Institute for Advanced Study 184179 219835952 2008-06-17T02:16:20Z 68.239.12.30 [[Image:IAS Princeton.jpg|thumb|240px|right|Fuld Hall]] The '''Institute for Advanced Study''', located in [[Princeton, New Jersey]], United States, is a center for theoretical research. The Institute is perhaps best known as the academic home of [[Albert Einstein]], [[John von Neumann]], and [[Erwin Panofsky]], after their immigration to the [[United States]]. Some of the best known scientists known for their work at the institute have been [[Kurt Gödel]], [[J. Robert Oppenheimer]], [[Erwin Panofsky]], [[Homer A. Thompson]], [[John von Neumann]], [[George Kennan]] and [[Hermann Weyl]]. There have subsequently been other Institutes of Advanced Study, which are based on a similar model. The Institute has no formal links to [[Princeton University]] or other educational institutions. However, since its founding, it has enjoyed close, collaborative ties with Princeton. It was founded in 1930 by philanthropists [[Louis Bamberger]] and [[Caroline Bamberger Fuld]]; the first Director was [[Abraham Flexner]]. The Institute is divided into four Schools: Historical Studies, Mathematics, Natural Sciences, and Social Science, with a more recent program in [[systems biology]]. It consists of a permanent faculty of 27, and each year awards fellowships to 190 visiting Members, from over 100 universities and research institutions. The current Director is Dr. [[Peter Goddard]]. ==Schools== There are no degree programs or experimental facilities at the Institute, and research is funded by endowments, grants and gifts &mdash; it does not support itself with tuition or fees. Research is never contracted or directed; it is left to each individual researcher to pursue his or her own goals. It is not part of any educational institution; however, the proximity of Princeton University (less than three miles from its science departments to the Institute complex) means that informal ties are close and a large number of collaborations have arisen over the years. (The Institute was actually housed within Princeton University—in the building since called Jones Hall, which was then Princeton's mathematics department—for 6 years, from its opening in 1933, until Fuld Hall was finished and opened in 1939. This helped start an incorrect impression that it was part of Princeton, one that has never been completely eradicated.) ==History== The Institute was founded in [[1930]] by [[Louis Bamberger]] and [[Caroline Bamberger Fuld]] with the proceeds from their department store in [[Newark, New Jersey]]. The founding of the institute was fraught with brushes against near-disaster; the Bamberger siblings pulled their money out of the stock market just before the [[Great Depression|Stock Market Crash of 1929]], and their original intent was to express their gratitude to the state of New Jersey through the founding of a [[medical school]]. It was the intervention of their friend Dr. [[Abraham Flexner]], the prominent education theorist, that convinced them to put their money in the service of more abstract research. Several Einstein biographies have claimed that the institute was founded, explicitly, to house Jewish emigrees (including Einstein and von Neumann) whom Princeton University refused to hire because of its institutional [[anti-Semitism]].<ref>Walter Isaacson, ''Einstein: His Life and Universe'' (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2007).</ref> However, Princeton University did have some Jews on its faculty then, including [[Solomon Lefschetz]] in mathematics, and four of the faculty in the Institutes's School of Mathematics were not Jewish: [[Oswald Veblen]], [[James Alexander]], [[Marston Morse]], and [[Hermann Weyl]] (though Weyl was married to a Jewish woman). The role of anti-Semitism in the founding of the Institute is thus unclear; although the presence of some non-Jewish individuals in the Institute would of course not discount claims of anti-semitism against Princeton University during this time period or the motivation of the founders of the Institute to create an intellectual environment which welcomed both Jew and Gentile. ==Directors== * [[Abraham Flexner]] was the institute's first director (1930&ndash;1939). * [[Frank Aydelotte]], the second director, (1939&ndash;1947). * [[J. Robert Oppenheimer]], (1947&ndash;1966). * [[Carl Kaysen]], (1966&ndash;1976). * Harry Woolf, (1976&ndash;1987). * [[Marvin L. Goldberger]], (1987&ndash;1991). * [[Phillip Griffiths]], (1991&ndash;2003). * [[Peter Goddard]] (2004&ndash;present). == Faculty == The Institute has been home to some of the most renowned thinkers in the world, including [[Albert Einstein]], [[Kurt Gödel]], [[Claude Shannon]], [[Clifford Geertz]], [[Tsung-Dao Lee|T. D. Lee]] and [[Chen Ning Yang|C. N. Yang]], [[J. Robert Oppenheimer]], [[John von Neumann]], [[Freeman Dyson|Freeman J. Dyson]], [[André Weil]], [[Hermann Weyl]], [[Harish-Chandra]], [[Joan W. Scott]], [[Frank Wilczek]], [[Edward Witten]], [[Albert O. Hirschman]], and [[George F. Kennan]] to name just a few of the more widely known. (For more see [[List of faculty members at the Institute for Advanced Study]].) In addition to faculty, who have permanent appointments, scholars are appointed as "members" of the Institute for a period of a several months to several years. At present there are about 190 members selected each year. This includes both younger and well-established scientists and social scientists. ==Other Institutes for Advanced Study== There are numerous academic centres of varying status named as places for "Advanced Study" all over the world, but the Princeton, NJ-based Institute is the original institution upon which all the others were based. [[Some Institutes for Advanced Study]] (SIAS) is a consortium of such establishments. ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Further reading== * Ed Regis, ''Who Got Einstein's Office: Eccentricity and Genius at the Institute for Advanced Study'' (Addison-Wesley, Reading, 1987) * Björn Wittrock, [http://www.uta.fi/laitokset/yty/utacas/wittrock_paper.pdf ''Institutes for Advanced Study: Ideas, Histories, Rationales''] ([[pdf]] file) * Naomi Pasachoff, "Science's 'Intellectual Hotel': The Institute for Advanced Study," 1992 Encyclopaedia Britannica Yearbook of Science and the Future, 472-488 * Steve Batterson, "Pursuit of Genius: Flexner, Einstein, and the Early Faculty at the Institute for Advanced Study" (A. K. Peters, Ltd., Wellesley, MA, 2006) * Joan Wallach Scott and Debra Keates, eds., ''Schools of Thought: Twenty-five Years of Interpretive Social Science''. Princeton: Princeton University Pres, 2001. A collection of reflective pieces by former fellows at the Institute's School for Social Science. == External links == *[http://www.ias.edu/ Official site] *[http://www.memorywiki.org/en/Category:Institute_for_Advanced_Study Memories of the IAS on MemoryWiki] {{Coor title dms|40|19|54|N|74|40|04|W|type:landmark}} [[Category:Mathematical institutes]] [[Category:Research institutes in the United States]] [[Category:Institute for Advanced Study| ]] [[Category:Princeton, New Jersey]] [[Category:Some Institutes for Advanced Study]] [[de:Institute for Advanced Study]] [[es:Instituto de Estudios Avanzados de Princeton]] [[eo:Institute for Advanced Study]] [[fr:Institute for Advanced Study]] [[ko:프린스턴 고등연구소]] [[it:Institute for Advanced Study]] [[he:המכון למחקר מתקדם]] [[hu:Institute for Advanced Study]] [[ja:プリンストン高等研究所]] [[no:Institute for Advanced Study]] [[pl:Institute for Advanced Study]] [[fi:Institute for Advanced Study]] [[sv:Institute for Advanced Study]] [[zh:普林斯顿高等研究院]]