Interlingua
15100
224884607
2008-07-10T21:00:12Z
NEMT
940908
+distinguish tag
{{POV-check|date=June 2008}}
{{Advert|date=June 2008}}
{{this|the [[auxiliary language]] created by the [[International Auxiliary Language Association]]}}
{{distinguish|Interlingue}}
{{Infobox Language
|name=Interlingua
|caption=Logo
|image=[[Image:ParlaalMundo-cropped.jpg|170px|center|Interlingua Logo]]
|pronunciation=/inteɾˈliŋɡwa/
|creator=[[International Auxiliary Language Association]]
|date=[[1951]]
|setting=Scientific registration of international vocabulary; [[international auxiliary language]]
|speakers=unknown
|fam1=[[international auxiliary language]]
|script=[[Latin alphabet]]
|posteriori=[[French language|French]], [[Italian language|Italian]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[German language|German]], [[English language|English]], [[Russian language|Russian]] and [[Latin]]
|agency=no regulating body
|iso1=ia|iso2=ina|iso3=ina}}
'''Interlingua''' is an [[international auxiliary language]] (IAL), developed between [[1937]] and [[1951]] by the [[International Auxiliary Language Association]] (IALA). It is the second or third most widely used IAL (after [[Esperanto]] and, perhaps, [[Ido]]). It is the most widely used [[International auxiliary language#Classification|naturalistic]] IAL<ref name="gopsill1990">{{cite book|last=Gopsill|first=F. P.||title=International languages: a matter for Interlingua|year=1990|publisher=British Interlingua Society|location=[[Sheffield]], [[England]]|isbn=0-9511695-6-4|oclc=27813762}}</ref>: in other words, its vocabulary, grammar and other characteristics are largely or completely derived from natural languages. Interlingua was developed to combine a simple, regular grammar<ref> See Gopsill, F. P. ''Interlingua: A course for beginners.'' Part 1. Sheffield, England: British Interlingua Society, 1987. Gopsill, here and elsewhere, characterizes Interlingua as having a simple grammar and no irregularities.</ref><ref>The [[Interlingua: A Grammar of the International Language|Interlingua Grammar]] suggests that Interlingua has a small number of irregularities. See Gode (1955).</ref> with a vocabulary common to the widest possible range of languages,<ref name="iala1971">Gode, Alexander, "Introduction", [http://www.bowks.net/worldlang/aux/b_IED.html ''Interlingua-English: A dictionary of the international language''], Revised Edition, New York: Continuum International Publishing Group, 1971.</ref> making it unusually easy to learn.<ref name="breinstrup-beginners">Breinstrup, Thomas, Preface, [http://www.interlingua.com/archivos/Prefacio%20-%20Contento.pdf ''Interlingua course for beginners''], Bilthoven, Netherlands: Union Mundial pro Interlingua, 2006.</ref> Conversely, it is used as a rapid introduction to many natural languages.<ref name="gopsill1990"/>
Interlingua is also unusual for being immediately understandable to hundreds of millions of people<ref>Yeager, Leland B., "Le linguistica como reclamo pro Interlingua" (Linguistics as an advertisement for Interlingua), ''Interlinguistica e Interlingua: Discursos public'', Beekbergen, Netherlands: Servicio de Libros UMI, 1991.</ref> who speak a [[Romance language]].
== Etymology ==
The name Interlingua comes from the Latin words inter, meaning between, and lingua, meaning tongue or language. These morphemes are identical in Interlingua. Thus, Interlingua would be "between language".
== Rationale ==
[[Image:Map-Romance Language World.png|300px|right|thumb|Areas where a Romance language is commonly spoken are coloured on the map. Interlingua should be readily comprehensible to at least a large part of the more than <span style="white-space: nowrap">600 million</span> native Romance speakers alone.]]
The expansive movements of science, technology, trade, diplomacy, and the arts, combined with the historical dominance of the [[Greek language|Greek]] and [[Latin language|Latin]] languages have resulted in a large common vocabulary among Western languages. With Interlingua an objective procedure is used to extract and standardize the most widespread word or words for a concept found in a set of ''control languages'': [[English language|English]], [[French language|French]], [[Italian language|Italian]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]] and [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], with [[German language|German]] and [[Russian language|Russian]] as secondary references. Words from any language are eligible for inclusion, so long as their internationality is shown by their presence in these control languages. Hence, Interlingua includes such diverse word forms as [[Japanese language|Japanese]] ''geisha'' and ''samurai'', [[Arabic language|Arabic]] ''califa'', [[Indigenous Australians|Aboriginal]] ''kanguru'', and [[Finnish language|Finnish]] ''sauna''.<ref name="iala1971"/>
Interlingua combines this pre-existing vocabulary with a minimal grammar based on the control languages. People with a good knowledge of a Romance language, or a smattering of a Romance language plus a good knowledge of the ''[[international scientific vocabulary]]'' can frequently understand it immediately on reading or hearing it. Educated speakers of [[English language|English]] also enjoy this easy comprehension.<ref>See for example Sexton, Brian C., "Interlingua at first hearing," ''Lingua e Vita'', 1995, Issue 83.</ref> The immediate comprehension of Interlingua, in turn, makes it unusually easy to learn. Speakers of [[language|other languages]] can also learn to speak and write Interlingua in a short time, thanks to its simple grammar and regular word formation using a small number of [[root (linguistics)|root]]s and [[affix]]es.<ref name="many-represented">[[Alice Vanderbilt Morris|Morris, Alice Vanderbilt]], ''[http://www.interlingua.fi/ialagr45.htm#manyrepresented General Report], New York: International Auxiliary Language Association, 1945.</ref>
Once learned, Interlingua can be used to learn other related languages quickly and easily, and in some studies, even to understand them immediately. Research with [[Swedish language|Swedish]] students has shown that, after learning Interlingua, they can translate elementary texts from Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish. In one 1974 study, an Interlingua class translated a Spanish text that students who had taken 150 hours of Spanish found too difficult to understand. Gopsill<ref name="gopsill1990"/> has suggested that Interlingua's freedom from irregularities allowed the students to grasp the mechanisms of language quickly.<ref name="many-represented"/>
Words in Interlingua retain their natural form; they are never distorted to fit a pre-existing grammar or set of rules. Each word retains its normal spelling, pronunciation, and meanings. For this reason, Interlingua is frequently termed a ''naturalistic'' IAL.
== History ==
{{main|History of Interlingua}}
[[Image:Interlinguadeiala-tenue&latin.jpg|thumb|One of the many unofficial logo designs created for Interlingua, displaying the main logo with a "control language" flag montage below.]]
