Indian Media
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225552149
2008-07-14T07:44:02Z
ChiragPatnaik
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/* Newspapers */ trimmed list of newspapers mentioned to relatively prominent ones and added links to categories of Indian language newspapers
<table border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" align="right" width="300px">
<tr><td align="center" colspan=3>
<font size="+1">'''Media penetration as of 2003'''</font></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center" colspan=2>
<tr><td></td><td>'''All India'''</td><td>'''Urban'''</td></tr>
<tr><td>Print</td><td>25%</td><td>46%</td></tr>
<tr><td>Terrestrial television</td><td>53%</td><td>80%</td></tr>
<tr><td>Cable and satellite television</td><td>20%</td><td>46%</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[Radio]]</td><td>22%</td><td>25%</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[Film|Cinema]]</td><td>7%</td><td>11%</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[Internet]]</td><td>1%</td><td>3%</td></tr>
</table>
'''Mass media in India''' is that part of the Indian media which aims to reach a wide audience. Besides the [[news media]], which includes [[print media|print]], [[radio]] and [[television]], the [[internet]] is playing an increasing role, along with the growth of the Indian [[blogging]] community.
Compared with almost all [[developing countries]] and even a few [[developed countries]], the [[Indian press]] is very free. In 2001, [[India]] had 45,974 newspapers, including 5364 daily newspapers published in over 100 languages. The largest number of newspapers were published in [[Hindi]] (20,589), followed by [[English language|English]] (7,596), [[Marathi language|Marathi]] (2,943), [[Urdu]] (2,906), [[Bengali language|Bengali]] (2,741), [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] (2,215), [[Tamil language|Tamil]] (2,119), [[Kannada]] (1,816), [[Malayalam]] (1,505) and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] (1,289). The Hindi daily press has a circulation of over 23 million copies, followed by English with over 8 million copies.
There are several major publishing groups in India, the most prominent among them being the [[Times Group]], the [[Indian Express]] Group, the [[Hindustan Times]] Group, [[Essel Group]], [[The Hindu]] group, the [[Anandabazar Patrika]] Group, the [[Sakshi]] Group, the [[Malayala Manorama]] Group, the [[Mathrubhumi]] group, the [[Kerala Kaumudi]] group, the [[Sahara]] group, the [[Bhaskar]] group, and the [[Dainik Jagran]] group.
On the Television side, the prominent groups include, [[Star TV]], [[Zee TV]], [[Network 18]], [[NDTV]].
In radio, The Times Group through [[ENIL]], NDTV through [[Red FM]] and [[Reliance ADAG]] through [[Big FM]] are the major players.
Cross media ownership is quite common in the Indian Media space, with large players like The Times Group and owning large brands in Print, TV, Radio, Internet and Outdoor.
India has more than forty domestic news agencies. The [[Express News Service]], the [[Press Trust of India]], and the [[United News of India]] are among the major news agencies.
==Colonial journalism==
The history of media in India is coloured by the colonial experience.
William Bolts, an ex-employee of the [[British East India Company]] attempted to start the first [[newspaper]] in India in [[1776]]. Bolts had to beat a retreat under the disapproving gaze of the Court of Directors of the Company.
===Bengal===
The ''[[Hickey's Bengal Gazette or the Calcutta General Advertiser]]'' was started by James Augustus Hickey in [[1780]]. The ''Gazette'', a two-sheet newspaper, specialised in writing on the private lives of the [[Sahib]]s of the Company. He dared even to mount scurrillious attacks on the [[Governor-General]], [[Warren Hastings]]', wife, which soon landed "the late printer to the Honourable Company" in trouble.
Hickey was sentenced to a 4 months jail term and Rs.500 fine, which did not deter him. After a bitter attack on the Governor-General and the Chief Justice, Hickey was sentenced to one year in prison and fined Rs.5,000, which finally drove him to penury. These were the first tentative steps towards independent journalism in India.
