Iosif Shklovsky
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2008-05-30T20:08:07Z
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[[Image:Shklovskiy Iosif.jpg|right]]
'''Iosif Samuilovich Shklovsky''' (''Ио́сиф Самуи́лович Шкло́вский'') ([[Glukhov]], [[Ukraine]], [[July 1]] [[1916]] – [[Moscow]], [[March 3]] [[1985]]) was a [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[astronomer]] and [[astrophysicist]]. His last name is sometimes given as '''Shklovskii''' or '''Shklovskij''', and his first name is sometimes given as '''Josif''' or '''Josef'''.
Shklovsky was born in [[Glukhov]], a city in the [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] part of the [[Russian Empire]]. After graduating from the seven-year secondary school, he worked as a [[Construction foreman|foreman]] on building [[Baikal Amur Mainline]]. In [[1933]] Shklovsky entered the Physico-Mathematical Faculty of the [[Moscow State University]]. There he studied until [[1938]], when he took a Postgraduate Course at the Astrophysics Department of the [[Sternberg Astronomical Institute|Sternberg State Astronomical Institute]] and remained working in the Institute until the end of his life.
He specialized in theoretical [[astrophysics]] and [[radio astronomy]], as
well as the [[Sun]]'s [[corona]], [[supernova]]e, and [[cosmic ray]]s and
their origins. He showed, in [[1946]], that the radio-wave radiation from the Sun
emanates from the ionized layers of its corona, and he developed a mathematical
method for discriminating between thermal and nonthermal radio waves in the
[[Milky Way]]. He is noted especially for his suggestion that the radiation from
the [[Crab Nebula]] is due to [[synchrotron radiation]], in which unusually energetic
electrons twist through magnetic fields at speeds close to that of light.
Shklovsky proposed that cosmic rays from supernova explosions within 300
light years of the sun could have been responsible for some of the mass extinctions
of life on earth.
In [[1959]] Shklovsky examined the orbital motion of [[Mars (planet)|Mars]]'s inner satellite [[Phobos (moon)|Phobos]]. He concluded that its [[orbital decay|orbit was decaying]] and noted that, if this was attributed to friction with the Martian atmosphere, then the satellite must have an exceptionally low density. In this context he voiced a suggestion that it might be hollow and possibly of artificial origin. This interpretation has since been refuted by more detailed study, but the apparent suggestion of [[Extraterrestrial life|extraterrestrial]] involvement caught the public imagination, though there is some disagreement as to how seriously Shklovsky intended the idea to be taken.
He won the [[Lenin Prize]] in [[1960]] and the [[Bruce Medal]] in [[1972]]. [[Asteroid]] [[2849 Shklovskij]] is named in his honor.
He was a Corresponding Member of [[Soviet Academy of Sciences]] beginning in [[1966]].
His memoir, ''Five Billion Vodka Bottles to the Moon: Tales of a Soviet Scientist,'' was published posthumously in 1991 by W.W. Norton & Co.
== Bibliography ==
*I.S. Shklovsky: ''Cosmic Radio Waves'', Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1960
*I.S. Shklovsky: ''Вселенная, жизнь, разум'' ([[English language|English]]:''Universe, Life, Intelligence''), Moscow, USSR Academy of Sciences Publisher, 1962
**Revised and extended English translation of this book, coauthored with [[Carl Sagan]], was first published in 1966, under the name ''Intelligent Life in the Universe'', one of the latest reissues was published in 1998 by Emerson-Adams Press (ISBN 1-892803-02-X)
*I.S. Shklovsky: ''Physics of the Solar Corona'', Pergamon Press, Oxford, UK, 1965
*I.S. Shklovskii, ''Supernovae'', New York: Wiley, 1968
*I.S. Shklovsky: ''Stars: Their Birth, Life, Death'',San Francisco, 1978, ISBN 0-7167-0024-7
*I.S. Shklovsky: ''Five Billion Vodka Bottles to the Moon: Tales of a Soviet Scientist'', W.W. Norton & Company, 1991.
[[Category:1916 births|Shklovsky, Iosif Samuilovich]]
[[Category:1985 deaths|Shklovsky, Iosif Samuilovich]]
[[Category:Astronomers|Shklovsky, Iosif]]
[[Category:Moscow State University alumni|Shklovsky, Iosif]]
[[Category:Moscow State University faculty|Shklovsky, Iosif]]
[[Category:Russian astronomers|Shklovsky, Iosif]]
[[Category:Soviet astronomers|Shklovsky, Iosif]]
[[Category:20th century astronomers|Shklovsky, Iosif]]
[[Category:Russian scientists|Shklovsky, Iosif]]
[[es:Iósif Shklovsky]]
[[fr:Iosef Shklovski]]
[[ja:ヨシフ・シクロフスキー]]
[[pl:Iosif Shklovsky]]
[[ru:Шкловский, Иосиф Самуилович]]
[[fi:Iosif Šklovski]]