystals. It is troublesome to remove this form of ice, so people often open their windows slightly when the vehicle is parked in order to let the moisture dissipate, and it is now common for cars to have rear-window [[defroster]]s to solve the problem. A similar problem can happen in homes, which is one reason why many colder regions require [[Insulated glazing|double-pane windows]] for insulation. When the outdoor temperature stays below freezing for extended periods, very thick layers of ice can form on [[lake]]s and other bodies of water, although places with flowing water require much colder temperatures. The ice can become thick enough to drive onto with [[automobile]]s and [[truck]]s. Doing this safely requires a thickness of at least 30 centimetres (one foot). For ships, ice presents two distinct hazards. Spray, and [[freezing rain]], can produce an ice build-up on the superstructure of a vessel sufficient to make it unstable, and to require it to be hacked off or melted with steam hoses. And [[icebergs]] &mdash; large masses of ice floating in water (typically created when [[glaciers]] reach the sea) &mdash; can be dangerous if struck by a ship when underway. Icebergs have been responsible for the sinking of many ships, the most famous probably being the [[RMS Titanic|Titanic]]. For aircraft, ice can cause a number of dangers. As an aircraft climbs, it passes through air layers of different temperature and humidity, some of which may be conducive to ice formation. If ice forms on the wings or control surfaces, this may adversely affect the flying qualities of the aircraft. During the first non-stop flight of the Atlantic, the British aviators Captain [[John Alcock]] and Lieutenant [[Arthur Whitten Brown]] encountered such icing conditions - Brown left the cockpit and climbed onto the wing several times to remove ice which was covering the engine air intakes of the [[Vickers Vimy]] aircraft they were flying. A particular icing vulnerability associated with reciprocating internal combustion engines is the [[carburettor]]. As air is sucked through the carburettor into the engine, the local air pressure is lowered, which causes [[adiabatic]] cooling. So, in humid near-freezing conditions, the carburettor will be colder, and tend to ice up. This will block the supply of air to the engine, and cause it to fail. For this reason, aircraft reciprocating engines with carburettors are provided with carburettor air intake heaters. The increasing use of [[fuel injection]]&mdash;which does not require carburettors&mdash;has made "carb icing" less of an issue for reciprocating engines. Jet engines do not experience carb icing, but recent evidence indicates that they can be slowed, stopped, or damaged by internal icing in certain types of atmospheric conditions much more easily than previously believed. In most cases, the engines can be quickly restarted and flights are not endangered, but research continues to determine the exact conditions which produce this type of icing, and find the best methods to prevent, or reverse it, in flight. === Other uses === [[Image:USNS Southern Cross at the ice pier in 1983.jpg|thumb|right|Ice pier during 1983 cargo operations. [[McMurdo Station]], Antarctica]] *Engineers used [[pack ice|pack ice's]] formidable strength when they constructed Antarctica's first floating [[ice pier]] in 1973.<ref>[http://antarcticsun.usap.gov/pastIssues/2005-2006/2006_01_08.pdf#page=3 "Unique ice pier provides harbour for ships,"] Antarctic Sun. January 8, 2006; [[McMurdo Station]], Antarctica.