The American heiress [[Alice Vanderbilt Morris]] (1874–1950) became interested in [[linguistics]] and the [[international auxiliary language]] movement in the early 1920s, and in [[1924]], Morris and her husband, [[Dave Hennen Morris]], established the non-profit International Auxiliary Language Association (IALA) in [[New York City]]. Their aim was to place the study of IALs on a scientific basis. Morris developed the research program of IALA in consultation with [[Edward Sapir]], [[William Edward Collinson]], and [[Otto Jespersen]].<ref>Falk, Julia S. "Words without grammar: Linguists and the international language movement in the United States, ''Language and Communication'', 15(3): pp. 241-259. Pergamon, 1995.</ref>
=== International Auxiliary Language Association ===
The IALA became a major supporter of mainstream American linguistics, funding, for example, numerous studies by Sapir, Collinson, and [[Morris Swadesh]] in the 1930s and 1940s. Alice Morris edited several of these studies and provided much of IALA's financial support.<ref name="iala1971_foreword">Bray, Mary Connell [1951] (1971), "Foreword", [http://www.bowks.net/worldlang/aux/b_IED-foreword.html ''Interlingua-English: A dictionary of the international Language''], Second Edition, New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing Company. ISBN 0-8044-0188-8. OCLC 162319. Retrieved on 2007-03-05.</ref> IALA also received support from such prestigious groups as the [[Carnegie Corporation]], the [[Ford Foundation]], the [[Research Corporation]], and the [[Rockefeller Foundation]].<ref name="gopsill-historia">Gopsill, F. P., and Sexton, Brian, [http://www.interlingua.com/historia/diverse/historia-1.htm "Le historia antenatal de interlingua"] , ''Historia de interlingua'', 2001, revised 2006.</ref>
In its early years, IALA concerned itself with three tasks: finding other organizations around the world with similar goals; building a library of books about [[language]]s and [[interlinguistics]]; and comparing extant IALs, including [[Esperanto]], [[Esperanto II]], [[Ido]], [[Latino Sine Flexione]], [[Novial]], and [[Occidental language|Occidental]]. In pursuit of the last goal, it conducted parallel studies of these languages, with comparative studies of national languages, under the direction of scholars at American and European universities.<ref name="iala1971_foreword"/> It also arranged conferences with proponents of these IALs, who debated features and goals of their respective languages. With a "concession rule" that required participants to make a certain number of concessions, early debates at IALA sometimes grew from heated to explosive.<ref name="gopsill1990"/>
At the Second International Interlanguage Congress, held in [[Geneva]] in [[1931]], IALA began to break new ground; 27 recognized linguists signed a testimonial of support for IALA's research program. An additional eight added their signatures at the third congress, convened in [[Rome]] in [[1933]].<ref name="gopsill1990"/> That same year, Professor [[Herbert N. Shenton]] and Dr. [[Edward L. Thorndike]] became influential in IALA's work by authoring key studies in the interlinguistic field.<ref name="iala1971_foreword"/>
The first steps towards the finalization of Interlingua were taken in [[1937]], when a committee of 24 eminent linguists from 19 universities published ''Some Criteria for an International Language and Commentary''. However, the outbreak of [[World War II]] in [[1939]] cut short the intended biannual meetings of the committee.<ref name="gopsill1990"/>
===Development of a new language===
Originally, the association had not set out to create its own language. Its goal was to identify which auxiliary language already available was best suited for international communication, and how to promote it most effectively. However, after ten years of research, more and more members of IALA concluded that none of the existing [[interlanguage]]s were up to the task. By [[1937]], the members had made the decision to create a new language, to the surprise of the world's interlanguage community.<ref name="gopsill-historia2">Gopsill, F. P., and Sexton, Brian, [http://www.interlingua.com/historia/diverse/historia-2.htm "Profunde recerca duce a un lingua"], ''Historia de interlingua'', 2001, revised 2006.</ref>
To that point, much of the debate had been equivocal on the decision to use naturalistic (e.g., [[Novial]] and [[Occidental language|Occidental]]) or systematic (e.g., [[Esperanto]] and [[Ido]]) words. During the war years, proponents of a naturalistic interlanguage won out. The first support was Dr. Thorndike's paper; the second was a concession by proponents of the systematic languages that thousands of words were already present in many – or even a majority – of the European languages. Their argument was that systematic derivation of words was a [[Procrustes|Procrustian bed]], forcing the learner to unlearn and re-memorize a new derivation scheme when a usable vocabulary was already available. This finally convinced supporters of the systematic languages, and IALA from that point assumed the position that a naturalistic language would be best.<ref name="gopsill1990"/>
At the outbreak of [[World War II]], IALA's research activities were moved from Liverpool to New York, where [[Ezra Clark Stillman|E. Clark Stillman]] established a new research staff.<ref name="iala1971_foreword"/> Stillman, with the assistance of Dr. [[Alexander Gode]], developed a ''prototyping'' technique – an objective methodology for selecting and standardizing vocabulary based on a comparison of ''control languages''.<ref name="gopsill1990"/>
In [[1943]] Stillman left for war work and Gode became Acting Director of Research.<ref name="iala1971_foreword"/> IALA began to develop models of the proposed language, the first of which were presented in Morris's ''General Report'' in 1945.<ref name="gopsill-historia2"/>
From [[1946]] to [[1948]], renowned French linguist [[André Martinet]] was Director of Research. During this period IALA continued to develop models and conducted polling to determine the optimal form of the final language. In 1946, IALA sent an extensive survey to more than 3,000 language teachers and related professionals on three continents.<ref name="gopsill1990"/><ref name="gopsill-historia3">Gopsill, F. P., and Sexton, Brian, [http://www.interlingua.com/historia/diverse/historia-3.htm "Le natura, si – un schema, no"], ''Historia de interlingua'', 2001, revised 2006.</ref>
Four models were canvassed:<ref name="gopsill1990"/>
{| border=0
|- valign=top
| || Model P || || highly naturalistic, with word forms unchanged from the prototypes
|- valign=top
| || Model M || || moderately naturalistic, similar to Occidental
|- valign=top
| || Model C || || slightly schematic, along the lines of Novial
|- valign=top
| || Model K || || moderately schematic, similar to Ido (less schematic than Esperanto)
|}
The results of the survey were striking. The two more schematic models were rejected – K overwhelmingly. Of the two naturalistic models, M received somewhat more support than P. IALA decided on a compromise between P and M, with certain elements of C.<ref name="gopsill-historia3"/>
Martinet took up a position at [[Columbia University]] in 1948, and Gode took on the last phase of Interlingua's development.<ref name="iala1971_foreword"/> The vocabulary and grammar of Interlingua were first presented in [[1951]], when IALA published the finalized ''[[Interlingua: A Grammar of the International Language|Interlingua Grammar]]'' and the 27,000-word ''[[Interlingua-English Dictionary]]'' (IED). In [[1954]], IALA published an introductory manual entitled ''[[Interlingua a Prime Vista]]'' ("Interlingua at First Sight").
