Insurance fraud
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225853010
2008-07-15T18:27:26Z
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/* Types of Insurance Fraud */ Life Insurance
{{CrimLaw}}
'''Insurance fraud''' is any act committed with the intent to [[fraud]]ulently obtain payment from an [[Insurance|insurer]].
Insurance fraud has existed ever since the beginning of insurance as a commercial enterprise.<ref>[[#Reference-idManes1945|Manes, Alfred. "Insurance Crimes."]] p. 34.</ref> Fraudulent claims account for a significant portion of all claims received by insurers, and cost billions of dollars annually. Types of insurance fraud are very diverse, and occur in all areas of insurance. Insurance crimes also range in severity, from slightly exaggerating claims to deliberately causing accidents or damage. Fraudulent activities also affect the lives of innocent people, both directly through accidental or purposeful injury or damage, and indirectly as these crimes cause insurance premiums to be higher. Insurance fraud poses a very significant problem, and governments and other organizations are making efforts to deter such activities.
==Causes==
The “chief motive in all insurance crimes is financial profit.”<ref>[[#Reference-idManes1945|Manes, Alfred. "Insurance Crimes."]] p. 34.</ref> Insurance contracts provide fraudsters with opportunities for exploitation. One reason that this opportunity arises is in the case of over-insurance, when the amount insured is greater than the actual value of the property insured.<ref>[[#Reference-idManes1945|Manes, Alfred. "Insurance Crimes."]] p. 34.</ref> This condition can be very difficult to avoid, especially since an insurance provider might sometimes encourage it in order to obtain greater profits.<ref>[[#Reference-idManes1945|Manes, Alfred. "Insurance Crimes."]] p. 34.</ref> This allows fraudsters to make profits by destroying their property because the payment they receive from their insurers is of greater value than the property they destroy.
Insurance companies are also susceptible to fraud because false insurance claims can be made to appear like ordinary claims. This allows fraudsters to file claims for damages that never occurred, and so obtain payment with little or no initial cost.
==Losses Due to Insurance Fraud==
It is virtually impossible to determine an exact value for the amount of money stolen through insurance fraud. By their natures, insurance fraud crimes are designed to be undetectable, unlike crimes such as robbery or murder that are very visible. As such, the number of cases of insurance fraud that are detected is much lower than the number of such acts that are actually committed.<ref>[[#Reference-idManes1945|Manes, Alfred. "Insurance Crimes."]] p. 34.</ref> The best that can be done is to provide an estimate for the losses that insurers suffer due to insurance fraud. The [[Coalition Against Insurance Fraud]] estimates that in 2006 a total of about $80 billion was lost in the [[United States]] due to insurance fraud.<ref>[[#Reference-idCoalitionAnnual|Coalition Against Insurance Fraud. Annual Report.]]</ref> According to estimates by the [[Insurance Information Institute]], insurance fraud accounts for 10%, or about $30 billion, of losses in the property and casualty insurance industries in the United States. <ref>[[#Reference-idIIIInsuranceFraud|Insurance Information Institute. "Insurance Fraud."]]</ref> The [[National Health Care Anti-Fraud Association]] estimates that 3% of the health care industry’s expenditures in the United States are due to fraudulent activities, amounting to a cost of about $51 billion.<ref>[[#Reference-idNHCAA|National Health Care Anti-Fraud Association. "The Problem of Health Care Fraud."]]</ref> Other estimates attribute as much as 10% of the total healthcare spending in the United States to fraud—about $115 billion annually.<ref>[[#Reference-idHyman2001|Hyman, David A. "Health Care Fraud and Abuse."]] p. 532.</ref> In the [[United Kingdom]], the [[Insurance Fraud Bureau]] estimates that the loss due to insurance fraud in the [[United Kingdom]] is about [[Pound sterling|£]]1.5 billion ($3.08 billion), causing a 5% increase in insurance premiums.<ref>[[#Reference-idIFB|Insurance Fraud Bureau. "Fighting Organized Insurance Fraud."]] p. 2.</ref> The [[Insurance Bureau of Canada]] estimates that personal injury fraud in [[Canada]] costs about [[Canadian dollar|C$]]500 million (497.5 million USD) annually.<ref>[[#Reference-idIBC|Insurance Bureau of Canada. "Cost of Personal Injury Fraud."]]</ref>
