Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 56938 225825117 2008-07-15T16:01:10Z Epbr123 1395162 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/Pink!Teen|Pink!Teen]] to last version by Andrei Stroe (using [[WP:HG|Huggle]]) {{distinguish2|the [[Institution of Electrical Engineers]] (IEE)}} {{Infobox Non-profit | Non-profit_name = Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers | Non-profit_logo = [[Image:IEEE logo.svg|200px]] | Non-profit_type = Professional Organization | founded_date = [[January 1]], [[1963]] | founder = | location = | origins = Merger of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers and the Institute of Radio Engineers | key_people = Dr. Lewis M. Terman (current president) | area_served = Worldwide | focus = Electrical, electronics, and information technology[http://www.ieee.org/web/aboutus/visionmission.html] | method = Industry standards, Conferences, Publications | revenue = 330,000,000 USD | endowment = | num_volunteers = | num_employees = | num_members = 365,000+ | owner = | Non-profit_slogan = | homepage = [http://www.ieee.org/ www.ieee.org] | tax_exempt = | dissolved = | footnotes = }} [[Image:IMGP0617.JPG|thumb|right|The IEEE corporate office is on the 17th floor of [[3 Park Avenue]] in [[New York City]]]] The '''Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers''' or '''IEEE''' (read ''eye-triple-e'') is an international [[non-profit]], [[professional body|professional organization]] for the advancement of technology related to electricity. It has the most members of any technical professional organization in the world, with more than 365,000 members in around 150 countries. ==History== The IEEE is incorporated in the State of [[New York]], [[United States]]. It was formed in [[1963]] by the merger of the [[Institute of Radio Engineers]] (IRE, founded [[1912]]) and the [[American Institute of Electrical Engineers]] (AIEE, founded [[1884]]). The major interests of the [[American Institute of Electrical Engineers|AIEE]] were wire communications ([[Telegraphy|telegraph]] and [[telephony]]) and light and power systems. The [[Institute of Radio Engineers|IRE]] concerned mostly [[radio]] engineering, and was formed from two smaller organizations, the Society of Wireless and Telegraph Engineers and the Wireless Institute. With the rise of [[electronics]] in the 1930s, electronics engineers usually became members of the IRE, but the applications of electron tube technology became so extensive that the technical boundaries differentiating the IRE and the AIEE became difficult to distinguish. After World War II, the two organizations became increasingly competitive, and in 1961, the leadership of both the IRE and the AIEE resolved to consolidate the two organizations. The two organizations formally merged as the IEEE on January 1, 1963. Notable Presidents of IEEE and its founding organizations include [[Elihu Thomson]] (AIEE, [[1889]]-[[1890]]), [[Alexander Graham Bell]] (AIEE, [[1891]]-[[1892]]), [[Charles Proteus Steinmetz]] (AIEE, [[1901]]-[[1902]]), [[Lee De Forest]] (IRE, [[1930]]), [[Frederick Terman|Frederick E. Terman]] (IRE, [[1941]]), [[William Hewlett|William R. Hewlett]] (IRE, [[1954]]), Ernst Weber (IRE, [[1959]]; IEEE, [[1963]]), and [[Ivan Getting]] (IEEE, [[1978]]). ==Overview== <!--Current--> IEEE's Constitution defines the purposes of the organization as "scientific and educational, directed toward the advancement of the theory and practice of [[Electrical engineering|electrical, electronics,]] [[telecommunication|communications]] and [[computer engineering]], as well as [[computer science]], the allied branches of engineering and the related [[art]]s and [[science]]s." In pursuing these goals, the IEEE serves as a major publisher of [[scientific journal]]s and a [[Academic conference|conference]] organizer. It is also a leading [[Standards organizations|developer of industrial standards]] (having developed over 900 active industry [[standard]]s) in a broad range of disciplines, including [[electric power]] and [[energy]], [[health science|biomedical technology and healthcare]], [[information technology]], [[information security|information