Ingres 84394 225634456 2008-07-14T17:38:04Z Elf 40082 /* Commercialization */ fix bl link and light copy edit {{about|the relational database management system|the artist|Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres}} {{ infobox software | name = Ingres | screenshot = [[Image:Ingres logo.png]] | caption = ''Ingres Corporation logo'' | developer = Ingres Corporation | latest_release_version = Ingres 2006 release 2 | latest_release_date = | operating_system = [[Cross-platform]] | genre = [[Relational database management system|RDBMS]] | license = [[GNU General Public Licence]] | website = http://www.ingres.com/ }} '''Ingres''' (pronounced /iŋ-grεs'/) is a commercially supported, open-source [[relational database management system]]. Ingres was first created as a research project at the [[University of California, Berkeley]] starting in the early 1970s and ending in the early 1980s. The original code, like that from other projects at Berkeley, was available at minimal cost under a version of the [[BSD license]]. Since the mid-1980s, Ingres has spawned a number of commercial database applications, including [[Sybase]], [[Microsoft SQL Server]], [[NonStop SQL]] and a number of others. Postgres ('''Post''' In'''gres'''), a project which started in the mid-1980s, later evolved into [[PostgreSQL]]. == History == === Ingres === In 1973 when the [[System R]] project was getting started at [[International Business Machines|IBM]], the research team released a series of papers describing the system they were building. Two scientists at Berkeley, [[Michael Stonebraker]] and [[Eugene Wong]], became interested in the concept after reading the papers, and decided to start a relational database research project of their own. They had already raised money for researching a geographic database system for Berkeley's economics group, which they called '''Ingres''', for '''IN'''teractive '''G'''raphics '''RE'''trieval '''S'''ystem. They decided to use this money to fund their relational project instead, and used this as a seed for a new and much larger project. For further funding Stonebraker approached the [[DARPA]], the obvious funding source for computing research and development at the time, but both the DARPA and the [[Office of Naval Research]] (ONR) turned them down as they were already funding database research elsewhere. Stonebraker then introduced his idea to other agencies, and, with help from his colleagues he eventually obtained modest support from the [[National Science Foundation|NSF]] and three military agencies: the [[Air Force Office of Scientific Research]], the [[Army Research Office]], and the [[Navy Electronic Systems Command]]. Thus funded, Ingres was developed during the mid-1970s by a rotating team of students and staff. Ingres went through an evolution similar to that of System R, with an early prototype in 1974 followed by major revisions to make the code maintainable. Ingres was then disseminated to a small user community, and project members rewrote the prototype repeatedly to incorporate accumulated experience, feedback from users, and new ideas. Ingres remained largely similar to IBM's System R in concept, but based on "low end" systems, namely [[Unix]] on [[Digital Equipment Corporation|DEC]] machines. === Commercialization === Unlike System R, the Ingres source code was available (on tape) for a modest fee. By 1980 some 1,000 copies had been distributed primarily to universities. Many students from U.C. Berkeley and other Universities that used the Ingres source code worked on various commercial database software systems. Berkeley students Jerry Held and later Karel Youseffi moved to [[Tandem Computers]] where they built a system that evolved into [[NonStop SQL]]. The Tandem database system was a re-implementation of the Ingres technology. It evolved into a system that ran effectively on [[parallel computer]]s, that is, it included functionality for distributed data, distributed execution, and distributed transactions (the last being fairly difficult). Components of the system were first released in the late 1970's. By 1989 the system could run queries in parallel, and the product became fairly famous for being one of the few systems that scales almost linearly with the number of processors in the machine: adding a second CPU to an existing NonStop SQL server will almost exactly double its performance. Tandem was later purchased by [[Compaq]] who started a re-write in 2000, and now the product is at [[Hewlett-Packard|HP]]. Robert Epstein, the chief programmer on the project while he was at Berkeley, formed [[Britton Lee, Inc.]] along with other students from the Ingres Project, Paula Hawthorne and Mike Ubell; they were joined later by [[Eric Allman]]. Later, they founded [[Sybase]]. Sybase had been the #2 product (behind the System R based [[Oracle database|Oracle]]) for some time through the 1980s and into the 1990s, before [[Informix]] came "out of nowhere" and took over in 1997. Sybase's product line had also been licensed to [[Microsoft]] in 1992, who rebranded it as [[Microsoft SQL Server]]. This relationship soured in the late 1990s, and today SQL Server outsells Sybase by a wide margin. Several companies used the Ingres source code to produce products. The most successful was a company named [[Relational Technology, Inc.]] (RTI), founded in 1980 by Stonebraker and Wong, and another Berkeley professor, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Larry.Rowe Lawrence A. Rowe]. RTI was renamed Ingres Corporation in the late 1980s. The company converted the code to DEC VMS, which was the commercial OS for DEC VAX computers, and developed a collection of front-end tools for creating and manipulating databases (e.g., reporterwriters, forms entry and update, etc.) and application development tools. Over time, much of the source was rewritten to add functionality (for example, multiple statement transactions, SQL, B-tree access method, date/time datatypes, etc.) and improve performance (for example, compiled queries, multithreaded server). The company was purchased by [[ASK Corporation]] in November 1990. The founders left the company over the next several months. In 1994, ASK/Ingres was