Income tax
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{{Public finance}}
An '''income tax''' is a [[tax]] levied on the financial [[income]] of persons, corporations, or other legal entities. Various income tax systems exist, with varying degrees of [[tax incidence]]. Income taxation can be [[progressive tax|progressive]], [[flat tax|proportional]], or [[regressive tax|regressive]]. When the tax is levied on the income of companies, it is often called a [[corporate tax]], corporate income tax, or profit tax. Individual income taxes often tax the total income of the individual (with some deductions permitted), while corporate income taxes often tax net income (the difference between gross receipts, expenses, and additional write-offs).
==Principles==
The "tax net" refers to the types of payment that are taxed, which included personal earnings ([[wages]]), [[capital gain]]s, and business income. The rates for different types of income may vary and some may not be taxed at all. Capital gains may be taxed when realized (e.g. when shares are sold) or when incurred (e.g. when shares appreciate in value). Business income may only be taxed if it is significant or based on the manner in which it is paid. Some types of income, such as interest on bank savings, may be considered as personal earnings (similar to wages) or as a realized property gain (similar to selling shares). In some tax systems, personal earnings may be strictly defined where labor, skill, or investment is required (e.g. wages); in others, they may be defined broadly to include windfalls (e.g. gambling wins).
Tax rates may be progressive, regressive, or flat. A progressive tax taxes differentially based on how much has been earned. For example, the first $10,000 in earnings may be taxed at 5%, the next $10,000 at 10%, and any more income at 20%. Alternatively, a flat tax taxes all earnings at the same rate. A regressive income tax may tax income up to a certain amount, such as taxing only the first $90,000 earned. A tax system may use different taxation methods for different types of income. However, the idea of a progressive income tax has garnered support from economists and political scientists of many different [[ideologies]], from [[Adam Smith]] in ''[[The Wealth of Nations]]''<ref>Adam Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature And Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776). Book Five: Of the Revenue of the Sovereign or Commonwealth. CHAPTER II: Of the Sources of the General or Public Revenue of the Society. ARTICLE I: Taxes upon the Rent of House.
[http://www.adamsmith.org/smith/won-b5-c2-article-1-ss3.htm]</ref> to [[Karl Marx]] in ''[[The Communist Manifesto]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/26/manifesto/176-2.html| work=[[Communist Manifesto]]| title=Section II. Proletarians and Communists| first=Karl| last=Marx|date=1848-02-21|accessdate=2007-01-24}}</ref>
Personal income tax is often collected on a [[PAYE|pay-as-you-earn]] basis, with small corrections made soon after the end of the [[tax year]]. These corrections take one of two forms: payments to the government, for [[taxpayer]]s who have not paid enough during the tax year; and [[tax refund]]s from the government for those who have overpaid. Income tax systems will often have deductions available that lessen the total tax liability by reducing total taxable income. They may allow losses from one type of income to be counted against another. For example, a loss on the stock market may be deducted against taxes paid on wages. Other tax systems may isolate the loss, such that business losses can only be deducted against business tax by carrying forward the loss to later tax years.
==History==
The concept of taxing income is a modern innovation and presupposes several things: a [[money]] [[economy]], reasonably accurate [[Financial accountancy|accounts]], a common understanding of receipts, expenses and [[profit]]s, and an orderly society with reliable records. For most of the history of [[civilization]], these preconditions did not exist, and taxes were based on other factors. Taxes on [[wealth]], social position, and ownership of the [[means of production]] (typically [[Real property|land]] and [[slaves]]) were all common. Practices such as [[tithing]], or an offering of firstfruits, existed from ancient times, and can be regarded as a precursor of the income tax, but they lacked precision and certainly were not based on a concept of net increase.