assurance]], telecommunications, consumer electronics, transportation, aerospace, and [[nanotechnology]]. IEEE develops and participates in educational activities such as [[School accreditation|accreditation]] of electrical engineering programs in institutes of higher learning. The IEEE logo is a diamond-shaped design which illustrates the [[right hand grip rule]]. It also sponsors or cosponsors more than 450 international technical conferences each year . IEEE has a dual complementary regional and technical structure - with organizational units based on geography (e.g., the IEEE [[Philadelphia]] Section) and technical focus (e.g., the [[IEEE Computer Society]]). It manages a separate organizational unit (IEEE-USA) which recommends policies and implements programs specifically intended to benefit the members, the profession and the public in the United States. The IEEE consists of 39 societies, organized around specialized technical fields, with more than 300 local organizations that hold regular meetings. The [[IEEE Standards Association]] is in charge of the standardization activities of the IEEE. The current (2008) president of IEEE is Lewis M. Terman. The current (2007) president of IEEE-USA is [[John W. Meredith]]. ==Publications== {{Main|List of IEEE publications}} IEEE produces 30 percent of the world's literature in the electrical and electronics engineering and computer science fields, publishing well over 100 [[peer-reviewed journal]]s.<ref>[http://www.ieee.org/web/aboutus/today/index.html About IEEE]</ref>. The content in these journals as well as the content from several hundred annual conferences are available in the IEEE's online digital library <ref>[http://ieeexplore.ieee.org IEEE's online digital library] </ref> ==Educational opportunities== The IEEE provides learning opportunities within the engineering sciences, research, and technology. The goal of the IEEE education programs is to ensure the growth of skill and knowledge in the electricity-related technical professions and to foster individual commitment to continuing education among IEEE members, the engineering and scientific communities, and the general public. IEEE offers educational opportunities such as ''Expert Now IEEE'' ,<ref>[http://www.ieee.org/web/education/Expert_Now_IEEE/index.html IEEE - IEEE Expert Now<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> the ''Education Partners Program'',<ref>[http://www.ieee.org/web/education/partners/eduPartners.html IEEE - IEEE Education Partners Program<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> ''Standards in Education''<ref>http://www.ieee.org/portal/cms_docs/education/setf/index.html</ref> and ''Continuing Education Units'' (CEUs).<ref>[http://www.ieee.org/web/education/ceus/index.html IEEE - IEEE Continuing Education Units<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> ''Expert Now IEEE'' is a collection of online educational courses designed for self-paced learning. Education Partners, exclusive for IEEE members, offers on-line degree programs, certifications and courses at a 10% discount. The Standards in Education website explains what standards are and the importance of developing and using them. The site includes tutorial modules and case illustrations to introduce the history of standards, the basic terminology, their applications and impact on products, as well as news related to standards, book reviews and links to other sites that contain information on standards. Currently, twenty-nine states require Professional Development Hours (PDH) to maintain P.E. licensure, encouraging engineers to seek Continuing Education Units (CEUs) for their participation in continuing education programs. CEUs readily translate into Professional Development Hours (PDHs) (1 CEU is equivalent to 10 PDHs). IEEE also sponsors a website<ref>[http://www.tryengineering.org/ Welcome to TryEngineering.org<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> designed to help young people understand better what engineering means, and how an engineering career can be made part of their future. Students (ages 8-18), parents, and teachers can explore the site to prepare for an engineering career, ask experts engineering-related