==Hard vs. Soft Fraud==
Insurance fraud can be classified as one of two types: hard fraud or soft fraud.<ref>[[#Reference-idIIIFraud|Insurance Information Institute. "Fraud."]] </ref>
Hard fraud occurs when someone deliberately plans or invents a loss, such as a collision, auto theft, or fire that is covered by their insurance policy in order to receive payment for damages that may or may not be real. Criminal rings are sometimes involved in hard fraud schemes that can steal millions of dollars.<ref>[[#Reference-idCoalitionLearn|Coalition Against Insurance Fraud. "Learn About Fraud."]]</ref>
Soft fraud, which is far more common than hard fraud, is sometimes also referred to as opportunistic fraud.<ref>[[#Reference-idIIIFraud|Insurance Information Institute. "Fraud."]] </ref> This type of fraud consists of policyholders exaggerating otherwise legitimate claims. For example, when involved in a collision an insured person might claim more damage than was really done to his or her car. Soft fraud can also occur when, while obtaining a new [[insurance policy]], an individual misreports previous or existing conditions in order to obtain a lower premium on their insurance policy.<ref>[[#Reference-idIIIFraud|Insurance Information Institute. "Fraud."]] </ref>
==Types of Insurance Fraud==
The types of insurance fraud that exist are as diverse as the types of insurance policies that are available. Some of the major areas in which insurance fraud occurs are in the [[health care]], [[Vehicle insurance|automobile]], and [[property insurance]] industries.
===Life Insurance===
An example of life insurance fraud is the [[John Darwin]] disappearance case, an ongoing investigation into the faked death of British former teacher and prison officer John Darwin, who turned up alive in December 2007, five years after he was thought to have died in a canoeing accident. Darwin as reported as "missing" after failing to report to work following a conoeing trip on March 21, 2002. He reappeared on December 1, 2007, claiming to have no memory of the past five years.
===Health Care Insurance===
According to Roger Feldman, Blue Cross Professor of Health Insurance at the [[University of Minnesota]], one of the main reasons that medical fraud is such a prevalent practice is that nearly all of the parties involved find it favorable in some way. Many [[physician]]s see it as necessary to provide quality care for their patients. Many patients, although disapproving of the ideal of fraud, are sometimes more willing to accept it when it affects their own medical care. Program administrators are often lenient on the issue of insurance fraud, as they want to maximize the services of their providers.<ref>[[#Reference-idFeldman2001|Feldman, Roger. "Economic Explanation."]] p. 569-570.</ref>
The most common perpetrators of healthcare insurance fraud are [[health care provider]]s. One reason for this, according to David Hyman, a Professor at the [[University of Maryland School of Law]], is that the historically prevailing attitude in the medical profession is one of “fidelity to patients”.<ref>[[#Reference-idHyman2001|Hyman, David A. "Health Care Fraud and Abuse."]] p. 541.</ref> This incentive can lead to fraudulent practices such as billing insurers for treatments that are not covered by the patient’s insurance policy. To do this, physicians often bill for a different service, which is covered by the policy, than that which was rendered.<ref>[[#Reference-idHyman2001|Hyman, David A. "Health Care Fraud and Abuse."]] p. 547.</ref>
Another motivation for insurance fraud in the healthcare industry, just as in all other types of insurance fraud, is a desire for financial gain. Public healthcare programs such as [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]] and [[Medicaid]] are especially conducive to fraudulent activities, as they are often run on a [[fee-for-service]] structure.<ref>[[#Reference-idPontell1982|Pontell, Henry N., et al. "Policing Physicians."]] p. 118.</ref> Physicians use several fraudulent techniques to achieve this end. These can include “up-coding” or “upgrading,” which involve billing for more expensive treatments than those actually provided; providing and subsequently billing for treatments that are not medically necessary; scheduling extra visits for patients; referring patients to another physician when no further treatment is actually necessary; and “ganging,” or billing for services to family members or other individuals who are accompanying the patient but who did not personally receive any services.<ref>[[#Reference-idPontell1982|Pontell, Henry N., et al. "Policing Physicians."]] p. 118.</ref>