In the year [[10]], Emperor [[Wang Mang]] of [[China]] instituted an unprecedented tax -- the income tax -- at the rate of 10 percent of profits, for professionals and skilled labor. (Previously, all Chinese taxes were either head tax or property tax.) A true income tax was first implemented in [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Britain]] by [[William Pitt the Younger]] in his budget of December [[1798]] to pay for weapons and equipment in preparation for the [[Napoleonic Wars|Napoleonic wars]]. Pitt's new [[graduated income tax]] began at a levy of 2[[old pence|d]] in the [[Pound Sterling|pound]] (0.8333%) on incomes over £60 and increased up to a maximum of 2[[shilling|s]] (10%) on incomes of over £200. Pitt hoped that the new income tax would raise £10 million but actual receipts for 1799 totalled just over £6 million ''(see [[Taxation in the United Kingdom#History|UK income tax history]] for more information)''.<ref name="first">{{cite web|url=http://www.hmrc.gov.uk/history/taxhis1.htm|title=A tax to beat Napoleon|publisher=HM Revenue & Customs|accessdate=2007-01-24}}</ref> The first [[United States]] income tax was imposed in July [[1861]], 3% of all incomes over 600 dollars (later rescinded in [[1872]]).<ref name="firstUS">{{cite web|url=http://www.mises.org/fullstory.aspx?control=1597| title=The Origin of the Income Tax|publisher=[[Ludwig von Mises Institute]]|last=Young|first=Adam|date=2004-09-07|accessdate=2007-01-24}}</ref>
==Income tax systems==
<!--please summarise only and provide detail on a main page for country - link to main page-->
[[Image:Income Taxes By Country.svg|right|thumbnail|450px|'''Income Tax''' rates by Country based on [[OECD]] 2005 data (includes employer [[payroll tax]] contributions that some countries impose for programs like [[social security]] and [[health care]]).<ref name="oecd">{{cite web|url=http://www.oecd.org/document/60/0,2340,en_2649_34533_1942460_1_1_1_1,00.html|title=OECD Tax Database|publisher=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|accessdate=2007-01-30}}</ref>]]
===Australia===
{{main|Income tax in Australia}}
Since 1942, income tax in [[Australia]] has been collected solely by the [[Government of Australia|Federal Government]], to the exclusion of the [[States and territories of Australia|Australian States]] (''see [[Constitutional basis of taxation in Australia]]''). Australia uses a system of progressive taxation on [[total personal income|personal income]] that is collected as a [[pay-as-you-go tax]] (known as PAYG), a flat rate tax on business income (company tax), and a property tax limited to realised capital gains. Australia’s income tax system contains a complex array of deductions and offsets, and is administered by the [[Australian Taxation Office]].
===Argentina===
{{main|Income tax in Argentina}}
Income tax in [[Argentina]] is collected solely by the [[Government of Argentina|Federal Government]], to the exclusion of the [[Provinces of Argentina|Argentine Provinces]]. Argentina uses a system of progressive taxation on [[total personal income|personal income]] that is collected as a deferred tax, a flat rate tax on business income (company tax, 35%), and a property tax limited to realised capital gains. Argentina’s income tax system contains a complex array of deductions and offsets, and is administered by the [[Federal Administration of Public Income|Administración Federal de Ingresos Públicos (AFIP)]].
===Canada===
{{main|Income taxes in Canada}}
The income tax was first imposed in [[Canada]] in 1917 on both individuals and corporations, collected primarily by the [[Government of Canada|Federal Government]] originally meant to finance Canada's involvement in World War I set at a rate of 4%. Tax collection agreements enable both the federal and provincial governments to levy income taxes through a single administration and collection agency, called the [[Canada Revenue Agency]]. The federal government collects personal income taxes on behalf of all [[Provinces and territories of Canada|provinces]] except [[Quebec]] and collects corporate income taxes on behalf of all provinces except [[Alberta]] and Quebec. Canada has a graduated tax system, whereby the percentage over the "more than" amount goes up....graduated from 15.25 - 29% (2006).<ref name="canada">{{cite web|url=http://www.cra-arc.gc.ca/tax/individuals/faq/taxrates-e.html| title=What are the income tax rates in Canada for 2006?|publisher=Canada Revenue Agency|date=2007-07-06|accessdate=2007-01-24}}</ref> These rates, together with provincial income tax rates, federal and provincial surtaxes, and provincial health premium taxes (both also calculated based on income), serve to create a combined top [[marginal tax rate]] that can approach 50% in some provinces.
