Ingrid Newkirk 633586 224613611 2008-07-09T17:38:19Z 216.235.8.118 /* Relationship with the ALF */ changed quote format {{Infobox Celebrity | name = Ingrid Newkirk |image =Ingrid Newkirk by David Shankbone.jpg | image_size = 200px | caption = Ingrid Newkirk with her photographer's [[chihuahua (dog)|chihuahua]], "Little Man," during [[wikinews:Ingrid Newkirk, co-founder of PETA, on animal rights and the film about her life|an interview for Wikinews]] in 2007. | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1949|6|11}} | birth_place = | death_date = | death_place = | occupation = President of [[PETA]] | spouse = | children = | religion = [[Atheist]] | Web site = [http://www.ingridnewkirk.com/ IngridNewkirk.com] | footnotes = }} {{Wikinews|Ingrid Newkirk, co-founder of PETA, on animal rights and the film about her life}} '''Ingrid Newkirk''' (born [[June 11]], [[1949]]) is an English-born [[animal rights]] activist, author, and president and co-founder of [[People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals]] (PETA), the world's largest animal rights organization.<ref name=EB>[http://advocacy.britannica.com/blog/advocacy/2007/04/ingrid-newkirk-animal-rights-crusader/ "Ingrid Newkirk: Animal Rights Crusader"], ''Encyclopaedia Britannica's Advocacy for Animals'', April 30, 2007.</ref> She is the author of several books about animal liberation, including ''Free the Animals'' (2000), with a foreword from [[Chrissie Hynde]], and ''Making Kind Choices'' (2005), which has a foreword by Sir [[Paul McCartney]]. Newkirk is best known for the issue awareness campaigns she organizes on behalf of PETA, in order to promote animal rights and [[veganism]]. In her [[Will (law)|will]], for example, she has directed that her skin be turned into wallets, her feet into [[umbrella]] stands, and her flesh into "Newkirk Nuggets," then grilled on a [[barbecue]].<ref name=Millard>Millard, Rosie. [http://www.newstatesman.com/200310060033 "A human carrot in bright orange felt walks in, announcing itself as "Chris P Carrot'"], ''New Statesman'', October 6, 2003.</ref> "We are complete press sluts," she told ''The New Yorker''. "It is our obligation."<ref name=Specter>[[Michael Specter|Specter, Michael]]. [http://www.michaelspecter.com/ny/2003/2003_04_14_peta.html "The woman behind the most successful radical group in America"], ''The New Yorker'', April 14, 2003.</ref> Under Newkirk’s leadership in the 1970s as the [[District of Columbia]]'s first female poundmaster, legislation was passed to create the first spay/neuter clinic in Washington, D.C., as well as an adoption program, and the public funding of veterinary services, leading her to be named "Washingtonian of the Year" in 1980.<ref>[http://www.ingridnewkirk.com/Ingrid Newkirk's website].</ref><ref name=Guillermo34/><ref name=Washingtonian>[http://www.washingtonian.com/articles/people/6414.html "Past Washingtonians of the Year"], ''The Washingtonian'', accessed February 24, 2008.</ref> At PETA, she has led successful campaigns to stop the use of animals in crash tests, has convinced companies from [[Gillette]] to [[Revlon]] to stop [[testing cosmetics on animals]],<ref>Elsner, Alan. [http://www.alanelsner.com/articles/peta.html “Hoping for Disease”].</ref> and has persuaded [[grocery store]] chains such as [[Safeway]] to insist on higher welfare standards from the meat industry.<ref>[http://www.bizjournals.com/eastbay/stories/2008/02/25/story14.html?q=animal%20welfare%20Safeway After losing 'Shameway' label, Safeway now praised by PETA]</ref> Despite her approach to improving [[animal welfare]], Newkirk is an abolitionist, and remains committed to the idea that "[a]nimals are not ours to eat, wear, experiment on, or use for entertainment."<ref name=Specter/> She has been criticized in that regard for her support of actions carried out in the name of the [[Animal Liberation Front]]. Her position is that the [[animal rights movement]] is a revolutionary one, and that "[t]hinkers may prepare revolutions, but bandits must carry them out.