</ref> Such ice piers are used during cargo operations to load and offload ships. Fleet operations personnel make the floating pier during the winter. They build upon naturally-occurring frozen seawater in [[McMurdo Sound]] until the dock reaches a depth of about {{convert|22|ft|m}}. Ice piers have a lifespan of three to five years. *The manufacture and use of [[ice cube]]s or [[crushed ice]] is common for drinks. *[[Pagophagia]], a type of [[pica (disorder)|pica]] eating disorder, is the compulsive consumption of ice. *Structures and [[ice sculpture]]s are built out of large chunks of ice. The structures are mostly ornamental (as in the case with [[ice castle]]s), and not practical for long-term habitation. [[Ice hotel]]s exist on a seasonal basis in a few cold areas. [[Igloo]]s are another example of a temporary structure, made primarily from snow. *During World War II, [[Project Habbakuk]] was a British programme which investigated the use of [[pykrete]] (wood fibres mixed with ice) as a possible material for warships, especially aircraft carriers, due to the ease with which a large deck could be constructed, but the idea was given up when there were not enough funds for construction of a prototype. *Ice can be used to start a fire by carving it into a lens which will focus sunlight onto kindling. When one waits long enough, a fire will start.<ref>http://wildwoodsurvival.com/survival/fire/ice/rb/rbfirefromice3a.html</ref> *In [[global warming]], ice plays an important part because it reflects 90% of the [[sun]]'s rays. Furthermore, [[ice cores]] help provide historical climate information. *In January and February 1658, the straits between the islands of [[Denmark]], [[Great Belt]] and [[Little Belt]] froze over, allowing a Swedish army to [[March across the Belts]] and defeat the Danish army. The resulting [[Treaty of Roskilde]] ceded large areas of Denmark to [[Sweden]]. == At different pressures == Most liquids freeze at a higher temperature under pressure, because the pressure helps to hold the molecules together. However, the strong [[hydrogen bonds]] in water make it different: water freezes at a temperature below 0 °C under a pressure higher than 1 atm. Consequently, water also remains frozen at a temperature above 0 °C under a pressure lower than 1 atm. The melting of ice under high pressures is thought to contribute to the movement of [[glacier]]s. Ice formed at high pressure has a different crystal structure and density to ordinary ice. Ice, water, and [[water vapour]] can coexist at the [[triple point]], which is exactly 273.16&nbsp;K (by definition) at a pressure of 611.73&nbsp;[[Pascal (unit)|Pa]]. == Phases == {| class="wikitable" |- ! Phase ! Characteristics |- | [[Amorphous ice]] | [[Amorphous]] ice is an ice lacking crystal structure. Amorphous ice exists in three forms: low-density (LDA) formed at atmospheric pressure, or below, high density (HDA) and very high density amorphous ice (VHDA), forming at higher pressures. LDA forms by extremely quick cooling of liquid water ("hyperquenched glassy water", HGW), by depositing water vapour on very cold substrates ("amorphous solid water", ASW) or by heating high density forms of ice at ambient pressure ("LDA"). |- | [[Ice Ih|Ice I<sub>h</sub>]] | Normal hexagonal crystalline ice. Virtually all ice in the biosphere is ice I<sub>h</sub>, with the exception only of a small amount of ice I<sub>c</sub>. |- | [[Ice Ic|Ice I<sub>c</sub>]] | A Metastable [[cubic crystal|cubic]] crystalline variant of ice. The oxygen atoms are arranged in a diamond structure. It is produced at temperatures between 130-150 [[kelvin|K]], and is stable for up to 200 K, when it transforms into ice I<sub>h</sub>. It is occasionally present in the upper atmosphere. |- | [[Ice II]] | A [[rhombohedral]] crystalline form with highly ordered structure. Formed from ice I<sub>h</sub> by compressing it at temperature of 190-210 K. When heated, it undergoes transformation to ice III. |- | [[Ice III]] | A [[tetragonal]] crystalline ice, formed by cooling water down to 250 K at 300 MPa. Least dense of the high-pressure phases. More dense than water. |- | [[Ice IV]] | A Metastable rhombohedral phase. Doesn't easily form without a nucleating agent. |- | [[Ice V]] | A [[monoclinic]] crystalline phase. Formed by cooling water to 253 K at 500 MPa. Most complicated structure of all the phases. |- | [[Ice VI]] | A tetragonal crystalline phase. Formed by cooling water to 270 K at 1.1 GPa. Exhibits [[Debye relaxation]]. |- | [[Ice VII]] | A cubic phase. The hydrogen atoms positions are disordered; the material shows [[Debye relaxation]]. The hydrogen bonds form two interpenetrating lattices. |- | [[Ice VIII]] | A