questions, play interactive games, explore curriculum links, and review lesson plans. This website also allows students to search for accredited engineering degree programs in Canada and the United States; visitors are able to search by state/province/territory, country, degree field, tuition ranges, room and board ranges, size of student body, and location (rural, suburban, or urban). ==Criticism== A number of [[free software]] proponents, such as [[Richard Stallman]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Richard Stallman's Personal Home Page, section "Long-term action items" | publisher=[[Richard Stallman]] | url=http://www.stallman.org}}</ref> and [[Daniel Bernstein|Daniel J. Bernstein]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Don't Publish with IEEE! |publisher=[[D.J. Bernstein]] |url=http://cr.yp.to/writing/ieee.html |accessdate=2007-07-10}}</ref>, have criticized IEEE's copyright policy. As for some other scientific and technical journal publishers, when publishing with the IEEE, the author is forced to transfer his copyright<ref>{{cite web|title=IEEE copyright transfer form|publisher=[[IEEE]]|url=http://www.ieee.org/portal/cms_docs_iportals/iportals/publications/rights/IEEECopyrightForm.pdf}}</ref> to the IEEE, who then sells the paper in journals as well as online. Typically, however, scientific and technical journal publishers do not pay authors or the reviewers. Attendance fees to conference meetings are also notoriously high. This has prompted the appearance of new, more open scientific publishers such as the [[Public Library of Science]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Public Library of Science |url=http://www.plos.org/ |accessdate=2007-08-08}}</ref> and the [[Insight Journal]]<ref>{{cite web |title=The Insight Journal |url=http://www.insight-journal.org/ |accessdate=2007-08-08}}</ref>. However, publishing in IEEE journals is almost mandatory for those operating in the scientific communities of IEEE covered fields: [[impact factor]]s of IEEE publications are among the highest.<ref>{{cite web |title=Journal Citation Reports |url=http://admin-apps.isiknowledge.com/JCR/JCR?PointOfEntry=Home |accessdate=2008-04-22}}</ref>. ==Standards and the IEEE Standards Development Process== IEEE is one of the leading [[standard]]s-making organizations in the world. IEEE performs its standards making and maintaining functions through the [[IEEE Standards Association]] (IEEE-SA). IEEE standards affect a wide range of industries including: power and energy, biomedical and healthcare, [[Information Technology]] (IT), telecommunications, transportation, nanotechnology, information assurance, and many more. In 2005, IEEE had close to 900 active standards, with 500 standards under development. One of the more notable IEEE standards is the [[IEEE 802]] [[LAN]]/[[metropolitan area network|MAN]] group of standards which includes the [[IEEE 802.3]] [[Ethernet]] standard and the [[IEEE 802.11]] Wireless Networking standard. The IEEE standards development process can be broken down into seven basic steps, as follows: #'''Securing Sponsorship''': An IEEE-approved organization must sponsor a standard. A sponsoring organization is in charge of coordinating and supervising the standard development from inception to completion. The professional societies within IEEE serve as the natural sponsor for many standards. #'''Requesting Project Authorization''': To gain authorization for the standard a Project Authorization Request (PAR) is submitted to the IEEE-SA Standards Board. The New Standards Committee (NesCom) of the IEEE-SA Standards Board reviews the PAR and makes a recommendation to the Standards Board about whether to approve the PAR. #'''Assembling a Working Group''': After the PAR is approved, a ''"[[working group]]"'' of individuals affected by, or interested in, the standard is organized to develop the standard. IEEE-SA rules ensure that all Working Group meetings are open and that anyone has the right to attend and contribute to the meetings. #'''Drafting the Standard''': The Working Group prepares a draft of the proposed standard. Generally, the draft follows the IEEE Standards Style Manual that sets “guidelines” for the clauses and format of the standards document. #'''Balloting''': Once a draft of the standard is finalized in the Working Group, the draft is submitted for Balloting approval. The IEEE Standards Department sends an invitation-to-ballot to any individual who has expressed an interest in the subject matter of the standard. Anyone who responds positively to the invitation-to-ballot becomes a member of the balloting group, as long as the individual is an IEEE member or has paid a balloting fee. The IEEE requires that a proposed draft of the standard receive a response rate of 75% (i.e., at least 75% of potential ballots are returned) and that, of the responding ballots, at least 75% approve the proposed draft of the standard. If the standard is not approved, the process returns to the drafting of the standard step in order to modify the standard document to gain approval of the balloting group. #'''Review Committee''': After getting 75% approval, the draft standard, along with the balloting comments, are submitted to the IEEE-SA Standards Board Review Committee (RevCom). The RevCom reviews the proposed draft of the standard against the IEEE-SA Standards Board Bylaws and the stipulations set forth in the IEEE-SA Standards Board Operations Manual. The RevCom then makes a recommendation about whether to approve the submitted draft of the standard document. #'''Final Vote''': Each member of the IEEE-SA Standards Board places a final vote on the submitted standard document. In some cases external members are invited to vote. It takes a majority vote of the Standards Board to gain final approval of the standard. In general, if the RevCom recommends approval, the Standards Board will vote to approve the standard. ==Notable IEEE Standards committees and formats== {{Listtable|date=January 2008}} * [[IEEE 488]] — Standard Digital Interface for Programmable Instrumentation, IEEE-488-1978 (now 488.1). * [[IEEE 610]] — Standard Glossary of Software Engineering Terminology. * [[IEEE 754]] — [[floating point]] arithmetic specifications. * [[IEEE 802]] — [[LAN]]/[[metropolitan area network|MAN]] ** [[IEEE 802.1]] — Standards for LAN/MAN bridging and management and remote media access control (MAC) bridging. ** [[IEEE 802.2]] — Standards for Logical Link Control (LLC) standards for connectivity. ** [[IEEE 802.3]] — [[Ethernet]] Standards for Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD). ** [[IEEE 802.4]] — Standards for token passing bus access. ** [[IEEE 802.5]] — Standards for token ring access and for communications between LANs and MANs ** [[IEEE 802.6]] — Standards for information exchange between systems. ** [[IEEE 802.7]] — Standards for broadband LAN cabling. ** [[IEEE 802.8]] — Fiber optic connection. ** [[IEEE 802.9]] — Standards for integrated services, like voice and data. ** [[IEEE 802.10]] — Standards for LAN/MAN security implementations. ** [[IEEE 802.11]] — Wireless Networking – "[[WiFi]]". ** [[IEEE 802.12]] — Standards for demand priority access method. ** [[IEEE 802.14]] — Standards for cable television broadband communications. ** [[IEEE 802.15.1]] — [[Bluetooth]] ** [[IEEE 802.15.4]] — Wireless Sensor/Control Networks – "[[ZigBee]]" ** [[IEEE 802.16]] — Wireless Networking – "[[WiMAX]]" * [[IEEE 829]] — Software Test Documentation * [[IEEE 830]] — Software Requirements Specifications. * [[IEEE 896]] — Futurebus * [[IEEE 1003]] — [[POSIX]] – "Unix" compatibility programming standard * [[IEEE 1044]] — Standard Classification for Software Anomalies * [[IEEE 1059]] — Software Verification And Validation Plan * [[IEEE 1073]] — Point of Care Medical Device Communication Standards * [[IEEE 1074]] — Software Development Life Cycle * [[IEEE 1076]] — [[VHDL]] – [[VHSIC]] [[Hardware Description Language]] * [[JTAG|IEEE 1149.1]] — [[JTAG]] * [[JTAG|IEEE 1149.6]] — [[AC-JTAG]] * [[IEEE 1180]] — [[Discrete cosine transform]] accuracy * [[IEEE 1275]] — [[Open Firmware]] * [[IEEE 1284]] — [[Parallel port]] * [[IEEE P1363]] — [[Public key cryptography]] * [[FireWire|IEEE 1394]] — Serial Bus — "[[FireWire]]", "[[i.Link]]" * [[IEEE 1901|IEEE P1901]] — Broadband over [[Power line communication|Power Line Networks]] * [[IEEE 1541]] — [[Binary