<ref name=NewkirkBest341>Newkirk, Ingrid. "The ALF: Who, Why, and What?", ''Terrorists or Freedom Fighters? Reflections on the Liberation of Animals''. Best, Steven & Nocella, Anthony J (eds). Lantern 2004, p. 341./</ref> ==Early life== {{Animal liberation movement}} Newkirk was born in England, living in [[Ware]], [[Hertfordshire]], until she was seven years old. Her father was a navigational engineer, and the family moved to [[New Delhi]], India, where her father worked for the Indian government, while her mother volunteered for [[Mother Teresa]] in a [[leper colony]] and a home for unwed mothers. Newkirk attended a [[convent]] boarding school in the [[Himalayas]] for well-to-do Indian nationals and non-natives, although she was the only British child there. [[Image:Ingrid Newkirk to David Shankbone on thoughts about herself.ogg|thumb|left|Newkirk talking about herself and her legacy in an interview.]] She credits her early experiences in India &mdash; packing pills and rolling bandages for those suffering from [[leprosy]], stuffing toys for orphans, and feeding strays &mdash; as informing her view that anyone in need, including animals, was worthy of concern. She was also influenced by her mother's advice that "it doesn’t matter who suffers, but how."<ref name=Redwood>Redwood, Daniel. [http://www.healthy.net/scr/interview.asp?Id=304 "Making Kind Choices"], an interview with Ingrid Newkirk, ''healthy.net''.</ref><ref name=Specter/> She tells the story of an early experience of trying to rescue an animal, when she heard laughter in the alleyway behind the family home in New Delhi. A group of people had bound a dog's arms and feet, muzzled him, then lowered him into a deep, muddy ditch, and were laughing as they watched him struggle to escape. Newkirk asked her family's staff to bring the dog to her, and tried to get him to drink some water, but someone had packed his throat with mud, and he died in her arms.<ref name=Guillermo34>Guillermo, Kathy Snow. ''Monkey Business''. National Press Books, 1993, pp. 34-37.</ref> When she was eighteen, during the [[Vietnam War]], her father worked for the [[United States Air Force]] and the family moved to Florida, where he worked on designing bombing systems.<ref name=Specter/> It was in Florida that Newkirk met her husband, Steve Newkirk, from whom she divorced in 1980. He introduced her to [[Formula One]] racing, which &mdash; along with [[sumo wrestling]] &mdash; remains one of her great passions, according to ''The New Yorker'': "It's sex. The first time you hear them rev their engines, my God! That noise goes straight up my spine."<ref name=Specter/> ===Introduction to animal protection=== Until she was 22, Newkirk had given no thought to animals rights or even [[vegetarianism]]. She and her husband had moved to [[Poolesville, Maryland]] in 1970, where she was studying to become a [[stockbroker]], when a neighbour abandoned some kittens, and Newkirk decided to take them to an animal shelter. She told [[Michael Specter]] of ''The New Yorker'': {{blockquote|When I arrived at the shelter, the woman said, 'Come in the back and we will just [[Animal euthanasia|put them down]] there.' ... I thought, How nice &mdash; you will set them up with a place to live. So I waited out front for a while, and then I asked if I could go back and see them, and the woman just looked at me and said, 'What are you talking about? They are all dead.' I just snapped when I heard those kittens were dead. The woman was so rude. The place was a junk heap in the middle of nowhere. It couldn't have been more horrible. For some reason, and even now I don't know what it was, I decided I needed to do something about it. So I thought, I'm going to work here.<ref name=Specter/>}} Newkirk took a job in the kennels, witnessing what she felt was the mistreatment of the animals, including physical abuse. Kathy Snow Guillermo writes that Newkirk disinfected kennels by day, and by night studied animal care, animal behavior, and animal-cruelty investigations.<ref name=Guillermo34/> {{blockquote|I went to the front office all the time, and I would say, "John is kicking the dogs and putting them into freezers." Or I would say, "They are stepping on the animals, crushing them like grapes, and they don't care." In the end, I would go to work early, before anyone got there, and I would just kill the animals myself. Because I couldn't stand to let them go through that. I must have killed a thousand of them, sometimes dozens every day. Some of those people would take pleasure in making them suffer. Driving home every night, I would cry just thinking about it. And I just felt, to my bones, this cannot be right.