===Automobile Insurance===
The Insurance Research Council estimated that in 1996, 21 to 36 percent of auto-insurance claims contained elements of suspected fraud.<ref>[[#Reference-idTennyson2002|Tennyson, Sharon et al. "Claims Auditing"]] p. 289.</ref> There is a wide variety of schemes used to defraud automobile insurance providers. These ploys can differ greatly in complexity and severity. Richard A. Derrig, vice president of research for the Insurance Fraud Bureau of Massachusetts, lists several ways that auto-insurance fraud can occur. Examples of soft auto-insurance fraud can include filing more than one claim for a single injury, filing claims for injuries not related to an automobile accident, misreporting wage losses due to injuries, or reporting higher costs for car repairs than those that were actually paid. Hard auto-insurance fraud can include activities such as staging automobile collisions, filing claims when the claimant was not actually involved in the accident, submitting claims for medical treatments that were not received, or inventing injuries.<ref>[[#Reference-idDerrig2002|Derrig, Richard A. "Insurance Fraud."]] p. 274.</ref>. Another example is that a person may illegally register their car to a location that would net them cheaper insurance rates than where they actually live, sometimes called "rate evasion". For example, some drivers in [[Brooklyn]] drive with [[Pennsylvania]] license plates because registering their car in a rural part of [[Pennsylvania]] will cost a lot less than registering it in [[Brooklyn]]. Hard fraud can also occur when claimants falsely report their vehicle as stolen. Soft fraud accounts for the majority of fraudulent auto-insurance claims.<ref>[[#Reference-idTennyson2002|Tennyson, Sharon et al. "Claims Auditing"]] p. 289.</ref>
[[Organized crime]] rings can also be involved in auto-insurance fraud, sometimes carrying out schemes that are very complex. An example of one such ploy is given by Ken Dornstein, author of ''Accidentally, on Purpose: The Making of a Personal Injury Underworld in America''. In this scheme, known as a “swoop-and-squat,” one or more drivers in “swoop” cars force an unsuspecting driver into position behind a “squat” car. This squat car, which is usually filled with several passengers, then slows abruptly, forcing the driver of the chosen car to collide with the squat car. The passengers in the squat car then file a claim with the other driver’s insurance company. This claim often includes bills for medical treatments that were not necessary or not received.<ref>[[#Reference-idDornstein1996|Dornstein, Ken. Accidentally on Purpose.]] p. 3.</ref>
===Property Insurance===
Fraudulent activities against property insurance providers consist of the destruction of property in order to receive insurance payments for it. Possible motivations for this can include obtaining payment that is worth more than the value of the property destroyed, or to destroy and subsequently receive payment for goods that could not otherwise be sold. According to Alfred Manes, the majority of property insurance crimes involve [[arson]].<ref>[[#Reference-idManes1945|Manes, Alfred. "Insurance Crimes."]] p. 35.</ref> One reason for this is that any evidence that a fire was started by arson is often destroyed by the fire itself. According to the [[United States Fire Administration]], in the United States there were approximately 31,000 fires caused by arson in 2006, resulting in losses of $755 million.<ref>[[#Reference-idUSFA2007|U.S. Fire Administration. "Arson Fire Statistics."]]</ref> Property insurance fraud can also occur when claimants exaggerate the value of the property lost or damaged.
==Detecting Insurance Fraud==
The detection of insurance fraud generally occurs in two steps. The first step is to identify suspicious claims that have a higher possibility of being fraudulent. This can be done by [[computer]]ized [[Statistics|statistical]] analysis or by referrals from [[claims adjuster]]s or insurance agents. The next step is to refer these claims to investigators for further analysis.