prefix|Prefixes for Binary Multiples]] * [[IEEE 1584]] — Guide for Performing [[Arc Flash]] Hazard Calculations * [[IEEE 1588]] — Precision Time Protocol * [[IEEE P1619]] - Security in Storage Working Group (SISWG) * [[IEEE 1667]] — Standard Protocol for Authentication in Host Attachments of Transient Storage Devices * [[IEEE 12207]] — [[Information Technology]] * [[IEEE Switchgear Committee]] C37 series of standards for Low and High voltage equipment ==Membership and member grades== Most IEEE members are electrical engineers, computer engineers, and computer scientists, but the organization's wide scope of interests has attracted engineers in other disciplines (e.g., [[Mechanical engineering|mechanical]] and [[Civil engineering|civil]]) as well as [[biologist]]s, [[physics|physicists]], and [[mathematics|mathematicians]]. There are several membership grades. In order to qualify for membership, an individual must meet certain academic or experience requirements. Affiliate membership is available to those who don't meet such requirements. Student memberships are available with a reduced membership fee. Students and affiliate have all the privileges of members, except the right to vote and hold certain offices. Upon meeting certain additional requirements, a member can apply automatically for senior membership. Finally, a member felt to have made a significant contribution to electrical engineering may be nominated an "IEEE Fellow", a distinctive award. Some societies allow "affiliate" members, i.e. members of the society that are not members of IEEE itself. == IEEE Awards and Honors == ===Major Medals=== * [[IEEE Medal of Honor]] * [[Edison Medal|IEEE Edison Medal]] * [[Richard W. Hamming Medal|IEEE Richard W. Hamming Medal]] * [[IEEE John von Neumann Medal]] * [[IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal]] * [[IEEE Simon Ramo Medal]] * [[IEEE Lamme Medal|IEEE Benjamin G. Lamme Medal]] * [[IEEE James H. Mulligan, Jr. Education Medal]] ===Field Awards=== * [[IEEE SA International Award]] * [[IEEE Reynold B. Johnson Information Storage Systems Award]] * [[IEEE Morris N. Liebmann Memorial Award]] (no longer active) * [[IEEE Charles Proteus Steinmetz Award]] * [[IEEE Eric E. Sumner Award]] [http://www.ieee.org/portal/pages/about/awards/sums/sumner.html] * [[IEEE Kiyo Tomiyasu Award]] [http://www.ieee.org/portal/pages/about/awards/sums/tomiyasu.html] * [[IEEE Daniel E. Noble Award]] * [[IEEE Nikola Tesla Award]] * [[IEEE Andrew S. Grove Award]] [http://www.ieee.org/portal/pages/about/awards/sums/grove.html] * [[IEEE Photonics Award]] [http://www.ieee.org/portal/pages/about/awards/tfalist.html] * [[IEEE Electromagnetics Award]] [http://www.ieee.org/portal/pages/about/awards/sums/electro.html] * [[IEEE Control Systems Award]] [http://www.ieee.org/portal/pages/about/awards/sums/control.html] * [[IEEE Internet Award]] * [[IEEE Computer Pioneer Award]] * [[IEEE James H. Mulligan, Jr. Education Medal]] == IEEE Societies == In 2007 there were the following societies <ref>[http://www.ieee.org/web/membership/societies/index.html IEEE - IEEE Society Memberships<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>: * [[IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society]] * [[IEEE Antennas & Propagation Society]] * [[IEEE Broadcast Technology Society]] * [[IEEE Circuits & Systems Society]] * [[IEEE Communications Society]] * [[IEEE Components, Packaging & Manufacturing Technology Society]] * [[IEEE Computational Intelligence Society]] * [[IEEE Computer Society]] * [[IEEE Consumer Electronics Society]] * [[IEEE Control Systems Society]] * [[IEEE Dielectrics & Electrical Insulation Society]] * [[IEEE Education Society]] * [[IEEE Electromagnetic Compatibility Society]] * [[IEEE Electron Devices Society]] * [[IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society]] * [[IEEE Geoscience & Remote Sensing Society]] * [[IEEE Industrial Electronics Society]] * [[IEEE Industry Applications Society]] * [[IEEE Information Theory Society]] * [[IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Society]] * [[IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Society]] * [[IEEE Laser & Electro-Optics Society]] * [[IEEE