===Success, decline, and resurgence===
An early practical application of Interlingua was the scientific newsletter ''Spectroscopia Molecular'', published from 1952 to 1980.<ref>Breinstrup, Thomas, [http://www.interlingua.com/historia/publicationes/spectroscopia.htm "Un revolution in le mundo scientific" (A revolution in the scientific world).] Accessed January 16, 2007.</ref> In 1954 Interlingua was used at the Second World Cardiological Congress, in [[Washington DC]], for both written summaries and oral interpretation. Within a few years, it found similar use at nine further medical congresses. Between the mid-1950s and the late 1970s, some thirty scientific and especially medical journals provided article summaries in Interlingua. [[Science Service]], the publisher of ''Science Newsletter'' at the time, published a monthly column in Interlingua from the early 1950s until Gode's death in 1970. In 1967, the powerful [[International Organization for Standardization]], which normalizes terminology, voted almost unanimously to adopt Interlingua as the basis for its dictionaries.<ref name="gopsill1990"/>
The [[International Auxiliary Language Association|IALA]] closed its doors in 1953 but was not formally dissolved until 1956 or later.<ref name="esterhill2000">Esterhill, Frank, ''Interlingua Institute: A History''. New York: Interlingua Institute, 2000.</ref> Its role in promoting Interlingua was largely taken on by Science Service,<ref name="gopsill-historia3"/> which hired Gode as head of its newly formed [[Interlingua Division of Science Service|Interlingua Division]].<ref>[http://www.interlingua.com/historia/biographias/gode.htm Biographias: Alexander Gottfried Friedrich Gode-von Aesch]. Accessed January 16, 2007</ref> [[Hugh E. Blair]], Gode's close friend and colleague, became his assistant.<ref>[http://www.interlingua.com/historia/biographias/blair.htm Biographias: Hugh Edward Blair.] Accessed January 16, 2007</ref> A successor organization, the Interlingua Institute,<ref name="portrait-organizations">[http://www.interlingua.com/historia/diverse/organisationes.htm Portrait del organisationes de interlingua.] Access January 16, 2007.</ref> was founded in 1970 to promote Interlingua in the US and Canada. The new institute supported the work of other linguistic organizations, made considerable scholarly contributions and produced Interlingua precis for scholarly and medical publications. One of its largest achievements was two immense volumes on phytopathology produced by the American Phytopathological Society in 1976 and 1977.<ref name="esterhill2000">Esterhill, Frank, ''Interlingua Institute: A History''. New York: Interlingua Institute, 2000.</ref>
Interlingua had attracted many former adherents of other international-language projects, notably [[Occidental language|Occidental]] and [[Ido]]. The former Occidentalist [[Richard Berger|Ric Berger]] founded The [[Union Mundial pro Interlingua]] ([[UMI]]) in 1955,<ref name="portrait-organizations"/> and by the late 1950s, interest in Interlingua in Europe had already begun to overtake that in North America.
Beginning in the 1980s UMI has held international conferences every two years (typical attendance at the earlier meetings was 50 to 100) and launched a publishing programme that eventually produced over 100 volumes. Other Interlingua-language works were published by university presses in [[Sweden]] and [[Italy]], and in the 1990s, [[Brazil]] and [[Switzerland]].<ref>[http://www.interlingua.com/libros/pt.htm Bibliographia de Interlingua.] Accessed January 16, 2007.</ref><ref>[http://www.interlingua.com/historia/biographias/stenstrom.htm Biographias: Ingvar Stenström.] Accessed January 16, 2007</ref> Several [[Scandinavia]]n schools undertook projects that used Interlingua as a means of teaching the international scientific and intellectual vocabulary.<ref name="breinstrup-futur">Breinstrup, Thomas, [http://www.interlingua.com/historia/diverse/50annos.htm "Interlingua: Forte, Fructuose, Futur"], Historia de Interlingua, 2001, Revised 2006.</ref>
In 2000, the Interlingua Institute was dissolved amid funding disputes with the UMI; the American Interlingua Society, established the following year, succeeded the institute and responded to new interest emerging in [[Mexico]].<ref name="portrait-organizations"/>
===In the Soviet bloc===
Interlingua was spoken and promoted in the [[Soviet]] bloc, despite attempts to suppress the language. In [[East Germany]], government officials confiscated the letters and magazines that the UMI sent to Walter Raédler, the Interlingua representative there.<ref>"Interlingua usate in le posta". [http://www.interlingua.com/historia/diverse/stampaspostal.htm Historia de Interlingua], 2001, revised 2006.</ref> In [[Czechoslovakia]], [[Július Tomin]] received threatening letters after his first article on Interlingua was published.<ref>Breinstrup, Thomas. "Persecutate pro parlar Interlingua." ''[[Panorama in Interlingua]]'', 1995, Issue 5.</ref> Despite continuing persecution, he went on to become the Czech Interlingua representative, teach Interlingua in the school system, and author a long series of published articles and books.<ref>[http://www.interlingua.com/historia/biographias/tomin.htm Biographias: Július Tomin. Historia de Interlingua, 2001.] Revised 2006.</ref>
===Interlingua today===
: ''See also: [[#Community|Community]], below''
Today, interest in Interlingua has expanded from the scientific community to the general public. Individuals, governments, and private companies use Interlingua for learning and instruction, travel, online publishing, and communication across language barriers.<ref>Breinstrup, Thomas, [http://www.interlingua.com/historia/diverse/tourismo.htm "Contactos directe con touristas e le gente local"], Historia de Interlingua, 2001, Revised 2006.</ref><ref name="breinstrup-futur">Breinstrup, Thomas, [http://www.interlingua.com/historia/diverse/50annos.htm "Interlingua: Forte, Fructuose, Futur"], Historia de Interlingua, 2001, Revised 2006.</ref><ref>Stenström, Ingvar, "Experientias del inseniamento del vocabulario international in le nove gymnasio svedese" (Experiences with the teaching of the international vocabulary in the new Swedish gymnasium), ''Interlinguistica e Interlingua: Discursos public per Ingvar Stenström e Leland B. Yeager'', Beekbergen, Netherlands: Servicio de Libros UMI, 1991. (High school in Europe is often called the gymnasium.)</ref> Interlingua is promoted internationally by the [[Union Mundial pro Interlingua]]. Periodicals and books are produced by many national organizations, such as the [[Societate American pro Interlingua]], the [[Swedish Society for Interlingua|Svenska Sällskapet för Interlingua]], and the [[Brazilian Union for Interlingua]].<ref name="portrait-organizations"/>
== Community ==
It's not certain how many people have an active knowledge of Interlingua, but their numbers have grown consistently over most of the past half-century. As noted above, Interlingua is the most widely spoken naturalistic [[auxiliary language]].