Due to the sheer number of claims submitted each day, it would be far too expensive for insurance companies to have employees check each claim for symptoms of fraud.<ref>[[#Reference-idBolton2002|Bolton, Richard J. “Statistical Fraud Detection.”]] p. 236.</ref> Instead, many companies use computers and statistical analysis to identify suspicious claims for further investigation.<ref>[[#Reference-idDerrig2002|Derrig, Richard A. "Insurance Fraud."]] p. 277.</ref> There are two main types of statistical analysis tools used: supervised and unsupervised.<ref>[[#Reference-idBolton2002|Bolton, Richard J. “Statistical Fraud Detection.”]] p. 236.</ref> In both cases, suspicious claims are identified by comparing data about the claim to expected values. The main difference between the two methods is how the expected values are derived.<ref>[[#Reference-idBolton2002|Bolton, Richard J. “Statistical Fraud Detection.”]] p. 236.</ref>
In a supervised method, expected values are obtained by analyzing records of both fraudulent and non-fraudulent claims.<ref>[[#Reference-idBolton2002|Bolton, Richard J. “Statistical Fraud Detection.”]] p. 236.</ref> According to Richard J. Bolton and David B. Hand, both of Imperial College in London, this method has some drawbacks as it requires absolutely certainty that those claims analyzed are actually either fraudulent or non-fraudulent, and because it can only be used to detect types of fraud that have been committed and identified before.<ref>[[#Reference-idBolton2002|Bolton, Richard J. “Statistical Fraud Detection.”]] p. 236.</ref>
Unsupervised methods of statistical detection, on the other hand, involve detecting claims that are abnormal.<ref>[[#Reference-idBolton2002|Bolton, Richard J. “Statistical Fraud Detection.”]] p. 236.</ref> Both claims adjusters and computers can also be trained to identify “red flags,” or symptoms that in the past have often been associated with fraudulent claims.<ref>[[#Reference-idViaene2002|Viaene, Stijn, et al. "Insurance Claim Fraud Detection."]] p. 375.</ref> Statistical detection does not prove that claims are fraudulent; it merely identifies suspicious claims that need to be investigated further.<ref>[[#Reference-idBolton2002|Bolton, Richard J. “Statistical Fraud Detection.”]] p. 236.</ref>
Fraudulent claims can be one of two types. They can be otherwise legitimate claims that are exaggerated or “built up,” or they can be false claims in which the damages claimed never actually occurred. Once a built up claim is identified, insurance companies usually try to negotiate the claim down to the appropriate amount.<ref>[[#Reference-idDerrig2002|Derrig, Richard A. "Insurance Fraud."]] p. 278.</ref> Suspicious claims can also be submitted to “special investigative units”, or SIUs, for further investigation. These units generally consist of experienced claims adjusters with special training in investigating fraudulent claims.<ref>[[#Reference-idViaene2002|Viaene, Stijn, et al. "Insurance Claim Fraud Detection."]] p. 374.</ref> These investigators look for certain symptoms associated with fraudulent claims, or otherwise look for evidence of falsification of some kind. This evidence can then be used to deny payment of the claims or to prosecute fraudsters if the violation is serious enough.<ref>[[#Reference-idGhezzi1983|Ghezzi, Susan Guarino. " Private Network."]]</ref>
==Legislation==
National and local governments, especially in the last half of the twentieth century, have recognized insurance fraud as a serious crime, and have made efforts to punish and prevent this practice. Some major developments are listed below:
===United States===
*Insurance Fraud is specifically classified as a crime in 48 out of 50 states (all except Oregon and Virginia).<ref>[[#Reference-idIIIFraud|Insurance Information Institute. "Fraud."]]</ref>