<ref name=Specter/>}} She blew the whistle on the shelter, and became an animal-protection officer, first for [[Montgomery County, Maryland|Montgomery County]], then for the [[District of Columbia]]. She became D.C.'s first female poundmaster, persuading the city to fund veterinary services, set up an adoption program, an investigations department, and a pet sterilization program.<ref name=Guillermo34/> By 1976, she was head of the animal-disease-control division of the District of Columbia Commission on Public Health.<ref name=Specter/> Over the next few years, she became well-known for her work with animals, and in 1980 was among those named "Washingtonian of the Year."<ref name=Washingtonian>[http://www.washingtonian.com/articles/people/6414.html "Past Washingtonians of the Year"], ''The Washingtonian'', accessed February 24, 2008.</ref> ==Newkirk's work with PETA== ===Founding of PETA=== {{main|People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals}} {{see|Animal_rights#Modern_movement}} <!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:AlexPacheco(PETA).jpg|left|frame|Alex Pacheco]] --> In 1980, Newkirk met Alex Pacheco in a D.C. shelter where he was working as a volunteer. She had by then become a vegetarian, despite her great love of eating meat. She told Michael Specter: "I loved meat, liver above all ... My God, I would eat it tomorrow. Now. I would eat roadkill if I could." {{blockquote|I'd eat burgers, steak, anything. I love car racing and meat. I am a boy at heart, I am my father's son ... On my way down into the District, I would stop in Potomac and pick up triple-ground prime meat ... I would break a raw egg and take onions and capers and I would mix it all, and I would go about checking on the animals while eating this raw food right out of my hand. I am just a raw-oyster, raw-meat-eating person who happened to find out what happened in the meat industry, and I just can't support it.<ref name=Specter/>}} It was Pacheco who introduced Newkirk to the concept of animal rights &mdash; the idea that animals do not belong to human beings to be used. Pacheco presented her with a copy of [[Peter Singer]]'s ''[[Animal Liberation (book)|Animal Liberation]]'', often called the "bible" of the animal rights movement. She has said that Singer had put into words what she had felt intuitively for a long time. She called Pacheco "Alex the Abdul," a name given to messengers in [[Islam|Muslim]] stories.<ref name=Guillermo34/> The concept of animal rights was at that time almost unheard of in the United States. The modern [[animal rights movement]] had started in England eight years earlier, in 1972, when a group of [[Oxford University]] scholars, particularly philosophers, had formed the "Oxford group" to promote the idea that discrimination against individuals on the basis of their species is as irrational as discrimination on the basis of race or sex.<ref name=EB1>"[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-252580/ethics Ethics: Animals]." ''Encyclopaedia Britannica Online''. 2007.</ref><ref name=EB3>"[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9007642/animal-rights Animal Rights]." ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. 2007.</ref><ref>[[Richard Ryder|Ryder, Richard]]. ''Animal Revolution: Changing Attitudes Towards Speciesism''. First published by Basil Blackwell, 1989; this edition Berg, 2000, p. 5.</ref> During the same year, [[Ronnie Lee]] and Cliff Goodman set up the Band of Mercy, a militant subgroup of the [[Hunt Saboteurs Association]], and a precurser of the [[Animal Liberation Front]].<ref name=Best20>[[Steven Best|Best, Steven]] in Best & Nocella (eds), ''Terrorists or Freedom Fighters, Lantern Books, 2004, p. 20.</ref> In March 1980, Newkirk and Pacheco decided to form a group to educate the American public about these ideas. They called it People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, and it consisted of what Newkirk later called "five people in a basement."<ref name=Schwartz161>Schwartz, Jeffrey and Begley, Sharon. ''The Mind and the Brain: Neuroplasticity and the Power of Mental Force''. HarperCollins, 2002 p. 161.</ref> The couple also fell in love and began living together, though they were very different. Newkirk was older, practical, very organized, whereas Pacheco was absent-minded and barely looked after himself, spending his time in white painter's overalls and eating vegetarian [[hot dog]]s straight from the can.