Interlingua's greatest advantage is that it is the most widely ''understood'' [[international auxiliary language]] by virtue of its naturalistic (as opposed to schematic) grammar and vocabulary, allowing those familiar with a Romance language, and educated speakers of English, to read and understand it without prior study.<ref name="blandino1989">Blandino, Giovanni, "Le problema del linguas international auxiliari", ''Philosophia del Cognoscentia e del Scientia'', Rome, Italy: Pontificia Universitas Lateranensis, Pontificia Universitas Urbaniana, 1989.</ref>
Interlingua has active speakers on all continents, especially in [[South America]] and in [[Eastern Europe|Eastern]] and [[Northern Europe]], most notably [[Scandinavia]]; also in [[Russia]] and [[Ukraine]]. In [[Africa]], Interlingua has official representation in the [[Republic of the Congo]]. There are copious Interlingua web pages, including editions of Wikipedia and Wiktionary, and a number of periodicals, including ''Panorama in Interlingua'' from the [[Union Mundial pro Interlingua]] (UMI) and magazines of the national societies allied with it. There are several active mailing lists, and Interlingua is also in use in certain [[Usenet]] newsgroups, particularly in the europa.* hierarchy. Interlingua is presented on CDs, radio, and television.<ref>"Radioemissiones in e re Interlingua," ''[[Panorama in Interlingua]]'', Issue 3, 2006.</ref> In recent years, samples of Interlingua have also been seen in music and anime.
Interlingua is taught in many high schools and universities, sometimes as a means of teaching other languages quickly, presenting [[interlinguistics]], or introducing the international vocabulary.<ref name="breinstrup-futur">Breinstrup, Thomas, [http://www.interlingua.com/historia/diverse/50annos.htm "Interlingua: Forte, Fructuose, Futur"], Historia de Interlingua, 2001, Revised 2006.</ref><ref name="stenström-communication">Stenström, Ingvar, “The Interlingua of IALA: From ‘the linguists’ project’ of 1951 to the working ‘tool of international scientific communication’ of 1981”, ''Interlinguistica e Interlingua: Discursos public per Ingvar Stenström e Leland B. Yeager'', Beekbergen, Netherlands: Servicio de Libros UMI, 1991.</ref><ref name="stenström-utilisation">Stenström, Ingvar, “Utilisation de Interlingua in le inseniamento de linguas” (Utilization of Interlingua in the teaching of languages), ''Interlinguistica e Interlingua: Discursos public per Ingvar Stenström e Leland B. Yeager'', Beekbergen, Netherlands: Servicio de Libros UMI, 1991.</ref> The prestigious [[University of Granada]] in [[Spain]], for example, offers an Interlingua course in collaboration with the Centro de Formación Continua.<ref>"A notar," ''[[Panorama in Interlingua]],'' Issue 4, 2006.</ref>
Every two years, the UMI organizes an international conference in a different country. In the year between, the Scandinavian Interlingua societies co-organize a conference in Sweden. National organizations such as the Union Brazilian pro Interlingua also organize regular conferences.<ref name="breinstrup-futur"/>
== Phonology and orthography ==
=== Phonology ===
The following tables illustrate Interlingua's consonants and vowels respectively:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!
!colspan="2"| [[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
!colspan="2"| [[Labiodental consonant|Labio-<br/>dental]]
!colspan="2"| [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
!colspan="2"| [[Postalveolar consonant|Post-<br/>alveolar]]
!colspan="2"| [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
!colspan="2"| [[Labial-velar consonant|Labial-<br/>velar]]
!colspan="2"| [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
!colspan="2"| [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! [[Plosive consonant|Plosive]]
| {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|b}}
|colspan="2"|
| {{IPA|t}} || {{IPA|d}}
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
| {{IPA|k}} || {{IPA|g}}
|colspan="2"|
|-
! [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| || {{IPA|m}}
|colspan="2"|
| || {{IPA|n}}
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|-
! [[Flap consonant|Tap]]
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
| || {{IPA|ɾ}}
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|-
! [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
|colspan="2"|
| {{IPA|f}} || {{IPA|v}}
| {{IPA|s}} || {{IPA|z}}
| {{IPA|ʃ}} || {{IPA|ʒ}}
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
| {{IPA|h}} ||
|-
! [[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
| {{IPA|ʦ}} ||
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|-
! [[Approximant]]
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
| || {{IPA|j}}
| || {{IPA|w}}
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|-
! [[Lateral consonant|Lateral approximant]]
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
| || {{IPA|l}}
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!
! [[Front vowel|Front]]
! [[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
| {{IPA|i}}
| {{IPA|u}}
|-
! [[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
| {{IPA|e}}
| {{IPA|o}}
|-
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
| {{IPA|a}}
|
|}
===Orthography and pronunciation===
Interlingua uses the standard Latin alphabet with all its 26 letters and no diacritics.<ref name="iala1971"/> Despite its naturalistic appearance, Interlingua has a largely [[phonemic orthography]]. For the most part, [[consonant]]s are pronounced as in English, while the [[vowel]]s are like Spanish. Double consonants are pronounced as single. Interlingua has five falling [[diphthong]]s, {{IPA|/ai/, /au/, /ei/, /eu/}}, and {{IPA|/oi/}},<ref>Gopsill, F. P., ''Interlingua today: A course for beginners'', Sheffield, UK: British Interlingua Society, 1994.</ref> although {{IPA|/ei/}} and {{IPA|/oi/}} are rare.
==== Stress ====
The ''general rule'' is that stress falls on the vowel before the last consonant (e.g., ''l'''i'''ngua, ess'''e'''r, requirim'''e'''nto'', 'language', 'to be', 'requirement'), and where that isn't possible, on the first vowel (''v'''i'''a'', 'way', '''''i'''o cr'''e'''a'', 'I create'). There are a few exceptions, and the following rules account for most of them:
* Adjectives and nouns ending in a vowel followed by ''-le, -ne,'' or ''-re'' are stressed on the third-last syllable (''fr'''a'''gile, m'''a'''rgine, '''a'''ltere'' 'other', but ''illa imp'''o'''ne'' 'she imposes').
