In pectore 1692744 223622422 2008-07-04T22:55:57Z Lightbot 7178666 Units/dates/other '''''In pectore''''' ([[Ecclesiastical Latin|Latin]] for "in the breast/heart") is a term used in the [[Roman Catholic Church]] to refer appointments to the [[College of Cardinals]] by the [[pope]] when the name of the newly appointed cardinal is not publicly revealed (it is reserved by the pope "in his bosom"). This right of the pope is rarely exercised, usually in circumstances where the pope wanted to make a statement for later historians about the honor due to a cleric, but did not want to endanger that same cleric in his present circumstances of persecution. Cardinals appointed ''in pectore'' are not necessarily informed of their status. Such an appointee cannot function as a cardinal until his appointment is publicly announced, but once announced he enjoys seniority in the College calculated from the time of his appointment rather than from the announcement of that fact. Popes may choose to keep cardinals' identities secret out of consideration for: *The person's personal safety, when they live under regimes [[anti-Catholicism|hostile to Catholicism]], [[Persecution of Christians|Christianity]], or religion in general. *The safety of the person's community, when it is feared that the public naming of a cardinal may lead to discrimination or hostility against Christians in general and/or Catholics in particular. ''In pectore'' cardinals are eligible to participate in [[papal conclave]]s only if they are publicly named by the pope before his death. If he does not reveal their names, their cardinalate ceases upon the appointing pontiff's death. Three popes, [[Pope Benedict XIV|Benedict XIV]], [[Pope Gregory XVI|Gregory XVI]] and [[Pope Pius IX|Pius IX]], were originally created as cardinals ''in pectore'' but all were published quite soon afterward. Among areas where it is believed that ''in pectore'' cardinals, whose names were not later revealed, were named include the [[People's Republic of China]] and, before the [[History of the Soviet Union|fall of the Soviet Union]] and collapse of the [[Iron Curtain]], in [[central Europe|central]] and [[Eastern Europe]]. ==History== ===Origins=== In the early history of cardinals, all cardinals appointed were published as a matter of course. The first pope to appoint a cardinal ''in pectore'' was [[Pope Paul III]], when he named [[Girolamo Aleandro]] in this fashion on [[December 22]], [[1536]], presumably because Aleandro's life would have been in danger if he were named a cardinal. Cardinal Aleandro was published on [[March 13]], [[1538]]. Paul III named five other cardinals ''in pectore'', but all of them were published relatively soon after being originally named. The first Pope to create a cardinal ''in pectore'' without later publishing his name was [[Pope Pius IV]], on [[February 26]], [[1561]]. Historians have always speculated about who unpublished ''in pectore'' cardinals were, and it is generally believed that this first unpublished ''in pectore'' cardinal was [[Daniele Barbaro|Daniele Matteo Alvise Barbaro]], whose appointment as a cardinal would have upset the English monarchy and caused hostilities unwanted by the pope. Although ''in pectore'' appointments were not uncommon in the 17th century, all such appointments were published soon after being made until 1699, when [[Pope Innocent XII]] reserved two cardinals that were never published. This trend continued until [[April 26]], [[1773]], when [[Pope Clement XIV]] created as many as ''eleven'' cardinals ''in pectore'' but none were published. ===Late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries=== As anti-Catholic hostility among various governments became common, ''in pectore'' appointments became much more common during the late 18th and 19th centuries. Whereas before 1777 all unpublished ''in pectore'' appointments had occurred because the pope making them died soon after, on June 23 of that year [[Pope Pius VI]] created two cardinals ''in pectore'' and never revealed their names in the remaining 22 years of his papacy. He did the same seven years later for another cardinal. [[Pope Pius VII]] created eleven cardinals ''in pectore''; despite the anti-Church hostility of the [[French Revolution]], all of them were eventually published, as were [[Pope Leo XII]]'s three ''in pectore'' appointments. The outbreak of major revolutions in [[Europe]] during the late 1820s, however, caused the proportion of ''in pectore'' appointments to all cardinal appointments to rise dramatically: [[Pope Pius VIII]] created thirteen cardinals, but only five of