===Denmark===
The [[Denmark|Danish]] income tax was introduced in [[1903]] and is now divided into state tax and local tax. The state tax is a progressive tax while the local tax is a flat tax.
The local tax varies from municipality to municipality. The highest local tax in 2007 is 26,71 % and the lowest is 20,14 %. Income below [[Danish krone|DKK]] 41,000 ($8,000) (2007-level, adjusted annually) is tax exempt.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tax.dk|title=Tax.dk|publisher=Spies Information|accessdate=2008-01-05}}</ref>
There are three income brackets for the state tax. In 2007 income from DKK 39,500 to DKK 272,600 is taxed at 5,48%, income from DKK 272,600 to DKK 327,200 is taxed at additionally 6% and income above DKK 327,200 is taxed at 15% on top.
All income originating from terms of employment or self-employment are levied a social contribution at 8% before income tax. This contribution is widely regarded as "gross tax". The highest total income tax is therefore 62,28%.
A number of deductions apply. The general rule is that the taxpayer is able to deduct his expenses in acquiring his taxable income. There are many exceptions to this rule though. Employees have very limited possibilities for tax deduction as it is assumed that the employer covers the expenses related to the employee's work. The employer will then be able to deduct most of these expenses from his own taxable income.
Danish tax examples - as of 2008:<br>
If you have what is considered a <b>very low income</b> (150,000 DKK equal to 31,250 USD) - you pay approx. 31,500 DKK income tax.<br>
(Approx. <b>21% of the full amount.)</b><br>
<br>
If you have what is considered an <b>average income</b> (375.000 DKK equal to 78,125 USD) - you pay approx 131,000 DKK income tax...<br>
(Approx. <b>34.7% of the full amount.)</b>
===France===
{{main|Taxation in France}}
The [[France|French]] income tax is a progressive tax, i.e. tax is an increasing [[piecewise linear]] [[continuous function]] of income (excluding various rebates etc.). This means that the amount of income earned up to a certain amount t1 is taxed at a rate r1, then the remaining money, up to a certain amount t2 is taxed at a rate r2, etc. The income tax (impôt sur le revenu): 16% of tax revenue. The tax on corporations: 12% of tax revenue.
The French Government has launched the [[Copernic tax project]] which unifies the tax paying process.
===Germany===
{{main|Taxation in Germany}}
The German income tax is a progressive tax: income below the "existence minimum" (about 8000 EUR/year) is tax-free, higher income is taxed with a [[marginal tax rate]] running from 15 % up to 45 % (as of 2008). Additionally, [[earned income]] is subject to about 40 % of social insurance fees, half of it to be paid by the employer and the other half by the employee.
===Guatemala===
In Guatemala, the Superintendencia de Administracion Tributaria (SAT) levies tax on personal and corporate income.