<ref name=Guillermo18>Guillermo, Kathy Snow. ''Monkey Business''. National Press Books, 1993, p. 18.</ref> ===Silver Spring monkeys=== [[Image:Silver-Spring-monkey.jpg|thumb|200px|One of the [[Silver Spring monkeys]] in a restraint chair. The images became iconic after the ''Washington Post'' published one of them on its front page.<ref>Carbone, Larry. '"What Animal Want: Expertise and Advocacy in Laboratory Animal Welfare Policy''. Oxford University Press, 2004, p. 76, see figure 4.2.</ref>]] {{main|Silver Spring monkeys}} The case of the [[Silver Spring monkeys]], an animal-research controversy that lasted ten years, transformed PETA from just Newkirk, Pacheco, and a small group of friends into an international movement. In the summer of 1981, Pacheco decided to take a job as a volunteer inside the Institute of Behavioral Research in [[Silver Spring, Maryland]], so that he and Newkirk would have some firsthand knowledge to base their campaigns on. Edward Taub, a psychologist, was working there on seventeen monkeys. He had cut [[Dorsal root ganglion|sensory ganglia]] that supplied nerves to their arms and legs, then used physical restraint, electric shock, and withholding of food to force them to use the limbs. The idea was to see whether monkeys could be induced to use limbs they could not feel.<ref>Johnson, David. [http://www.curledup.com/mindbrai.htm Review of ''The Mind and the Brain: Neuroplasticity and the Power of Mental Force''], ''curledup.com''; see also Doidge, Norman. ''The Brain That Changes Itself''. Viking Penguin 2007, p. 141.</ref> The monkeys' living conditions were, by all accounts, appalling &mdash; the [[National Institutes of Health]], which had funded Taub's research, was included in the ranks of scientists and other professionals who later criticized the conditions in which Taub had kept them.<ref name=Pacheco>Pacheco, Alex and Francione, Anna. [http://www.animal-rights-library.com/texts-m/pacheco01.htm "The Silver Spring Monkeys"] in Singer, Peter. ''In Defense of Animals''. New York: Basil Blackwell, 1985, pp. 135-147; also see Boffey, Philip M. [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=health&res=9901E1D81039F934A15753C1A967948260 "Animals in the lab: Protests accelerate, but use is dropping"], ''The New York Times'', October 27, 1981.</ref><ref>Raub, William and Held, Joe. ''Neuroscience Newsletter'', April 1983, cited in Schwartz, Jeffrey and Begley, Sharon. ''The Mind and the Brain: Neuroplasticity and the Power of Mental Force''. HarperCollins, 2002 p. 149.</ref> Pacheco repeatedly went into the lab at night to take photographs, and to escort other scientists through it to secure their testimony, with Newkirk crouching on the back seat of a car outside, hidden under a large cardboard box with holes for her eyes, holding a walkie-talkie from a toy store to alert Pacheco if anyone else entered the building.<ref name=Guillermo25>Guillermo, Kathy Snow. ''Monkey Business''. National Press Books, 1993, p. 25.</ref> Having collected the evidence, they alerted the police, who raided the lab, removed the monkeys, and charged Taub with 119 counts of animal cruelty. He was convicted on six counts, overturned on appeal.<ref>Taub v. State, 296, Md 439 (1983).</ref> It was the first police raid on an animal-research facility in the United States, and the first conviction of an animal researcher. Newkirk and Pacheco found themselves thrust overnight into the public eye. The controversy led to an amendment to the 1985 Animal Welfare Act, became the first animal-rights case to be heard before the [[United States Supreme Court]], and established PETA as an internationally known animal-rights group, with Newkirk as its outspoken president.<ref name=Schwartz161/> ===Relationship with the ALF=== {{main|Animal Liberation Front}} [[Image:ALFbeagles.jpg|left|thumb|250px|Newkirk has said of the [[Animal Liberation Front]]: "Thinkers may prepare revolutions, but bandits must carry them out.<ref name=NewkirkBest341>Newkirk, Ingrid. "The ALF: Who, Why, and What?", ''Terrorists or Freedom Fighters? Reflections on the Liberation of Animals''. Best, Steven & Nocella, Anthony J (eds). Lantern 2004, p. 341./</ref>]] Newkirk has been criticized for publicizing actions carried out in the name of the [[Animal Liberation Front]] (ALF), something that she freely admits to.<ref name=Newkirk2000>Newkirk, Ingrid. ''Free the Animals'', Lantern, 2000.