Magnetics Society]] * [[IEEE Microwave Theory & Techniques Society]] * [[IEEE Nuclear and Plasma Sciences Society|IEEE Nuclear & Plasma Sciences Society]] * [[IEEE Oceanic Engineering Society]] * [[IEEE Power Electronics Society]] * [[IEEE Power Engineering Society]] * [[IEEE Product Safety Engineering Society]] * [[IEEE Professional Communication Society]] * [[IEEE Reliability Society]] * [[IEEE Robotics and Automation Society]] * [[IEEE Signal Processing Society]] * [[IEEE Society on Social Implications of Technology]] * [[IEEE Solid-State Circuits Society]] * [[IEEE Systems, Man & Cybernetics Society]] * [[IEEE Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics & Frequency Control Society]] * [[IEEE Vehicular Technology Society]] ==Sponsored activities== The IEEE sponsors or is associated with a number of technical conferences each year. IEEE ICME (International Conference Multimedia Expo) is the annual multimedia conference. ==See also== * IEEE Computer Society Certified Software Development Professional ([[CSDP]]) Program ==References== {{reflist}} ''The Standards & the IEEE Standards Development Process section is based on information originally obtained from the IEEE and IEEE-SA websites, and the Appendix of the article "The Role of Market-Based and Committee-Based Standards," by Sanjiv Patel, Babson College 2002.'' == External links == * [http://www.ieee.org/ IEEE Global Website] * [http://standards.ieee.org/ IEEE Standard Association] * [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ IEEE Xplore] — over a million online documents * [http://www.ieee.org/web/aboutus/organizations.html Organization of the IEEE] * [http://www.ieee.org/students IEEE Students] * [http://www.ieee.org/gold IEEE Graduates of the Last Decade (GOLD)] * [http://www.tryengineering.org/ www.tryengineering.org ]- IEEE website for students age 8-18, and their parents, teachers, and guidance counselors. * [http://www.ieee-virtual-museum.org/ IEEE Virtual Museum] A virtual museum that illustrates many of the basic electrical engineering and electricity concepts through examples, figures, and interviews * [http://www.ieeeusa.org/careers/entrepreneurs/default.asp The IEEE-USA Entrepreneurs Village], established to support those people who create entrepreneurial businesses based on technology. {{IEEE societies}} [[Category:Organizations established in 1963]] [[Category:American engineering organizations]] [[Category:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers| ]] [[Category:International nongovernmental organizations]] [[Category:Standards organizations]] [[af:IEEE]] [[ar:جمعية مهندسي الكهرباء و الإلكترونيات]] [[bn:ইনস্টিটিউট অফ ইলেকট্রিক্যাল অ্যান্ড ইলেকট্রনিক ইঞ্জিনিয়ার্স]] [[bs:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] [[br:IEEE]] [[bg:IEEE]] [[ca:The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] [[cs:IEEE]] [[da:The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.]] [[de:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] [[es:IEEE]] [[eo:IEEE]] [[eu:Ingeniari Elektriko eta Elektroniken Institutua]] [[fa:انجمن مهندسان برق و الکترونیک]] [[fr:Institute of electrical and electronics engineers]] [[gl:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] [[ko:IEEE]] [[hr:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] [[id:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] [[it:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] [[he:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] [[lv:Elektronikas un Elektrotehnikas inženieru institūts]] [[hu:IEEE]] [[ms:Institut Jurutera Elektrik dan Elektronik]] [[nl:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] [[ja:IEEE]] [[no:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] [[nn:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] [[pl:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] [[pt:Instituto de Engenheiros Eletricistas e Eletrônicos]] [[ro:IEEE]] [[ru:Институт инженеров электротехники и электроники]] [[sl:Inštitut inženirjev elektrotehnike in elektronike]] [[fi:IEEE]] [[sv:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] [[th:สถาบันวิชาชีพวิศวกรไฟฟ้าและอิเล็กทรอนิกส์]] [[vi:IEEE]] [[tr:IEEE]] [[uk:IEEE]] [[zh:电气电子工程师协会]]