*19 states require mandatory insurer fraud plans. This requires companies to form programs to combat fraud and in some cases to develop investigation units to detect fraud.<ref>[[#Reference-idIIIFraud|Insurance Information Institute. "Fraud."]]</ref>
*41 states have fraud bureaus. These are law enforcement agencies where “investigators review fraud reports and begin the prosecution process.”<ref>[[#Reference-idIIIFraud|Insurance Information Institute. "Fraud."]]</ref>
*Section 1347 of Title 18 of the [[United States Code]] states that whoever attempts or carries out a “scheme or artifice” to “defraud a health care benefit program” will be “fined under this title or imprisoned not more than 10 years, or both.” If this scheme results in bodily injury, the violator may be imprisoned up to 20 years, and if the scheme results in death the violator may be imprisoned for life.<ref>[[#Reference-idOffice2006|Office of the Law Revision Counsel, U.S. House of Representatives. "United States Code."]]</ref>
===Canada===
*The [[Insurance Crime Prevention Bureau]] was founded in 1973 to help fight insurance fraud. This organization collects information on insurance fraud, and also carries out investigations. Approximately one third of these investigations result in criminal conviction, one third result in denial of the claim, and one third result in payment of the claim.<ref>[[#Reference-idClarke1990|Clarke, Michael. “The Control of Insurance Fraud.”]] p. 10.</ref>
*[[British Columbia]]’s Traffic Safety Statutes Amendment Act of 1997 states that any person who submits a motor vehicle insurance claim that contains false or misleading information may on the first offence be fined C$25,000, imprisoned for two years, or both. On the second offense, that person may be fined C$50,000, imprisoned for two years, or both.<ref>[[#Reference-idLegBC1997|Legislative Assembly of British Columbia. "Traffic Safety Statutes Amendment Act."]]</ref>
===United Kingdom===
*A major portion of the Financial Services Act of 1986 was intended to help prevent fraud.<ref>[[#Reference-idStaple1993|Staple, George. "Serious and Complex Fraud."]] p. 127.</ref>
*The Serious Fraud Office, set up in 1987 under the Criminal Justice Act, was established to “improve the investigation and prosecution of serious and complex fraud.”<ref>[[#Reference-idStaple1993|Staple, George. "Serious and Complex Fraud."]] p. 127.</ref>
*The [[Fraud Act 2006]] specifically defines fraud as a crime. This act defines fraud as being committed when a person “makes a false representation,” “fails to disclose to another person information which he is under a legal duty to disclose,” or abuses a position in which he or she is “expected to safeguard, or not to act against, the financial interests of another person.” This act also defines the penalties for fraud as imprisonment up to ten years, a fine, or both.<ref>[[#Reference-idMinistry2006|Ministry of Justice. "Fraud Act 2006."]]</ref>
==Examples==
Following are some examples of real instances of insurance fraud that occurred in recent years:
*According to a report by a [[United States district court]] in [[Illinois]], a [[psychiatrist]] who practiced as the Assistant Medical Director and Medical Director at a psychiatric facility in Illinois from 1998 through 2002 submitted claims to Medicare for [[Psychiatry|psychiatric]] and [[psychotherapy]] services that he in fact never actually provided. He also “up-coded,” or billed for more expensive services than those that were actually provided, many claims that he submitted to Medicare. In addition, he admitted patients that did not qualify for treatment so that he could submit bills for hospital care even though it was not medically necessary for those patients. Through these schemes, this psychiatrist was able to fraudulently obtain $875,881 in Medicare Reimbursements before his conviction in February of 2005.<ref>[[#Reference-idUSvNC|United States of America v. Naseem Chaudhry.]]</ref>