===Hong Kong===
There are three income types earned in [[Hong Kong]] that are taxed, but they are not locally referred to as income taxes. Per [[Inland Revenue Ordinance Cap.112|Inland Revenue Ordinance Chapter 112]] (IRO), these three types are classified into: [[Profit tax]] IRO section 14, [[Salaries tax]] IRO section 8, and [[Property tax]] IRO section 5.<ref name="hongkong">{{cite web|url=http://www.legislation.gov.hk/blis_export.nsf/home.htm|title=The Hong Kong Ordinances|publisher=Bilingual Laws Information System|accessdate=2007-01-24}}</ref>
===India===
{{main|Income tax in India}}
India has a three-tier tax structure, comprising the [[Government of India|Union Government]], the [[States and territories of India|State Governments]] and the Urban/Rural Local Bodies<ref>{{cite web|url=http://siadipp.nic.in/publicat/invpub/taxation.htm|title=Taxation in India|accessdate=2008-04-05}}</ref>. The power to levy taxes and duties is distributed among the three tiers of Governments, in accordance with the provisions of the [[Constitution of India|Indian Constitution]]. The main taxes/duties that the Union Government is empowered to levy are Income Tax (except tax on agricultural income, which the State Governments can levy), Customs duties, Central Excise and Sales Tax and Service Tax. The principal taxes levied by the State Governments are Sales Tax (tax on intra-State sale of goods), Stamp Duty (duty on transfer of property), State Excise (duty on manufacture of alcohol), Land Revenue (levy on land used for agricultural/non-agricultural purposes), Duty on Entertainment and Tax on Professions & Callings. The Local Bodies are empowered to levy tax on properties (buildings, etc.), Octroi (tax on entry of goods for use/consumption within areas of the Local Bodies), Tax on Markets and Tax/User Charges for utilities like water supply, drainage, etc.
===Indonesia===
{{main|Taxation in Indonesia}}
The income tax in [[Indonesia]] is known as Pajak Penghasilan (PPh) and is considered to be a progressive tax. The rule governing this taxation is also called pph21.
===Iran===
{{main|Income tax in Iran}}
The [[Islamic Republic of Iran]] has income taxes. The highest tax bracket on profits is 46.4%.
===Italy===
Refer to [[:it:IRPEF|IRPEF]] ''(in Italian)'' for the Italian personal taxation system.
The [[Italy|Italian]] personal income tax is a progressive tax, i.e. tax is an increasing piecewise affine [[continuous function]] of income (excluding various rebates etc.). This means that the amount of income earned up to a certain amount t1 is taxed at a rate r1, then the remaining money, up to a certain amount t2 is taxed at a rate r2, etc.
===Japan===
{{main|Taxation in Japan}}
Progressive taxation at the national level that ranges from 5% to 40%. Resident taxes are an additional 10%.<ref name="Income Tax in Japan">{{cite web|url=http://www.foreclosedjapan.com/jtax.html| title=Taxes in Japan | publisher=|accessdate=2007-09-05}}</ref>
===Malta===
[[Malta]] has a progressive individual income tax, ranging from 0% to 35%. For single computations, income up to €8,150 is tax free, income between €8,151 and €14,000 is taxed 15%, income between €14,001 and €19,000 is taxed 20% and income above €19,000 is taxed 35%. For joint computations, income up to €11,400 is tax free, income between €11,401 and €20,500 is taxed 15%, income between €20,501 and €28,000 is taxed 20% and income above €28,000 is taxed 35%.
===Mexico===
Mexico has an income tax called ISR (Impuesto Sobre la Renta) which is progressive and, from 2008 on, a second tax called IETU (Impuesto Empresarial de Tasa Única, meaning flat business tax) which is, as its name shows, a flat tax.
===Netherlands===
{{main|Income tax in the Netherlands}}
The [[Netherlands]] taxes income on personal income (wages, profits, social security); some business income; and savings and investments. The tax on personal income is progressive and casts a wide tax net over wages, profits, social security, and pensions. The tax is withheld from wages and can reach a marginal rate of 52%. As an example of the breadth of the tax net, value gains in owner-occupied homes are treated as personal income, even though those gains are not realized (i.e. do not equate to cash in hand). Interest can be deducted as a cost incurred in earning the income. The tax on business income is a [[flat tax]] of 25% and only applied to "substantial business interests", which are generally a shareholding of 5%. A flat tax is paid on savings and investments, even if the gain is not realized.