</ref> She has said that she supports the goals of the ALF, arguing that "Not until black demonstrators resorted to violence did the national government work seriously for civil rights legislation ... In 1850 white abolitionists, having given up on peaceful means, began to encourage and engage in actions that disrupted plantation operations and liberated slaves. Was that all wrong?"<ref name=NewkirkBest341/> She has said that she understands, but shrinks from, actions that involve [[arson]]. {{cquote|I ''do'' support getting animals out in the same way I would have supported getting human slaves out, child labor, sex slaves, the whole lot. But I don’t support burning. I don’t support arson. I would rather that these buildings weren’t standing, so on some level I understand. I just don’t like the idea of that. Maybe that is wishy-washy of me, because I don’t want those buildings standing if they are going to hurt anyone. And the ALF has never hurt mice nor mare.<ref>[http://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Ingrid_Newkirk%2C_co-founder_of_PETA%2C_on_animal_rights_and_the_film_about_her_life Interview with Ingrid Newkirk], David Shankbone, ''[[Wikinews]]'', November 20, 2007.</ref>}} She has been accused of having had advance knowledge of one ALF action. During the 1995 trial of [[Rod Coronado]], in connection with an arson attack at Michigan State University (MSU), U.S. Attorney Michael Dettmer alleged that Newkirk had arranged, in advance of the attack, to have Coronado send her stolen documents from the university and a videotape of the action.<ref>Government sentencing memorandum of U.S. Attorney Michael Dettmer in USA v. Rodney Coronado, July 31, 1995, pp. 8-10.</ref> ===Public image=== [[Image:Ingrid Newkirk and Matthew Galkin by David Shankbone.jpg|thumb|220px|right|Newkirk and [[Matthew Galkin]], who directed ''I Am an Animal'', the story of Newkirk's life.<ref>Galkin, Matthew (director) [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1094184/ "I Am an Animal: The Story of Ingrid Newkirk and PETA"], a television production for HBO, November 2007.</ref>]] Newkirk and her cause both provoke strong feelings. Michael Specter writes that she "has the popular image of a monster," becoming more disliked with every PETA stunt, unable even to walk through an airport without accosting every woman wearing fur. She told him that she has had to stop vacationing in tropical or poor countries like Mexico, because she spends the entire time rescuing animals from what she calls their "horrid owners."<ref name=Specter/> She was heavily criticized in 2003, for example, when she wrote to [[Palestinian Liberation Organization|Palestinian]] leader [[Yasser Arafat]] to protest the use of a donkey as a [[suicide bomber]], triggering the inevitable criticism that she was prioritizing animal over human life. "We are named People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals," she told Specter. "There are plenty of other groups that worry about the humans."<ref name=Specter/> {{blockquote|In this business I am very easy to cubby hole. As someone said to me the other day — they had seen the HBO special — and they said, "Are you really a sad obsessed person?" And I thought, No, I’m not really a sad person, except when I lie awake at night in winter thinking about all the animals out without shelter, and then I’m sad! Who wouldn’t be? Wouldn’t anybody be sad if they have a heart? It’s just that I’ve seen so much.<ref>[http://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Ingrid_Newkirk%2C_co-founder_of_PETA%2C_on_animal_rights_and_the_film_about_her_life Interview with Ingrid Newkirk], David Shankbone, ''[[Wikinews]]'', November 20, 2007.</ref>}} Newkirk has been accused of employing a double standard for her organization's practice of euthanizing animals for which it has not the space or resources to shelter. [[Debra Saunders]], a conservative newspaper columnist and critic of Newkirk, argues that "PETA assails other parties for killing animals for food or research. Then it kills animals — but for really important reasons, such as running out of room."<ref name=Saunders>Saunders, Debra J. [http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2005/06/23/EDG11DC9BK1.DTL "Better fed than dead, PETA says"], ''San Francisco Chronicle'', June 23, 2005.