* Words ending in ''-ica/-ico, -ide/-ido'' and ''-ula/-ulo,'' are stressed on the third-last syllable (''pol'''i'''tica, scient'''i'''fico, r'''a'''pide, st'''u'''pido, cap'''i'''tula, s'''e'''culo'' 'century').
* Words ending in ''-ic'' are stressed on the second-last syllable (''c'''u'''bic'').
Speakers may pronounce all words according to the general rule mentioned above. For example, ''kilom'''e'''tro'' is acceptable, although ''kil'''o'''metro'' is more common.<ref name="gode1955">{{cite book|last=Gode|first=Alexander|authorlink=Alexander Gode|coauthors=[[Hugh E. Blair]]||title=Interlingua; a grammar of the international language|url=http://members.optus.net/~ado_hall/interlingua/gi/home/entry_page.html|accessdate=2007-03-05|edition=Second Edition|origyear=1951|year=1955|publisher=Frederick Ungar Publishing|location=[[New York]]|isbn=0-8044-0186-1|oclc=147452}}.</ref>
==== Loanwords ====
Unassimilated foreign [[loanword]]s, or borrowed words, are pronounced and spelled as in their language of origin. Their spelling may contain [[diacritic]]s, or accent marks. If the diacritics do not affect pronunciation, they are removed.<ref name="iala1971"/>
=== Phonotactics ===
Interlingua has no explicitly defined [[phonotactics]]. However, the prototyping procedure for determining Interlingua words, which strives for internationality, should in general lead naturally to words that are easy for most learners to pronounce. In the process of forming new words, an ending cannot always be added without a modification of some kind in between. A good example is the plural ''-s'', which is always preceded by a vowel to prevent the occurrence of a hard-to-pronounce consonant cluster at the end. If the singular does not end in a vowel, the final ''-s'' becomes ''-es.''
== Vocabulary ==
{{See also|Free word-building in Interlingua}}
Words in Interlingua may be taken from any language,<ref>Morris, Alice Vanderbilt, [http://www.interlingua.fi/ialagr45.htm#factsreasoning "IALA's system: Underlying facts and reasoning"], ''General report'', New York: International Auxiliary Language Association, 1945.</ref> as long as their internationality is verified by their presence in seven ''control'' languages: [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[Italian language|Italian]], [[French language|French]], and [[English language|English]], with [[German language|German]] and [[Russian language|Russian]] acting as secondary controls. These are the most widely spoken [[Romance language|Romance]], [[Germanic language|Germanic]], and [[Slavic language]]s, respectively. Because of their close relationship, Spanish and Portuguese are treated as one unit. The largest number of Interlingua words are of [[Latin language|Latin]] origin, with the [[Greek language|Greek]] and [[Germanic language|Germanic]] languages providing the second and third largest number. The remainder of the vocabulary originates in [[Slavic language|Slavic]] and non-Western languages.<ref name="iala1971"/>
=== Eligibility ===
{{main|Interlingua and eligibility of international words}}
A word, that is a form with meaning, is eligible for the Interlingua vocabulary if it is verified by at least three of the four primary control languages. Either secondary control language can substitute for a primary language. Any word of Indo-European origin found in a control language can contribute to the eligibility of an international word.<ref name="interlinguistic-standardization">Stillman, E. Clark, and Gode, Alexander, ''Interlinguistic standardization'', New York: International Auxiliary Language Association, 1943. [http://www.interlingua.com/historia/publicationes/standardisation.htm Articles 82-100] translated by [[Stanley Mulaik]]. Revised 2006.</ref> In some cases, the archaic or ''potential'' presence of a word can contribute to its eligibility.
A word can be potentially present in a language when a [[derivation (linguistics)|derivative]] is present, but the word itself is not. English ''proximity'', for example, gives support to Interlingua ''proxime'', meaning 'near, close'. This counts as long as one or more control languages actually have this basic root word. Potentiality also occurs when a concept is represented as a [[compound (linguistics)|compound]] or derivative in a control language, the [[morpheme]]s that make it up are themselves international, and the combination adequately conveys the meaning of the larger word. An example is Italian ''fiammifero'' (lit. flamebearer), meaning "match, lucifer", which leads to Interlingua ''flammifero'', or "match". This word is thus said to be potentially present in the other languages although they may represent the meaning with a single morpheme.<ref name="iala1971"/>
Words do not enter the Interlingua vocabulary solely because [[cognate]]s exist in a sufficient number of languages. If [[semantic change|their meanings have become different over time]], they are considered different words for the purpose of Interlingua eligibility. If they still have one or more meanings in common, however, the word can enter Interlingua with this smaller set of meanings.<ref name="interlinguistic-standardization"/>
If this procedure did not produce an international word, the word for a concept was originally taken from Latin (see below). This only occurred with a few [[grammatical particle]]s.
=== Form ===
The form of an Interlingua word is considered an ''international prototype'' with respect to the other words. On the one hand, it should be neutral, free from characteristics peculiar to one language. On the other hand, it should maximally capture the characteristics common to all contributing languages. As a result, it can be transformed into any of the contributing variants using only these language-specific characteristics. If the word has any derivatives that occur in the source languages with appropriate parallel meanings, then their [[morphology (linguistics)|morphological]] connection must remain intact; for example, the Interlingua word for 'time' is spelled ''tempore'' and not ''*tempus'' or ''*tempo'' in order to match it with its derived adjectives, such as ''temporal''.<ref>Gode, Alexander, "Introduction", ''Interlingua-English: A dictionary of the international language'', Revised Edition, New York: Continuum International Publishing Group, 1971. See [http://www.bowks.net/worldlang/aux/b_IED-intro2.html#series "Forms of international words in derivational series"].</ref>
The language-specific characteristics are closely related to the [[sound law]]s of the individual languages; the resulting words are often close or even identical to the most recent form common to the contributing words. This sometimes corresponds with that of [[Vulgar Latin]]. At other times, it is much more recent or even contemporary. It is never older than the classical period.<ref name="interlinguistic-standardization"/>
=== An illustration ===
The French ''œil'', Italian ''occhio'', Spanish ''ojo'', and Portuguese ''olho'' appear quite different, but they descend from a historical form ''oculus''. German ''Auge'' and English ''eye'' (cf. Russian око) are related to this form in that all three descend from [[Indo-European]] ''ok<sup>w</sup>''. In addition, international derivatives like ''ocular'' and ''oculista'' occur in all of Interlingua's control languages.<ref name="blandino1989"/> Each of these forms contributes to the eligibility of the Interlingua word.<ref name="interlinguistic-standardization"/> The German and English base words do not influence the form of the Interlingua word, because their Indo-European connection is considered too remote.<ref>Gode, Alexander, "Introduction", ''Interlingua-English: A dictionary of the international language'', Revised Edition, New York: Continuum International Publishing Group, 1971. See [http://www.bowks.net/worldlang/aux/b_IED-intro2.html#method "Methods and techniques: Non-Latin examples"].</ref> Instead, the remaining base words and especially the derivatives determine the form ''oculo'' found in Interlingua.<ref name="blandino1989"/>
=== Notes on Interlingua vocabulary ===
New words can be derived internally – that is, from existing Interlingua words – or extracted from the control languages in the manner of the original vocabulary. Internal word-building, though freer than in the control languages, is more limited than in schematic languages.
