Inguinal hernia 898992 219503070 2008-06-15T15:15:12Z Stevenfruitsmaak 247845 [[WP:UNDO|Undid]] revision 219414869 by [[Special:Contributions/117.97.132.154|117.97.132.154]] ([[User talk:117.97.132.154|talk]]) : rmv ' {{DiseaseDisorder infobox | Name = Inguinal hernia | ICD10 = {{ICD10|K|40||k|40}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|550}} | Image = Inguinalhernia.gif | Caption = Diagram of an [[indirect inguinal hernia|indirect]], [[scrotum|scrotal]] [[inguinal hernia]] ( [[Anatomical position|median]] view from the left).| ICDO = | OMIM = | DiseasesDB = 6806 | MedlinePlus = 000960 | eMedicineSubj = med | eMedicineTopic = 2703 | eMedicine_mult = {{eMedicine2|emerg|251}} {{eMedicine2|ped|2559}} | MeshName = Hernia,+Inguinal | MeshNumber = C06.405.293.249.437 | }} '''Inguinal hernias''' ({{IPAEng|ɪnˈgwinəl ˈhɝniəz}}) are protrusions of [[abdominal cavity]] contents through the [[inguinal canal]]. They are very common (it is estimated that 5% of the population will develop an abdominal wall hernia){{Fact|date=January 2008}} and their repair is one of the most frequently performed [[surgery|surgical]] operations. There are two types of inguinal [[hernia]], ''direct'' and ''indirect''. Direct inguinal hernias occur when abdominal contents herniate through a weak point in the fascia of the abdominal wall and into the inguinal canal. Indirect inguinal hernias occur when abdominal contents protrude through the [[deep inguinal ring]]; this is ultimately caused by failure of embryonic closure of the internal inguinal ring. ==Origin== In men, indirect hernias follow the same route as the descending [[testes]], which migrates from the [[abdomen]] into the scrotum during the [[development of the urinary and reproductive organs]]. The larger size of their [[inguinal canal]], which transmitted the testicle and accommodates the structures of the [[spermatic cord]], might be one reason why men are 25 times more likely to have an inguinal hernia than women. Although several mechanisms such as strength of the posterior wall of the inguinal canal and shutter mechanisms compensating for raised intra-abdominal pressure prevent hernia formation in normal individuals, the exact importance of each factor is still under debate.<ref name="BMC">Desarda MP. Surgical physiology of inguinal hernia repair. BMC Surgery. 2003;3:2. PMID 12697071</ref> ==Clinical presentation== Hernias present as bulges in the groin area that can become more prominent when coughing, straining, or standing up. They are often painful, and the bulge commonly disappears on lying down. The inability to "reduce", or place the bulge back into the abdomen usually means the hernia is "incarcerated," often necessitating emergency surgery. As the hernia progresses, contents of the abdominal cavity, such as the intestines, can descend into the hernia and run the risk of being pinched within the hernia, causing an intestinal obstruction. If the blood supply of the portion of the intestine caught in the hernia is compromised, the hernia is deemed "strangulated," and gut [[ischemia]] and [[gangrene]] can result, with potentially fatal consequences. The timing of complications is not predictable; some hernias remain static for years, others progress rapidly from the time of onset. Provided there are no serious co-existing medical problems, patients are advised to get the hernia repaired surgically at the earliest convenience after a diagnosis is made. Emergency surgery for complications such as incarceration and strangulation carry much higher risk than planned, "elective" procedures. ==Diagnosis== The diagnosis of inguinal hernia rests on the history given by the patient and the physician's examination of the groin. Further tests are rarely needed to confirm the diagnosis. However, in unclear cases an [[Medical ultrasonography|ultrasound]] scan or a [[CT scan]] might be of help, especially to rule out a [[hydrocele]]. ==Surgical treatment== :''See main article at [[herniorrhaphy]].'' Surgical correction of inguinal hernias, called a herniorrhaphy or hernioplasty, is now often performed as an ambulatory, or "day surgery," procedure. There are various surgical strategies which may be considered in the planning of inguinal hernia repair. These include the consideration of mesh use, type of open repair, use of [[laparoscopy]], type of anesthesia, appropriateness of bilateral repair, etc. During surgery conducted under local anaesthesia, the patient will be asked to cough and strain during the procedure to help in demonstrating that the repair is "tension free" and sound. <ref>[http://www.paralumun.com/inguinal.htm Inguinal Hernia<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> ==Subtypes of inguinal hernias== {| class="wikitable" | '''Type''' || '''Description''' || '''Relationship to [[inferior epigastric vessels]]''' || '''Covered by [[internal spermatic fascia]]?''' || '''Usual onset''' |- | [[indirect inguinal hernia]] || protrudes through the inguinal ring and is ultimately the result of the failure of embryonic closure of the internal inguinal ring after the [[testicle]] passes through it || Lateral || Yes || Congenital |- | [[direct inguinal hernia]] || enters through a weak point in the fascia of the abdominal wall ([[Hesselbach triangle]]) || Medial|| No || Adult |} Inguinal hernias, in turn, belongs to [[groin]] hernias, which also includes [[femoral hernia]]s. A femoral hernia is not via the inguinal canal, but via the [[femoral canal]], which normally allows passage of the common [[femoral artery]] and vein from the pelvis to the leg. In [[Amyand's hernia]], the content of the inguinal hernia is the appendix. ==Additional images== <gallery> Image:Gray1084.png|Different types of inguinal hernias. Image:Inguinal fossae.PNG|Inguinal fossae </gallery> ==References== <References/> ===External images=== * [http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2482/3/2 Posterior wall of the inguinal canal at rest, Figure 3] * [http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2482/3/2 Posterior wall of the inguinal canal during raised intra-abdominal pressure, Figure 4] ===Web Resources=== [http://www.herniasymptoms.org/inguinal-hernias.html Inguinal Hernia Resources] {{Gastroenterology}} [[Category:Injuries]] [[Category:Surgery]] [[Category:Hernias]] [[de:Leistenbruch]] [[es:Hernia inguinal]] [[el:Βουβωνοκήλη]] [[fr:Hernie inguinale]] [[it:Ernia#Ernia inguinale]] [[nl:Liesbreuk]] [[pl:Przepuklina pachwinowa]] [[zh:腹股沟疝]]