more ordered version of ice VII, where the hydrogen atoms assume fixed positions. Formed from ice VII, by cooling it below 5 °C. |- | [[Ice IX]] | A tetragonal metastable phase. Formed gradually from ice III by cooling it from 208 K to 165 K, stable below 140 K and pressures between 200 and 400 MPa. It has density of 1.16 g/cm³, slightly higher than ordinary ice. |- | [[Ice X]] | Proton-ordered symmetric ice. Forms at about 70 GPa. |- | [[Ice XI]] | An [[orthorhombic]] low-temperature equilibrium form of hexagonal ice. It is [[ferroelectric]]. |- | [[Ice XII]] | A tetragonal metastable dense crystalline phase. It is observed in the phase space of ice V and ice VI. It can be prepared by heating high-density amorphous ice from 77 K to about 183 K at 810 MPa. |- | [[Ice XIII]] | A monoclinic crystalline phase. Formed by cooling water to below 130 K at 500 MPa. The proton-ordered form of ice V. |- | [[Ice XIV]] | An orthorhombic crystalline phase. Formed below 118 K at 1.2 GPa. The proton-ordered form of ice XII. |- | [[Ice XV]] | The predicted, but not yet proven, proton-ordered form of ice VI. Thought to be formed by cooling water to around 108-80 K at 1.1 GPa. |} == References == {{reflist}} == See also == {{wiktionary}} {{commonscat|Ice}} <div style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;"> * [[Frostbite]] (damage to living tissue from ice) * [[Black ice]] * [[De-icing]] * [[Diamond dust]] * [[Firn]] * [[Frazil ice]] * [[Iceberg]] * [[Glacier]] * [[Slurry ice]] * [[Ice climbing]] * [[Ice cream]] * [[Ice cube]] * [[Ice crystals]] * [[Tour skating]] * [[Ice hockey]] * [[Ice hotel]] * [[Ice pier]] * [[Ice spike]] * [[Polynya]] * [[Pykrete]] * [[Sea ice]] * [[Amorphous solid water]] * [[Névé]] * [[Icebiking]] * [[Icicle]] * [[Frost flowers]] * [[Rusticle]] rust 'icicle' * [[Isaz]] proto-Germanic rune for 'ice' * [[ice nucleus]] </div> == External links == * [http://twt.mpei.ac.ru/MAS/Worksheets/wspPhBC.mcd The phase diagram of water-steam-ice: WebCalculation] * [http://www.its.caltech.edu/~atomic/snowcrystals/ice/ice.htm The phase diagram of water, including the ice variants] * [http://www.webmineral.com/data/Ice.shtml Webmineral listing for Ice] * [http://www.mindat.org/min-2001.html MinDat.org listing and location data for Ice] * [http://www-2.cs.cmu.edu/~dst/ATG/ice.html The physics of ice] * [http://www.lsbu.ac.uk/water/phase.html The phase diagrams of water with some high pressure diagrams] * [http://www.livescience.com/forcesofnature/050630_melting_discovery.html A recent discovery about how ice melts] * [http://www.phys.unsw.edu.au/~jw/unfreezable.html 'Unfreezable' water, 'bound water' and water of hydration] * [http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/websites/armymil/www.crrel.usace.army.mil/techpub/CRREL_Reports/reports/sr96_02.pdf Electromechanical properties of ice] * [http://www.sciencebits.com/StandingOnIce Estimating the maximum thickness of an ice layer] * [http://www.physorg.com/news93200439.html Sandia's Z machine creates ice in nanoseconds] * [http://yak.photo.neuf.fr/001/thematic/ice/pages/P1300303.html Amazing ice at lake Leman] [[Category:Forms of water]] [[Category:Water ice| ]] [[Category:Glaciology]] [[Category:Minerals]] [[Category:Transparent materials]] <!-- The below are interlanguage links. --> [[als:Eis]] [[arc:ܓܠܝܕܐ]] [[ast:Xelu]] [[ay:Chhullunkhaya]] [[bs:Led]] [[bg:Лед]] [[ca:Gel]] [[cs:Led]] [[cy:Iâ]] [[da:Is (vand)]] [[pdc:Eis]] [[de:Eis]] [[et:Jää]] [[el:Πάγος]] [[es:Hielo]] [[eo:Glacio]] [[eu:Izotz]] [[fr:Glace]] [[gd:Dèigh]] [[gl:Xeo]] [[ko:얼음]] [[hi:बर्फ]] [[hr:Led]] [[io:Glacio]] [[id:Es]] [[is:Ís]] [[it:Ghiaccio]] [[he:קרח]] [[ka:ყინული]] [[sw:Barafu]] [[la:Glacies]] [[lv:Ledus]] [[lt:Ledas]] [[ln:Galási]] [[ms:Ais]] [[nl:IJs]] [[ja:氷]] [[no:Is]] [[nn:Is]] [[nrm:Gllèche]] [[uz:Muz]] [[nds:Ies]] [[pl:Lód]] [[pt:Gelo]] [[ro:Gheaţă]] [[qu:Chullunku]] [[ru:Лёд]] [[simple:Ice]] [[sk:Ľad]] [[sl:Led]] [[sr:Лед]] [[sh:Led]] [[su:És]] [[fi:Jää]] [[sv:Is]] [[chr:ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ]] [[tr:Buz]] [[uk:Лід]] [[vec:Giazso]] [[yi:אייז]] [[zh-yue:冰]] [[bat-smg:Leds]] [[zh:冰]]