Originally, a word was taken from Latin if the usual procedure did not produce a sufficiently international word. More recently, modern alternatives have become generally accepted. For example, the southern Romance ''comprar'', meaning 'to buy', has replaced ''emer'', because the latter occurs only in derivatives in the control languages. Similarly, the modern form ''troppo'', 'too' or 'too much', has replaced ''nimis'', and ''ma'' 'but' has largely replaced ''sed''.
== Grammar ==
{{main|Interlingua grammar}}
Interlingua has been developed to omit any grammatical feature that is absent from even one control language. Thus, Interlingua has no [[agreement (linguistics)|noun-adjective agreement]] by gender, case, or number (cf. Spanish and Portuguese ''gatos negros'', 'black cats'), since this is absent from English, and it has no progressive verb tenses (English ''I am reading''), since they are absent from French. Conversely, Interlingua [[grammatical number|distinguishes singular nouns from plural nouns]] since all the control languages do.<ref name="gode1955"/>
The definite article ''le'' is invariable, as in English. Nouns have no [[grammatical gender]].<ref name="gode1955"/><ref name="wilgenhof1995">Wilgenhof, Karel. ''Grammatica de Interlingua''. Union Mundial pro Interlingua, Beekbergen, Netherlands, 1995.</ref> Plurals are formed by adding ''-s'', or ''-es'' after a final consonant.<ref name="gode1955"/> [[Personal Pronouns]] take one form for the subject and one for the direct object and reflexive. In the third person, the reflexive is always ''se''.<ref name="gode1955"/><ref name="wilgenhof1995"/> Most [[adverb]]s are derived regularly from [[adjective]]s by adding ''-mente'', or ''-amente'' after a ''-c''. An adverb can be formed from any adjective in this way.<ref>Brauers, Karl. ''Grammatica synoptic de Interlingua''. Morges, Switzerland: Editiones Interlingua, 1975.</ref>
Verbs take the same form for all persons (''io, tu, illa vive'', 'I live', 'you live', 'she lives'). The [[indicative]] (''pare'', 'appear', 'appears') is the same as the [[imperative]] (''pare!'' 'appear!'), and there is no [[subjunctive]].<ref name="gode1955"/> Three common verbs usually take short forms in the present tense: ''es'' for 'is', 'am', 'are;' ''ha'' for 'has', 'have;' and ''va'' for 'go', 'goes'.<ref name="wilgenhof1995"/> A few irregular verb forms are available, but rarely used.<ref>These are optional short forms for ''esser'', 'to be'. They are found in Wilgenhof, who stops short of calling them irregular verb forms. Two such forms appear in Gode and Blair, and one is labeled irregular; none are in Brauers.</ref>
There are four simple tenses (present, past, future, and conditional), three compound tenses (past, future, and conditional), and the passive voice. The compound structures employ an auxiliary plus the infinitive or the past participle (e.g., ''Ille ha arrivate'', 'He has arrived').<ref name="gode1955"/> Simple and compound tenses can be combined in various ways to express more complex tenses (e.g., ''Nos haberea morite'', 'We would have died').<ref>See for example Gode (1955), [http://members.optus.net/~ado_hall/interlingua/gi/parts_of_speech/verb.html#115 §115, "Table of Conjugation"], pp. 38-40.</ref>
Word order is [[Subject Verb Object|Subject–Verb–Object]], except that a direct object pronoun or reflexive pronoun comes before the verb (''Io les vide'', 'I see them')<ref name="gode1955"/><ref name="wilgenhof1995"/> Adjectives may precede or follow the nouns they modify, but they most often follow it.<ref name="gode1955"/> The position of adverbs is flexible, though constrained by common sense.<ref name="wilgenhof1995"/>
The grammar of Interlingua has been described as similar to that of the Romance languages, but greatly simplified, primarily under the influence of English.<ref name="gode1955"/> More recently, Interlingua's grammar has been likened to the simple grammars of Japanese and particularly Chinese.<ref>Yeager, Leland B., "Artificialitate, ethnocentrismo, e le linguas oriental: Le caso de Interlingua", ''Interlinguistica e Interlingua: Discursos public per Ingvar Stenstrom e Leland B. Yeager'', Beekbergen, Netherlands: Servicio de Libros UMI, 1991.</ref>
== Criticisms and controversies ==
While Interlingua is a successful auxiliary language, it has been criticised, often by proponents of other auxiliary languages. This may be partly because both supporters and opponents see Interlingua as a candidate for being ''the'' universal, neutral second language for the world to use.<ref name="bakonyi1978">Bakonyi, Stefano, [http://renascentia.wikispaces.com/fundationbakonyi?responseToken=57e8a5213b084a25322d6456b8d8ba0b ''Civilisation e Lingua Universal: Essayo historico-cultural e linguistic'']. Luzern, Switzerland: Hugo Fischer, 1978.</ref><ref name="breinstrup-beginners"/>
As early as 1945, Morris argued that Interlingua would be a "neutral" language "free from any suggestion of political dominance by any group of powers".<ref>Morris, Alice Vanderbilt, "[http://www.interlingua.fi/ialagr45.htm#neutralil A neutral international language]", ''General Report'', New York: International Auxiliary Language Association, 1945.</ref> Its vocabulary would be "familiar to the largest possible number of people with different mother tongues", and its grammatical structure would possess "a high degree of simplicity and regularity".<ref>Morris, Alice Vanderbilt, "[http://www.interlingua.fi/ialagr45.htm#specificationsal Specifications for an auxiliary language]", ''General Report'', New York: International Auxiliary Language Association, 1945.</ref> Thus, it would have advantages for people all over the world.<ref>Morris, Alice Vanderbilt, "[http://www.interlingua.fi/ialagr45.htm#ialasprogram IALA's linguistic research]", ''General Report'', New York: International Auxiliary Language Association, 1945.</ref> In 1978, Dr. Stefano Bakonyi argued at length that Interlingua was the ideal candidate for universal language.<ref name="bakonyi1978"/> So, the modern view that Interlingua is a language "for the entire world"<ref name="breinstrup-beginners"/> is longstanding.