*The Insurance Information Institute conducted a study on organized crime rings in [[New York City]] that have fraudulently exploited the personal injury protection policies of [[No-fault insurance|no-fault]] automobile insurance plans throughout the beginning of the 21st century. This has often been achieved when a “runner” is paid to organize an intentional collision, often including multiple passengers. These passengers then are taken to “medical mills,” which are either real or nonexistent facilities that file claims for reimbursement for treatments that are unnecessary and often not received. This practice has caused the cost of claims in New York City to rise by 32.1% in 2006, as opposed to only a 4.5% increase in 1998.<ref>[[#Reference-idIIINoFault|Insurance Information Institute. "No-Fault Insurance Fraud."]]</ref>
*According to the Coalition Against Insurance Fraud, a former business executive from [[Chicago]] resorted to insurance fraud to pay off his debt of over $672,000. He set fire to his own home in order to collect insurance money on it. In order to disguise this act of arson, he trapped his ninety year old mother in the basement while the house was burning so that the fire would appear to be a [[suicide]]. He received about $600,000 in insurance money, but was eventually convicted on several charges and sentenced to 190 years in federal prison.<ref>[[#Reference-idCoalitionHall|Coalition Against Insurance Fraud. "Insurance Fraud Hall of Shame."]] p. 99.</ref>
==External links==
*[http://www.insurancefraud.org/ Coalition Against Insurance Fraud]
*[http://www.iii.org/ Insurance Information Institute]
*[http://www.nhcaa.org/ National Health Care Anti-Fraud Association]
*[http://www.insurancefraudbureau.org/ Insurance Fraud Bureau]
*[http://www.ibc.ca/ Insurance Bureau of Canada]
*[http://www.usfa.dhs.gov/ U.S. Fire Administration]
*[http://www.ircweb.org/ Insurance Research Council]
*[http://www.stopunum.com StopUnum.com] - A website exposing the corporate corruption and [[insurance fraud]] of the Unum Corporation. Run by [[bad faith]] insurance claim victims.
==Citations==
{{reflist}}
==References==
*{{wikicite|id=idBolton2002|reference=Bolton, Richard J. and David J. Hand. "Statistical Fraud Detection: A Review." Statistical Science. 17.3 (2002): 235-249.}}
*{{wikicite|id=idClarke1990|reference=Clarke, Michael. "The Control of Insurance Fraud, A Comparative View." The British Journal of Criminology. 30.1 (1990): 1-23.}}
*{{wikicite|id=idCoalitionAnnual|reference=Coalition Against Insurance Fraud. Annual Report. Washington, DC: Coalition Against Insurance Fraud, 2006.}}
*{{wikicite|id=idCoalitionHall|reference=Coalition Against Insurance Fraud. "Insurance Fraud Hall of Shame: Mother Almost Blamed for Son's Arson." 31 12 2006. Coalition Against Insurance Fraud. 13 December 2007. [http://www.insurancefraud.org/article.lasso?RecID=1532]}}
*{{wikicite|id=idCoalitionLearn|reference=Coalition Against Insurance Fraud. "Learn About Fraud." Coalition Against Insurance Fraud. 1 December 2007 [http://www.insurancefraud.org/learn_about_fraud.htm].}}
*{{wikicite|id=idDerrig2002|reference=Derrig, Richard A. "Insurance Fraud." The Journal of Risk and Insurance. 69.3 (2002): 271-287.}}
*{{wikicite|id=idDornstein1996|reference=Dornstein, Ken. Accidentally on Purpose: The Making of a Personal Injury Underworld in America. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1996.}}
*{{wikicite|id=idFeldman2001|reference=Feldman, Roger. "An Economic Explanation for Fraud and Abuse in Public Medical Care Programs." The Journal of Legal Studies. 30.2 (2001): 569-577.}}
*{{wikicite|id=idGhezzi1983|reference=Ghezzi, Susan Guarino. "A Private Network of Social Control: Insurance Investigative Units." Social Problems. 30.5 (1983): 521-531.}}