===Peru===
{{main|Income tax in Peru}}
The income tax in [[Peru]] is collected by the Superintendencia Nacional de Administración Tributaria (SUNAT). This country uses a system of progressive taxation on personal income, and a flat rate tax on business income.
===Poland===
[[Poland]] has a progressive personal income tax.<ref name="Poland's Taxes">{{cite web|url=http://www.krakow-info.com/taxes.htm| title=Taxes in Poland | publisher=|accessdate=2007-07-30}}</ref>. The first 3,013 [[Polish złoty|złotys]] earned in the year are free of tax, then income lower than 43,405 [[Polish złoty|złotys]] is taxed at 19%. Yearly earnings between 43,405 to 85,528 [[Polish złoty|złotys]] incur 30% tax. Top personal income tax rate is paid on earnings above 85,528 Polish [[Polish złoty|złotys]] (apprx. 22,500 [[euro]]) per year and is equal to 40%.
===Russia===
Taxation of corporate and personal income is distinctly different.
[[Russia]] imposes a [[flat tax]] of 13% on personal income of tax residents of Russia, including capital gains. Dividends received are taxed at source at 9%. Lottery winnings and bank interest in excess of going Central Bank rate are taxed at 35%. Capital gains on sales of real estate and securities owned for a period of at least 3 years are free from taxation. The law provides for a number of [[itemized deduction]]s, notably home purchase deduction, available once in lifetime, and college cost deduction. Maximum cap on these deductions is set quite low: tax savings on a home purchase are limited to 130,000 roubles (US $5,600) for both spouses.
Current expenses (even related to business revenue), depreciation, losses on investments are not deductible, unless the individual taxpayer register himself as a private entrepreneur and maintains separate bookkeeping on his private and business operations.
Resident corporate taxpayers are generally taxed at 24% on their pre-tax profits. A small business (including registered individual entrepreneurs) may elect to be taxed under ''simplified system'' and, instead of regular profit and [[value added tax]], pay a flat 6% on gross receipts or 18% on gross margin.
Non-residents (individual and corporate) are taxed at a flat rate of 30%, except dividends received - 15%. Bilateral [[Tax treaty|tax treaties]] may reduce this rate to zero.
===Singapore===
{{main|Individual income tax in Singapore}}
[[Singapore]] has a progressive individual income tax,<ref name="sing">{{cite web|url=http://www.iras.gov.sg/ESVPortal/iit/index.asp| title=Individual Income Tax| publisher=Inland Revenue Authority of Singapore|accessdate=2007-01-24}}</ref> with taxes ranging from 0% to 20% up to Year of Assessment 2007. The tax net includes employment income, dividends, interests, and rental incomes.<ref name="sing"/> A range of deductions are available. Singapore also has an income tax on corporations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iras.gov.sg/ESVPortal/ct/index.asp| title=Corporate Tax| publisher=Inland Revenue Authority of Singapore|accessdate=2007-01-24}}</ref>
===Sweden===
[[Sweden]] has a taxation system that combines a [[direct tax]] (paid by the employee) with an [[indirect tax]] (paid by the employer). In practice, the employer provides the state with both means of taxation, but the employee only sees the direct tax on his declaration form. The compilation of taxes that compose the final income tax (2003): tax on gross income from the employer: 32.82% ''(indirect, fixed)'', pension fee on gross income: 6.95% ''(indirect, fixed)'', municipal tax on gross income less pension tax and a base deduction: ~32% ''(direct, varies by municipality)'', state tax on gross income less pension tax and a base deduction: 0%, 20%, or 25% ''(direct, progressive)''.