them were ever published, whilst [[Pope Gregory XVI]] created as many as ''twenty-eight'' cardinals (out of a total of eighty) ''in pectore'' (of which five were unpublished). After the [[Revolutions of 1848]] subsided, ''in pectore'' appointments declined. Pius IX made only five such appointments out of 123 cardinals (all published within four years of creation) , whilst [[Pope Leo XIII]] named only seven cardinals (out of 147) ''in pectore'', of whom all were subsequently revealed. ===Modern Papacy=== The only ''in pectore'' appointment by [[Pope Pius X]], [[António Mendes Belo]], was due to the revolution in [[Portugal]] in 1910 and was revealed shortly before Pius died. [[World War I]] similarly produced [[Pope Benedict XV|Benedict XV's]] only ''in pectore'' cardinal, [[Adolf Bertram]], who was published after the war ended and became a vigorous opponent of [[Nazism]]. [[Pope Pius XI]] created only one cardinal ''in pectore'', [[Federico Tedeschini]] (who was [[nuncio]] to [[Spain]] just before the [[Spanish Civil War]]) in 1933 (published 1935). Neither Pius XI nor [[Pope Pius XII]] made any other ''in pectore'' appointments, either in European countries affected by the possibility of [[Marxism|Marxist]] revolutions and/or [[World War II]] or in any other countries. With the threat of Communism lingering over [[Eastern Europe]] and other parts of the globe, [[Pope John XXIII]] made three ''in pectore'' appointments on March 28, 1960 and never published them, creating the only case of such an appointment expiring during the twentieth century. It is probable according to many sources that one was [[Josyf Slipyj]], (re-)created cardinal and published by Paul VI in 1965. Pope Paul VI made three ''in pectore'' appointments but eventually published all of them, including one ([[Iuliu Hossu]]) who died before his appointment was published; the other two were [[Štěpán Trochta]] (made cardinal 1969, published 1973, died 1974) and [[František Tomášek]] (made cardinal 1976, published 1977, died 1992). (Pope Paul VI appointed [[Joseph Trinh-nhu-Khuê]] ''in pectore'' in the April 28, 1976 announcement of an upcoming consistory, but published that appointment when the consistory was held on the following May 24.) Pope John Paul I created no cardinals, whilst Pope John Paul II named four cardinals (of 232 overall) ''in pectore'', of whom all but one were subsequently revealed: * [[Ignatius Kung Pin-Mei]], [[Bishop]] of [[Shanghai]], [[People's Republic of China]] - made cardinal 1979, revealed 1991, died 2000. * [[Marian Jaworski]], [[Archbishop]] of [[Lviv]], [[Ukraine]] - made cardinal 1998, revealed 2001. * [[Jānis Pujāts]] of [[Riga]], [[Latvia]] - made cardinal 1998, revealed 2001. * The fourth cardinal was created in 2003. John Paul II did not reveal this cardinal's identity prior to his death, or in the 15-page testament he wrote during his papacy and which was released after his death. Consequently, this cardinalate has expired. Some suspect that this "secret Cardinal" was Archbishop [[Stanisław Dziwisz]], a close, longtime friend of John Paul II. However, he was made a cardinal at the [[March 24]], [[2006]] consistory anyway, as has been announced by [[Benedict XVI]] on [[February 22]], [[2006]]. In February 2005, there was also a speculation that the ''in pectore'' cardinal was [[Joseph Werth]], a German-born archbishop of [[Novosibirsk]], [[Russia]] (see ''Moscow News'' article below). ==Term usage== Other than its religious meaning and origin, nowadays ''in pectore'' is basically used to refer to either something kept hidden or unrevealed or an expected, but still not official, appointment to an office (especially in politics). The [[Italian language]] version of the phrase – '''''in petto''''' – is also commonly used. ==External links== *[http://www.app.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20050405/NEWS/504050337 Disclosure of "mystery cardinal" awaited] ([[Associated Press]], [[5 April]] [[2005]]) *[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/3305285/ John Paul II's testament fails to reveal secret cardinal, Vatican says] ([[MSNBC]], [[6 April]] [[2005]]) *[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08025b.htm In Petto] Catholic Encyclopedia article *[http://www.mn.ru/issue.php?2005-6-1 Will the Pope come from Russia?] ''Moscow News'' article (in Russian). [[Category:College of Cardinals|*In pectore]] [[Category:Latin religious phrases]] [[de:Kardinal in pectore]] [[it:In pectore]] [[no:In pectore]] [[pl:In pectore]] [[pt:In pectore]] [[ro:In pectore]] [[ru:In pectore]] [[fi:In pectore]] [[sv:In pectore]]