purchased by [[Computer Associates]], who continued to offer Ingres under a variety of brand names (for example, OpenIngres, Ingres II, Advantage Ingres). In [[2004]], Computer Associates released Ingres r3 under an [[open source]] license. The code includes the DBMS server and utilities and the character based front-end and application development tools. In essence, everything except [[OpenROAD]], the Windows 4GL GUI-based development environment. In November of 2005, Garnett & Helfrich Capital in partnership with [[Computer Associates]] created a new company called Ingres Corporation, which provides support and services for Ingres, OpenROAD, and the connectivity products. === Ingres Today === In February 2006, Ingres Corporation released Ingres 2006 under the [[GNU General Public License|GNU General Public Licence]]. Based in Redwood City, California, Ingres also has major development, sales, and support centers throughout the world. Since the spin off from CA, Ingres Corporation has experienced significant growth and a renewed streak of innovation. The company emphasizes reliability, security and scalability and is a leader in mission-critical applications. Its partnerships with leading open source providers further enhance the Ingres value proposition. Ingres has a strong focus on providing integrated solutions built through strong partnerships that enable an integrated software stack and integrated support In particular, Ingres is now working with leading business intelligence providers to deliver appliances that combine the benefits of open source with advanced reporting and data analysis capabilities. As of the end of 2007, Ingres had more than 10,000 customers including 136 of the Fortune 500 companies, 375 of the Global 2000 companies and a number of public sector entities worldwide, including 3M, BAE Systems, Cypress Semi-Conductor, Fujitsu, Lufthansa, and National Center for Missing & Exploited Children to name a few. Ingres also put renewed emphasis on its participation in the open source community. Open source community initiatives with Ingres include: Community Bundles – Alliances with other open source providers and projects such as Alfresco, JasperSoft, Hibernate, Apache Tomcat, and Eclipse enable Ingres to provide its platform and technology with other leading open source technologies to create a more seamless and ubiquitous open source experience. Open Source Boot Camp – Established by Ingres and Carleton University, the goal of this program is to work with other open source communities and projects to introduce university and college students and staff to the concepts and realities of open source. Other involvememt includes: Global Ingres University Alliances, Ingres Engineering Summit, Ingres Janitors Project and several memberships in Open Source initiatives. Two notable new products are: Ingres Icebreaker – Integrated software appliance that combines the Ingres Database with the Linux operating system, enabling people to simultaneously deploy and manage a database and operating system solution. Ingres CAFÉ (Consolidated Application Foundation for Eclipse) – Created by a team of developers at Carleton University, CAFE is an integrated environment that helps software architects accelerate and simplify Java application development === Postgres === The Postgres project was started to address limitations of existing database-management implementations of the relational model. Primary among these was their inability to let the user define new domains (or "types") which are combinations of simpler domains (see [[relational model]] for an explanation of the term "domain"). The project explored other ideas including the incorporation of write-once media (e.g., optical disks), the use of massive storage (e.g., never delete data), inferencing, and object-oriented data models. The implementation also experimented with new interfaces between the database and application programs (e.g., '''portals,''' which are sometimes referred to as "fat cursors"). The resulting project, named '''Postgres''', aimed at introducing the minimum number of features needed to add complete types support. These included the ability to define types, but also the ability to fully describe relationships – which up until this time had been widely used but maintained entirely by the user. In Postgres the database "understood" relationships, and could retrieve information in related tables in a natural way using ''rules''. For complete details, see the [[PostgreSQL]] article. In the 1990s Stonebraker started a new company to commercialize Postgres, under the name '''Illustra'''. The company and technology were later purchased by Informix. ==See also== *[[Comparison of relational database management systems]] *[[List of relational database management systems]] *[[OpenROAD]] *[[PostgreSQL]] ==External links== ''Article sources:'' *[http://www.cs.wisc.edu/~nil/764/root/3_p189-stonebraker.pdf The Design and Implementation of INGRES] *[http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=320141.320158 Retrospection on a Database System] *[http://www.bizyx.com/ingres/faq.htm Ingres FAQ] *[http://osbootcamp.org/] ''Community links'': *[http://www.iua.org.uk UK Ingres Users Association] *[http://bugs.ingres.com Ingres Projects] *[http://community.ingres.com Ingres Community] *[http://www.naiua.org North American Ingres Users Association] *[http://www.giua.de German Ingres User Association] *[http://www.iugn.nl Ingres UserGroup Nederland] *[http://www.rubisweb.ch Ingres User Group Switzerland (French-speaking part)] *[http://www.iug-br.org Ingres User Group Brazil] *[http://www.qiug.org.au Ingres User Group Queensland Australia] *IRC Channel: #ingres on irc.freenode.net *The Usenet newsgroup: comp.databases.ingres. Can be accessed here: [http://groups.google.com/group/comp.databases.ingres/topics] ''Product links'': *[http://www.ingres.com/ Ingres Corp.] *[http://s2k-ftp.cs.berkeley.edu:8000/ingres/ University INGRES,Version 8.9] {{databases}} [[Category:Open source database management systems]] [[ar:إنجرس]] [[cs:Ingres]] [[de:Ingres]] [[fr:Ingres (base de données)]] [[ja:Ingres]] [[no:Ingres]] [[pl:Ingres (baza danych)]] [[ru:Ingres]] [[zh:Ingres]]