</ref> PETA believes that euthanasia is the most humane method of dealing with "surplus" animals: {{blockquote|Shelters cannot humanely house and support all these animals until their natural deaths—they would be forced to live for years, lonely and stressed, in cramped cages or kennels, and other animals would have to be turned away because there would not be room for them. Turning unwanted animals loose to roam the streets is not a humane option. If they don’t starve, freeze, get hit by a car, or die of disease, they may be tormented and possibly killed by cruel juveniles or picked up by dealers who obtain animals to sell to laboratories.<ref>PETA Media Center - Factsheets - [http://www.peta.org/MC/factsheet_display.asp?ID=39 Euthanasia: The Compassionate Option]</ref>}} She was also criticized for saying that she would oppose animal research even if it led to a cure for [[AIDS]]. Michael Specter asked whether she would be opposed to experiments on five thousand rats, or even chimpanzees, if it was needed to cure AIDS. She replied: "Would you be opposed to experiments on your daughter if you knew it would save fifty million people?"<ref name=Specter/> The Peace Abbey, in Sherborn, MA, awarded her with the Courage of Conscience award on March 20, 1995. <ref>http://www.peaceabbey.org/awards/cocrecipientlist.html</ref> ==Works== *''Let's Have a Dog Party!: 20 Tail-wagging Celebrations to Share With Your Best Friend''. Adams Media Corporation, October 2007. ISBN 1-598-69149-X *''50 Awesome Ways Kids Can Help Animals''. Warner Books, November 1, 2006. ISBN 0-446-69828-8 *[http://www.petacatalog.org/prodinfo.asp?number=VP549 ''Nonviolence Includes Animals'']. CD, PETA, December 29, 2005. *[http://www.petacatalog.org/prodinfo.asp?number=AC188&variation=&aitem=2&mitem=37 ''Making Kind Choices'']. CD, PETA, 2005 *''Making Kind Choices : Everyday Ways to Enhance Your Life Through Earth- and Animal-Friendly Living''. St. Martin's Griffin, January 1, 2005. ISBN 0-312-32993-8 *''Peta 2005 Shopping Guide For Caring Consumers: A Guide To Products That Are Not Tested On Animals''. Book Publishing Company (TN), October 30, 2004. ISBN 1-57067-166-4 *''Speaking Up For the Animals''. DVD, PETA, June 1, 2004. *''Animal Rights Weekend Warrior''. Lantern Books, March 1, 2003. ISBN 1-590-56048-5 *''Free the Animals: The Story of the Animal Liberation Front''. [[Lantern Books]], 2000, ISBN 1-930051-22-0 *''You Can Save the Animals : 251 Simple Ways to Stop Thoughtless Cruelty''. Prima Lifestyles (January 27, 1999) ISBN 0-7615-1673-5 *''250 Things You Can Do to Make Your Cat Adore You''. Fireside, May 15, 1998. ISBN 0-684-83648-3 *''Compassionate Cook : Please don't Eat the Animals''. Warner Books, July 1, 1993. ISBN 0-446-39492-0 *''Kids Can Save the Animals : 101 Easy Things to Do''. Warner Books, August 1, 1991. ISBN 0-446-39271-5 *[http://petacatalog.org/prodinfo.asp?number=AC185&variation=&aitem=1&mitem=2 ''On the Run'']. Audiobook, PETA *[http://petacatalog.org/prodinfo.asp?number=AC180&variation=&aitem=1&mitem=1 ''Love That Cat!''] CD, PETA *[http://petacatalog.org/prodinfo.asp?number=AC182&variation=&aitem=2&mitem=9 "Speaking Up for Animals 2"] CD, PETA ==See also== *[[List of vegans]] *[[Silver Spring monkeys]] ==References== {{reflist|2}} ==Further reading== {{wikiquote}}{{commons|Category:Ingrid_Newkirk|Ingrid Newkirk}} *[http://www.ingridnewkirk.com Ingrid Newkirk's website] *[http://www.peta.org PETA website] *Trione, Debra. ''A Perfect World: Words and Paintings from Over 50 of America's Most Powerful People'', Andrews McMeel Publishing, 2002. ISBN 0-740-72726-5 *Galkin, Matthew (director) [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1094184/ "I Am an Animal: The Story of Ingrid Newkirk and PETA"], a television production for HBO, November 2007. *Fowler, Hayden. [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ql9tjgLJcH8 "Interview with Ingrid Newkirk about the HBO documentary], ''YouTube'', retrieved February 24, 2008. <br />{{Template:Alibend}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Newkirk, Ingrid}} [[Category:1949 births]] [[Category:American activists]] [[Category:American vegans]] [[Category:American atheists]] [[Category:Animal rights movement]] [[Category:British activists]] [[Category:English vegans]] [[Category:English atheists]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Naturalized citizens of the United States]] [[da:Ingrid Newkirk]] [[de:Ingrid Newkirk]] [[sv:Ingrid Newkirk]]