===Calcutta ([[Kolkata]])===
B.Messink and Peter Reed were pliant publishers of the ''India Gazette'', unlike their infamous predecessor. The colonial establishment started the ''[[Calcutta]] Gazette''. It was followed by another private initiative the ''Bengal Journal''. The ''Oriental Magazine of Calcutta Amusement'', a monthly magazine made it four weekly newspapers and one monthly magazine published from [[Calcutta]], now Kolkata.
===Madras ([[Chennai]])===
The ''Madras Courier'' was started in [[1785]] in the southern stronghold of [[Madras]], which is now called Chennai. [[Richard Johnson]], its founder, was a government printer. Madras got its second newspaper when, in [[1791]], Hugh Boyd, who was the editor of the ''Courier'' quit and founded the ''Hurkaru''. Tragically for the paper, it ceased publication when Boyd died within a year of its founding.
It was only in [[1795]] that competitors to the ''Courier'' emerged with the founding of the ''Madras Gazette'' followed by the ''India Herald''. The latter was an "unauthorised" publication, which led to the deportation of its founder Humphreys. The ''Madras Courier'' was designated the purveyor of official information in the Presidency.
In 1878, [[The Hindu]] was founded, and played a vital role in promoting the cause of Indian independence from the colonial yoke. It's founder, Kasturi Ranga Iyengar, was a lawyer, and his son, K Srinivasan assumed editorship of this pioneering newspaper during for the first half of the 20th century. Today this paper enjoys the highest circulation in South India, and is among the top five nationally.
===Bombay ([[Mumbai]]) ===
[[Bombay]], now Mumbai, surprisingly was a late starter - ''The Bombay Herald'' came into existence in [[1789]]. Significantly, a year later a paper called the ''Courier'' started carrying advertisements in [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]].
The first media merger of sorts: The ''Bombay Gazette'', which was started in [[1791]], merged with the ''Bombay Herald'' the following year. Like the ''Madras Courier'', this new entity was recognised as the publication to carry "official notifications and advertisements".
'A Chronicle of Media and the State', by Jeebesh Bagchi in the ''Sarai Reader 2001'' is a [[Chronology|timeline]] on the role of the state in the development of media in India for more than a century.
Bagchi divides the timeline into three 'ages'. The Age of Formulation, which starts with the Indian Telegraph Act in [[1885]] and ends with the Report of the Sub-Committee on Communication, National Planning Committee in [[1948]].
==Post colonial journalism==
The Age of Consolidation that follows stretches from [[1951]], with the extension of the Indian Telegraph Act to the whole of India and ends with the promulgation of the "Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) Act" in [[1985]]. The current age is the Age of Uncertainty, which began in [[1989]] with the introduction of the [[Prasar Bharati]] (Broadcasting Corporation of India) Bill.
===News Agencies===
[[Press Trust of India]] (PTI) and [[United News of India]] (UNI) are the two primary Indian news agencies. The former was formed after it took over the operations of the Associated Press of India and the Indian operations of Reuters soon after independence on [[August 27]], [[1947]]. PTI is a non-profit cooperative of the Indian newspapers.
UNI began its operations on [[March 21]], [[1961]], though it was registered as a company in [[1959]] itself.