===United Kingdom===
{{main|Taxation in the United Kingdom}}
The [[United Kingdom|British]] income tax system is ''progressive'' with a number of bands: 10% (only applies to savings income and from April 2008 does not apply to earnings), 20% basic rate on UK dividends, investment income and income from employment/self employment (was 22% until April 2008), and (in respect of the higher rate band and all income on certain trusts) 32.5% on UK dividends and 40% on other sources<ref name="rates">{{cite web|url=http://www.hmrc.gov.uk/rates/it.htm|title=Rates and Allowances - Income Tax|publisher=HM Revenue & Customs|accessdate=2007-01-24}}</ref> There are also a number of untaxed allowances (such as a personal allowance) to which tax bands do not apply. The tax is an annual tax and is reimposed each year in the annual Finance Act. In addition, the UK has a [[National Insurance]] contribution based on income. Although effectively another form of income tax, credits for payments of this applied to the individual's record which, in turn, will impact on entitlement to welfare and (the level of) state pension payments. Rates are levied on the self employed, the employed, and their respective employers. The United Kingdom also imposes a [[United Kingdom corporation tax|corporation tax]], charged on the [[profit]]s and [[capital gain|chargeable gains]] of [[company (law)|companies]]. The main rate is 30%, which is levied on taxable income above GBP 1.5 million, but it will be reduced to 28% in April 2008. Income of £300,000 or less is taxed at 20%. Marginal reliefs exist between the £300,000 and £1,500,000 bands.<ref name="corp">{{cite web|url=http://www.hmrc.gov.uk/budget2007/pn2.htm|title=HM Revenue & Customs: PN 02}}</ref>
Under the [[Scotland Act 1998]] , the [[Scottish Parliament]] has the power to increase or reduce the basic rate of income tax by three pence in the pound, though not yet exercised.
===United States===
{{main|Income tax in the United States}}
The [[United States]] imposes an income tax on individuals, corporations, trusts, and certain estates. This tax is imposed on the ''income event'', such as the receipt of wages. Another example of an income event is the realization of a gain on the disposition of property; that is, the appreciation on the value of property is not taxed until that property is sold (i.e., when the gain is "realized").
The U.S. income tax was first proposed during the [[War of 1812]], but was defeated.<ref name="firstUS"/> In July 1861, the Congress passed a 3% tax on all net income above $600 a year (about USD 10,000 today). Income taxes were enacted at various times until 1894, but were not imposed after 1895 when an 1894 tax act was found to be unconstitutional. In response, the [[Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|16th Amendment]] was ratified in 1913.<ref name="firstUS"/> Ratification has been unsuccessfully disputed by some [[Tax protester (United States)|tax protesters]] claiming, among other things, that slight errors in punctuation in the various instruments ratified by the several states invalidates the ratification. [[Tax protester (United States)|Tax protesters]] have also made other arguments about the validity of the U.S. income tax, without success ''(see [[Tax protester arguments]])''.
The [http://truthandpolitics.org/top-rates.php top marginal tax rate in the U.S.] was 67 to 73 percent from 1917 to 1921, then began to fall, reaching a low of 25 percent from 1925 to 1931. The rate was increased to 63 percent in 1932, to 79 percent in 1936, and to 88 percent in 1942. From 1951 to 1963, the top marginal tax rate was 91 percent, and was 70 percent through most of the 1970s. In 1988 it was lowered to 28 percent, but raised in 1993 to 39.6 percent. The rate was lowered to 38.6 percent in 2001 and again lowered to 35 percent in 2003.