*{{wikicite|id=idHyman2001|reference=Hyman, David A. "Health Care Fraud and Abuse: Market Change, Social Norms, and the Trust 'Reposed in the Workmen'." The Journal of Legal Studies. 30.2 (2001): 531-567.}}
*{{wikicite|id=idIBC|reference=Insurance Bureau of Canada. "The Cost of Personal Injury Fraud." Insurance Burea of Canada. 13 December 2007 [http://www.fraudcoalition.org/en/Insurance_Crime/Personal_Injury_Fraud/Costs.asp].}}
*{{wikicite|id=idIFB|reference=Insurance Fraud Bureau. "Fighting Organized Insurance Fraud." Insurance Fraud Bureau, 2006.}}
*{{wikicite|id=idIIIFraud|reference=Insurance Information Institute. "Fraud." Insurance Information Institute. 1 December 2007 [http://www.iii.org/media/facts/statsbyissue/fraud/].}}
*{{wikicite|id=idIIIInsuranceFraud|reference=Insurance Information Institute. "Insurance Fraud." Insurance Information Institute. 1 December 2007 [http://www.iii.org/media/hottopics/insurance/fraud/].}}
*{{wikicite|id=idIIINoFault|reference=Insurance Information Institute. "No-Fault Insurance Fraud in N.Y. State." Insurance Information Institute. 1 December 2007 [http://www.iii.org/media/research/newyorknofaultauto/].}}
*{{wikicite|id=idLegBC1997|reference=Legislative Assembly of British Columbia. "Traffic Safety Statutes Amendment Act." 1997.}}
*{{wikicite|id=idManes1945|reference=Manes, Alfred. "Insurance Crimes." ''Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology'' 35.1 (1945): 34-42.}}
*{{wikicite|id=idMinistry2006|reference=Ministry of Justice. "Fraud Act 2006." 11 August 2006. The UK Statute Law Database. 13 December 2007 [http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?LegType=All+Legislation&title=fraud&Year=2006&searchEnacted=0&extentMatchOnly=0&confersPower=0&blanketAmendment=0&sortAlpha=0&TYPE=QS&PageNumber=1&NavFrom=0&parentActiveTextDocId=2922456&ActiveTextDocId=2922458&fi].}}
*{{wikicite|id=idNHCAA|reference=National Health Care Anti-Fraud Association. "The Problem of Health Care Fraud." National Health Care Anti-Fraud Association. 1 December 2007 [http://www.nhcaa.org/eweb/DynamicPage.aspx?webcode=anti_fraud_resource_centr&wpscode=TheProblemOfHCFraud].}}
*{{wikicite|id=idOffice2006|reference=Office of the Law Revision Counsel, U.S. House of Representatives. "United States Code; Title 18, Section 1347." 2 January 2006. [http://uscode.house.gov/uscode-cgi/fastweb.exe?getdoc+uscview+t17t20+687+0++%28%29%20%20AND%20%28%2818%29%20ADJ%20USC%29%3ACITE%20AND%20%28USC%20w%2F10%20%281347%29%29%3ACITE%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20].}}
*{{wikicite|id=idPontell1982|reference=Pontell, Henry N., Paul D. Jesilow and Gilbert Geis. "Policing Physicians: Practitioner Fraud and Abuse in a Government Medical Program." Social Problems. 30.1 (1982): 117-125.}}
*{{wikicite|id=idStaple1993|reference=Staple, George. "Serious and Complex Fraud: A New Perspective." The Modern Law Review. 56.2 (1993): 127-137.}}
*{{wikicite|id=idTennyson2002|reference=Tennyson, Sharon and Pau Salsas-Forn. "Claims Auditing in Automobile Insurance: Fraud Detection and Deterrence Objectives." The Journal of Risk and Insurance. 69.3 (2002): 289-308.}}
*{{wikicite|id=idUSFA2007|reference=U.S. Fire Administration. "Arson Fire Statistics." 11 October 2007. U.S. Fire Administration. 13 December 2007 [http://www.usfa.dhs.gov/statistics/arson/index.shtm].}}
*{{wikicite|id=idUSvNC|reference=United States of America v. Naseem Chaudhry. United States District Court, Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division. February 2005.}}
*{{wikicite|id=idViaene2002|reference=Viaene, Stijn, et al. "A Comparison of State-of-the-Art Classification Techniques for Expert Automobile Insurance Claim Fraud Detection." The Journal of Risk and Insurance. 69.3 (2002): 373-421.}}
[[Category:Finance fraud]]
[[Category:Insurance]]