===Newspapers===
For a full list, visit [[:Category:Newspapers of India]]
====Indian Language Dailies====
* ''[[Eenadu]]'' (Telugu - http://www.eenadu.net/)
* ''[[Prajavani]]'' (Kannada - http://www.prajavani.net/)
* ''[[Samyuktha Karnataka]]'' (Kannada - http://www.samyukthakarnataka.com/)
* ''[[Amar Ujala]]'' (Hindi)[http://www.amarujala.com/]
* ''[[Anandabazar patrika]]'' (Bengali) [http://www.anandabazar.com/]
* ''[[Dainik Bhaskar]]'' (Hindi; leader in 2005, second highest circulation in 2006<ref name=IRS_Survey>{{cite web
|url=http://www.allindianewspapers.com/India-newspaper/NRS-key-findings.htm
|title=IRS Survey
|accessdate=2007-04-05
}}</ref>)
* ''[[Dainik Jagran]]'' (Hindi; highest circulation among dailies<ref name=IRS_Survey>{{cite web
|url=http://www.allindianewspapers.com/India-newspaper/NRS-key-findings.htm
|title=IRS Survey
|accessdate=2007-04-05
}}</ref>)
* ''[[Dinakaran]]'' (Tamil)
* ''[[Dina Thandi]]'' (Daily Thanthi, Tamil daily with 14 editions and a circulation of 790,900)
* ''[[Gujarat Samachar]]'' ([[Gujarati language|Gujarati]])
* ''[[Lokmat]]'' ([[Marathi]])
* ''[[Maharastra Times]]'' ([[Marathi]])
* ''[[Malayala Manorama]]'' (Malayalam)
* ''[[Navbharat]] Nav-Bharat]'' (Hindi; published from Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra}
{{see|:Category:Assamese-language newspapers}}
{{see|:Category:Bengali newspapers}}
{{see|:Category:Gujarati-language newspapers }}
{{see|:Category:Hindi-language newspapers}}
{{see|:Category:Kannada-language newspapers}}
{{see|:Category:Malayalam-language newspapers }}
{{see|:Category:Marathi-language newspapers}}
{{see|:Category:Punjabi-language newspapers}}
{{see|:Category:Tamil-language newspapers}}
{{see|:Category:Telugu-language newspapers}}
====English Dailies====
* [[The Times of India]] (7.05 million readers, IRS 2005)
* [[Hindustan Times]]
* [[The Hindu]]
* [[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]]
* [[Deccan Chronicle]]
* [[The Asian Age]]
* [[The Economic Times]]
* [[Mid-Day]]
* [[Indian Express]]
{{see|:Category:English-language newspapers published in India}}
===Television===
The Indian Television industry started out with the establishment of the state broadcaster [[Doordarshan]] (This government department was later incorporated as [[Prasar Bharti]]). Post liberlisation, and after the entry of Private operators the Indian Television industry has grown manifold. It spans the usual genres typical of any other Television Market. However, ultra-fine niches like Comedy, Sci-Fi are not being addressed. Another notable absence is Adult Programming
Currently, Indian TV Channels can be broadly classified as [[List_of_Indian_television_stations#Entertainment|General Entertainment]], [[List_of_Indian_television_stations#Health_and_Lifestyle|Health & Lifestyle]], [[List_of_Indian_television_stations#Kids|Kids]], [[List_of_Indian_television_stations#Movies|Movies]], [[List_of_Indian_television_stations#Music|Music]], [[List_of_Indian_television_stations#News|News]] & [[List_of_Indian_television_stations#Music|Sports]]. Each of these, can further be classified according to the Language of operation
See Main article [[List of Indian television stations]]
===Radio===
Radio like Television in India was a government department for many decades and the winds of liberalisation that swept the country in the nineties also touched the Radio industry. After an aborted attempt at privatisation (in which some time-bands on certain FM bands were handed to private producers to do as they please) in the nineties, the radio industry finally opened up in 2000. FM Radio frequencies were auctioned off to private broadcasters, all of whom invariably produced music based programs. Initially, almost all radio stations were producing English music programming, but in a marked change [[Radio Mirchi]] in Delhi, led an industry wide switch to the respective Indian language. As such, all private radio stations (see article [[List of FM Radio Stations in India]]) carry similar content. Some differentiation has started recently with the launch of [[Meow FM]], a channel aimed solely at Women.
India, incidentally boasts of the largest Radio networks in the world (see main article [[All India Radio]]).
===Internet===
Most of the mainstream news sources also have their web presence. Prominent among them are
*[http://www.timesofindia.com The Times of India]
*[http://www.ibnlive.com CNN IBN]
*[http://www.ndtv.com NDTV]
*[http://www.timesnow.tv Times Now]
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Economy of India related topics}}
{{Asia topic|Media of}}
[[Category:Mass media]]
[[Category:Indian culture]]
[[Category:Asian culture]]
[[Category:Indian media]]
[[bn:ভারতের গণমাধ্যম]]