The 2007 individual federal income tax rates are between 10% and 35%, depending on income and family status. People with relatively low incomes may pay no income tax, or may receive earned income tax credits (tax benefits); however, this does not include income based [[Federal Insurance Contributions Act tax|payroll taxes]] that fund [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]] and [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]]. The Center on Budget and Policy Priorities states that ''three-fourths'' of taxpayers pay more in payroll taxes than they do in income taxes.<ref name="newlight">{{cite web| url=http://www.cbpp.org/8-25-04tax.htm| last=Kamin| first=David| coauthors=Shapiro, Isaac|title=Studies Shed New Light on Effects of Administration's Tax Cuts| work=| publisher=Center on Budget and Policy Priorities| date=2004-09-13| accessdate=2006-07-23}}</ref> IRS data indicate that the wealthiest 5% of taxpayers (ranked by AGI, counting only returns with positive AGI) paid roughly 60% of all income taxes; the bottom 50% of taxpayers account for just 3% of income taxes paid.<ref name="IRSdata">{{cite web| url=http://www.irs.gov/taxstats/indtaxstats/article/0,,id=129270,00.html| last=IRS Statistics of Income Division | title=Tables 5 and 6, Individual Income Tax Rates and Tax Shares| publisher=Internal Revenue Service}}</ref>
====U.S. state====
{{main|State income tax|State tax levels}}
Income tax may also be levied by individual [[U.S. state]]s in addition to the [[Income tax in the United States|federal income tax]]. Some states also allow individual cities to impose an additional income tax. Most state and local taxes are deductible expenses for federal tax purposes. Not all states levy an income tax ''(see [[State income tax]])''
==Critique of income tax==
Critics of income tax systems have argued that they can be extremely complex, requiring detailed record-keeping, lengthy instructions, and complicated schedules, worksheets, and forms. Critics further claim that income tax systems can penalize work, discourage [[saving]] and [[investment]], and hinder the competitiveness of business.<ref name="taxpanel">{{cite web|url=http://www.taxreformpanel.gov/04132005.pdf|title=America Needs a Better Tax System|publisher=The President’s Advisory Panel on Federal Tax Reform|date=2005-04-13|accessdate=2007-01-28}}</ref> Income taxes are not border-adjustable; meaning the tax component embedded into products via taxes imposed on companies cannot be removed when exported to a foreign country ''(see [[Effect of taxes and subsidies on price]])''. Taxation systems such as a [[national sales tax]] or [[value added tax]] remove the tax component when goods are exported and apply the tax component on imports.<ref name="LeoTestimony">{{cite web| url=http://waysandmeans.house.gov/hearings.asp?formmode=view&id=5196| last=Linbeck| first=Leo| title=Testimony Before the Subcommittee on Select Revenue Measures| work=| publisher=House Committee on Ways and Means| date=2006-06-22| accessdate=2006-08-11}}</ref> The principles of an income tax are also argued by critics. [[Frank Chodorov]] wrote "... you come up with the fact that it gives the government a prior lien on all the property produced by its subjects." The government "unashamedly proclaims the doctrine of collectivized wealth. ... That which it does not take is a concession."<ref name="firstUS"/>
== Countries with no personal income tax ==<!-- This section is linked from [[Flat tax]] -->
{{contradict-other|[[Flat tax|1]], [[Income tax#Countries with no personal income tax|2]], [[Tax rates around the world|3]], [[Flat tax adoption around the world|4]]}}
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== See also ==
{{Top4}}
*[[Dividend imputation]]
*[[Double taxation]]
*[[Fair Tax]]
*[[Flat tax]]
*[[Land Value Tax]]
{{Mid4}}
*[[Lifetime income tax]]
*[[Local income tax]]
*[[Negative income tax]]
*[[PAYE]]
*[[Pay-as-you-go tax|PAYG]]
{{Mid4}}
*[[Progressive tax]]
*[[Regressive tax]]
*[[Income Tax UK]]
*[[Sales tax]]
*[[Social security]]
{{Mid4}}
*[[Tax]]
*[[Tax resistance]]
*[[Tax return]]
*[[Tax Freedom Day]]
*[[Tax haven]]
{{Bottom}}
== Notes ==
{{sisterlinks|Income tax}}
{{reflist}}
==External links==
* [http://www.oecd.org/document/60/0,2340,en_2649_34533_1942460_1_1_1_1,00.html Tax Policy Analysis, OECD Tax Database] - Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
* [http://truthandpolitics.org/top-rates.php Top US Marginal Income Tax Rates, 1913--2003]
[[Category:Income taxes]]
[[Category:Personal taxes]]
[[Category:Taxation]]
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