Some opponents argue that Interlingua is European-based, and therefore better suited for [[Europe]] or the [[Western World|West]] than for the entire world. Others contend that Interlingua has spelling irregularities that, while internationally recognizable in written form, increase the time needed to fully learn the language, especially for those unfamiliar with Indo-European languages. A related point of criticism is that Interlingua's credential as being [[Standard Average European]] is too weak outside the Romance languages. Some opponents see the [[Germanic language|Germanic]], [[Slavic language|Slavic]], and [[Celtic language]]s, in particular, as having little influence.
Proponents point out that Interlingua's source languages include not only Romance languages but English, German, and Russian as well. Moreover, the source languages are widely spoken internationally, and large numbers of their words also appear in other languages – still more when derivative forms and [[loan translation]]s are included. Tests had shown that if a larger number of source languages were used, the results would be about the same.<ref name="iala1971"/> So, IALA selected a much simpler extraction procedure for Interlingua with little adverse effect on its internationality. In addition, the grammar of Interlingua is still simpler than most or all Indo-European languages, contributing to ease of learning.
== Samples ==
The [[Lord's Prayer]]:
: ''Nostre Patre, qui es in le celos,''
: ''que tu nomine sia sanctificate;''
: ''que tu regno veni;''
: ''que tu voluntate sia facite''
: ''super le terra como etiam in le celo.''
: ''Da nos hodie nostre pan quotidian,''
: ''e pardona a nos nostre debitas''
: ''como nos pardona a nostre debitores,''
: ''e non duce nos in tentation,''
: ''sed libera nos del mal.''
From an essay by Alexander Gode:
:''Interlingua se ha distachate ab le movimento pro le disveloppamento e le introduction de un lingua universal pro tote le humanitate. Si o non on crede que un lingua pro tote le humanitate es possibile, si o non on crede que interlingua va devenir un tal lingua es totalmente indifferente ab le puncto de vista de interlingua mesme. Le sol facto que importa (ab le puncto de vista de interlingua mesme) es que interlingua, gratias a su ambition de reflecter le homogeneitate cultural e ergo linguistic del occidente, es capace de render servicios tangibile a iste precise momento del historia del mundo. Il es per su contributiones actual e non per le promissas de su adherentes que interlingua vole esser judicate.''<ref>''Novas de Interlingua'', May/June 1958.</ref>
:Interlingua has detached itself from the movement for the development and introduction of a universal language for all humanity. Whether or not one believes that a language for all humanity is possible, whether or not one believes that Interlingua will become such a language is totally irrelevant from the point of view of Interlingua itself. The only fact that matters (from the point of view of Interlingua itself) is that Interlingua, thanks to its ambition of reflecting the cultural and thus linguistic homogeneity of the West, is capable of rendering tangible services at this precise moment in the history of the world. It is by its present contributions and not by the promises of its adherents that Interlingua wishes to be judged.
==See also==
* [[Internationalism (linguistics)]]
* [[Interlingua and eligibility of international words]]
* [[Esperanto and Interlingua compared]]
* [[Ido and Interlingua compared]]
* [[Interlingua dictionaries]]
* [[Irregularities and exceptions in Interlingua]]
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
==Sources==
* Falk, Julia S. ''Women, Language and Linguistics: Three American stories from the first half of the twentieth century.'' Routledge, London & New York: 1999.
* {{cite book|last=Gode|first=Alexander|authorlink=Alexander Gode|coauthors=[[Hugh E. Blair]]||title=Interlingua; a grammar of the international language|url=http://members.optus.net/~ado_hall/interlingua/gi/home/entry_page.html|accessdate=2007-03-05|edition=Second Edition|origyear=1951|year=1955|publisher=Frederick Ungar Publishing|location=[[New York]]|isbn=0-8044-0186-1|oclc=147452}}
* Gopsill, F.P. [http://www.geocities.com/hkyson/directorio/interlinguistica/html/lehistoriahtml.htm ''Le historia antenatal de Interlingua.'']. (In Interlingua.) Accessed [[28 May]] [[2005]].
* International Auxiliary Language Association (IALA). [http://www.interlingua.fi/ialagr45.htm ''General Report'']. IALA, New York: 1945.
* {{cite book|author=[[International Auxiliary Language Association]]|editor=[[Alexander Gode]] (ed.)|others="Foreword" and "Acknowledgements" by Mary Connell Bray|title=Interlingua-English; a dictionary of the international language|url=http://www.bowks.net/worldlang/aux/b_IED.html|accessdate=2007-03-05|edition=Second Edition|origyear=1951|year=1971|publisher=Frederick Ungar Publishing|location=[[New York]]|isbn=0-8044-0188-8|oclc=162319}}
* Pei, Mario. ''One Language for the World and How To Achieve It.'' Devin-Adair, New York; 1958.
* Union Mundial pro Interlingua (UMI). [http://www.interlingua.com/historia/index.html ''Interlingua 2001: communication sin frontieras durante 50 annos''] (in Interlingua). Accessed [[17 August]] [[2006]].
==External links==
{{too many links}}
{{InterWiki|code=ia}}
{{Wiktionarylang|code=ia}}
{{Wikibooks|Interlingua}}
;Interlingua organizations
* [http://www.interlingua.com/ Union Mundial pro Interlingua], the official site of the [[Union Mundial pro Interlingua|UMI]]
* [http://www.interlingua.com.fr Union Interlinguiste de France]
* [http://www.interlingua.altervista.org/ Interlingua Italia]
* [http://www.interlingua.fi Suomen Interlinguayhdistys], the [[Finland|Finnish]] Association for Interlingua
* [http://www.interlingua.nu Svenska Sällskapet för Interlingua], the [[Sweden|Swedish]] Society for Interlingua
* [http://www.interlingua.us/ Societate American pro Interlingua], the [[United States of America|American]] Society for Interlingua
* [http://www.interlingua.org.br/ União Brasileira pró Interlíngua], the [[Brazil]]ian organization
* [http://geocities.yahoo.com.br/interlinguabrasil Interlingua Brasil]
* [http://www.interlingua.dk Dansk Interlingua Union], the [[Danmark|Danish]] organization
* [http://www.interlingua-nl.com/ Interlingua, Lingua International], a [[The Netherlands|Dutch]] website
* [http://interlingua.filo.pl/index.htm Interlingua: Communication Sin Frontieras], a [[Poland|Polish]] site
* [http://interlingua.fw.hu/ Magyar Interlingua Weboldal], a [[Hungary|Hungarian]] site
* [http://www.interlingua.org Frank Esterhill on the Interlingua Institute]
;Dictionaries, grammars, and language study
* [http://www.bowks.net/worldlang/aux/b_IED.html Full text of the Interlingua-English Dictionary]
* [http://www.interlingua.com/ied/ Search the Interlingua-English Dictionary]
* [http://www.interlingua.com/an/ceid/ Concise Interlingua-English Dictionary]
* [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Interlingua/Basic_Interlingua_English_Dictionary Wikibooks Basic Interlingua-English Dictionary]
* [http://info.babylon.com/gl_index/gl_search.php?cat=33&sort=&nc=2&n=10 Additional Interlingua dictionaries at Babylon]
* [http://www.softbear.no/pardon/dictionaries.shtml Comprehensive Interlingua dictionaries at Softbear]
* [http://www.let.rug.nl/~kleiweg/interlingua/ The Ispell Interlingua dictionary]
* [http://members.optus.net/~ado_hall/interlingua/gi/ Interlingua Grammar]
* [http://www.interlingua.nu/paginas/exemplos/index.htm Text and sound samples of Interlingua]
* [http://www.multimedia-star-one.co.uk/interlingua/ Basic Interlingua-English search-translation page]
* [http://www.interlingua.com/an/curso A new Interlingua course for English speakers]
* [http://www.ia-vive.com/PDFs/An%20English%20Pocket%20Guide%20to%20Interlingua.pdf An English Pocket Guide to Interlingua]
;Interlingua news and information
* [http://www.interlingua.com/panorama Panorama]
* [http://www.geocities.com/hkyson/index.htm Interlingua in Interlingua]
* [http://www.internodio.cjb.net/ Internodio]
* [http://www.interlingua.com/historia/diverse/50annos.htm A brief history of Interlingua]
;Internet resources
* [http://dmoz.org/World/Interlingua/ The Open Directory site] at [[Open Directory Project]]
* [http://www.google.com/intl/ia/ The Google site]
* [http://www.europa.usenet.eu.org/ The europa.* Usenet hierarchy] uses Interlingua for the denomination of its newsgroups and for documentation
* [http://www.nautilus.com.br/~ensjo/ia/w3.org/ Documents of the World Wide Web Consortium]
* [http://www.ucze.pl/interlingua.html Search Engine for Interlingua Websites]
;Entertainment in Interlingua
* From [http://www.megatokyo.it/?lang=ia MegaTokyo], an [[anime]] webcomic in Interlingua
* [http://oculointerlinguistic.blogspot.com/ The Interlinguistic Eye], [[humor]] in Interlingua
* [http://www.quia.com/shared/search?category=61 Games and quizzes in Interlingua], for [[children]] and [[adults]]
* [http://www.interlingua.com/historia/diverse/themanfromuncle.htm Interlingua in ''The Man from U.N.C.L.E.'']
;Government and public service sites
* [http://www.bemarnet.es/scouts/alberg/index_ina.htm The València Youth Hostel] in [[Spain]]
* [http://www.prolocoborno.it/interlingua/ The City of Borno], northern [[Italy]]
* [http://www.askhultsby.se/interlingua.htm Tourism in Äskhult], [[Sweden]]
* [http://www.geocities.com/pauldavidmay/ravenrun/ Raven Run], a [[Kentucky]] [[animal]], [[bird]], and [[plant]] [[sanctuary]]
* [http://home.swipnet.se/gutniska/interlingua.htm Gotland], a [[Sweden|Swedish]] province in the [[Baltic Sea]]
;Religion and philosophy in Interlingua
* [http://reformation.altervista.org/ Christianismo Reformate], a site presenting Reformation [[Christianity]]
* [http://www.geocities.com/westhollywood/heights/4617/i_tao.htm The Tao Te Ching]
* [[oldwikisource:Le Libro de Mormon|The Book of Mormon]]
* [http://www.fellowshipofisis.com/interlingua.html Egyptian religion]
* [http://www.interlingua-nl.com/ The Humanist Manifesto] at the [[The Netherlands|Dutch]] website
* [http://www.lsr-projekt.de/poly/ia.html Rationalism]
;Documents and literature
* [http://starter5.aitcom.net/interlinguaus/pakupaku/uploads/GodeManifestodeInterlingua.pdf Manifesto de Interlingua (by Alexander Gode)]
* [http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Olympus/2948/ialatmod.html Interlingua - Latino Moderne (by Alexander Gode)]
* [http://www.interlittera.com/ Interlittera: Interlingua and Literature]
* [http://library.albany.edu/speccoll/findaids/ger107.htm Guide to the papers of Alexander Gode at SUNY-Albany]
* [http://www.interlingua.nu/elibros/ E-Books in Interlingua]
* [http://maliyat.tripod.com/intermaliyat/ Maliyat Journal], the site of an [[Iran]]ian professional journal
* [http://www.interlingua.fi/ceiafil/ceia.htm The Constitution of the European Union]
* [http://www.unhchr.ch/udhr/lang/1119.htm Universal Declaration of Human Rights], presented by the [[United Nations]]
{{Conlang}}
[[Category:International auxiliary languages]]
[[Category:Interlingua|*]]
{{Link FA|ia}}
[[ar:إنترلينغوا]]
[[an:Interlingua]]
[[ca:Interlingua]]
[[cv:Интерлингва]]
[[cs:Interlingua]]
[[cy:Interlingua]]
[[de:Interlingua]]
[[es:Interlingua]]
[[eo:Interlingvao]]
[[eu:Interlingua]]
[[fa:اینترلینگوا]]
[[fr:Interlingua]]
[[gl:Interlingua (lingua artificial)]]
[[ko:인테르링구아]]
[[ia:Interlingua]]
[[it:Interlingua]]
[[he:אינטרלינגואה]]
[[ka:ინტერლინგუა]]
[[csb:Interlingua]]
[[lad:Interlingua]]
[[la:Interlingua]]
[[lt:Interlingua]]
[[hu:Interlingva nyelv]]
[[nl:Interlingua]]
[[ja:インターリングア]]
[[no:Interlingua]]
[[nov:Interlingua]]
[[pl:Interlingua]]
[[pt:Interlíngua]]
[[ro:Interlingua]]
[[ru:Интерлингва]]
[[sq:Gjuha interlingua]]
[[simple:Interlingua]]
[[ss:Sí-Nterlingua]]
[[sk:Interlingua]]
[[sr:Интерлингва]]
[[sh:Interlingva]]
[[fi:Interlingua]]
[[sv:Interlingua]]
[[th:ภาษาอินเทอร์ลิงกวา]]
[[tr:İnterlingua]]
[[uk:Інтерлінгва]]
[[vo:Interlingua]]
[[cbk-zam:Interlingua]]
[[zh:国际语]]