Iraq Study Group
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[[Image:ISG report cover.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Cover of the report]]
The '''[[Iraq]] [[Study group]]''' (ISG), also known as the '''Baker-Hamilton Commission''',<ref>{{cite web|title=Conclusion First, Debate Afterwards|url=http://www.tws-net.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/012/850ulqxz.asp|publisher=The Weekly Standard|date=2006-10-30|last=Rubin|first=Michael|accessdate=November 14|accessyear=2006}}</ref> was a ten-person [[bipartisan]] panel appointed on [[March 15]], [[2006]], by the [[United States Congress]], that was charged with assessing the situation in [[Iraq]] and the US-led [[Iraq War]] and making policy recommendations. It was first proposed by Virginia [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] Representative [[Frank Wolf]].<ref name="CNN">Barrett, Ted. "[http://www.cnn.com/2006/POLITICS/03/15/iraq.study/ Congress forms panel to study Iraq war]", ''CNN.com'', March 15, 2006. Retrieved [[October 11]], [[2006]].</ref>
The Iraq Study Group was facilitated by the [[United States Institute of Peace]], which released the [[Iraq Study Group Report|Iraq Study Group's final report]] on their Website on [[December 6]], 2006.
==Members==
[[Image:20061206 d-0257-2-515h.jpg|thumb|300px| [[Lee Hamilton]] (left) and [[James Baker]] (right) presented the Iraq Study Group Report to [[George W. Bush]] on [[December 6]], [[2006]].]]
The ISG was led by co-chairs [[James Baker]], a former Secretary of State (Republican), and [[Lee Hamilton]], a former U.S. Representative (Democrat).
===Republicans===
In addition to Baker, the panel's Republican members were:
*[[Sandra Day O'Connor]], former [[Supreme Court Justice]]
*[[Lawrence Eagleburger]], former [[US Secretary of State|Secretary of State]]
*[[Edwin Meese III]], former US [[Attorney General]]
*[[Alan K. Simpson]], former [[U.S. Senator]] from [[Wyoming]]
===Democrats===
In addition to Hamilton, the panel's Democratic members were:
*[[Vernon Jordan, Jr.]], business executive
*[[Leon E. Panetta]], former [[White House Chief of Staff]]
*[[William J. Perry]], former [[US Secretary of Defense]]
*[[Charles S. Robb]], former Governor and [[U.S. Senator]] from [[Virginia]]
===Former members===
Two of the panel's original members (both Republicans) resigned before the group's final report was released:
*[[Rudy Giuliani]], former [[Mayor of New York City]], resigned on [[May 24]]. He had missed most of the group's meetings, and in his resignation letter, he cited "previous time commitments" as his reason for resigning. (During the first month of meetings of the panel, Giuliani had received $1.7 million for giving 20 speeches to various groups.<ref>Fred Kaplan, [http://www.slate.com/id/2168858 The Man Who Knows Too Little: What Rudy Giuliani's Greedy Decision to Quit the Iraq Study Group Reveals about his Candidacy"], ''Slate'', June 21, 2007</ref>) When the group's report came out in December 2006, Giuliani gave a different reason - that he didn't think it was right for an active presidential candidate to take part in such an "apolitical" panel.<ref>Craig Gordon, [http://www.newsday.com/search/ny-usrudy195261753jun19,0,3346730.story "Giuliani quit Iraq panel after missed meetings - but he had time for fundraising"], ''Newsweek'', June 19, 2007</ref> He was replaced by Edwin Meese.<ref>{{cite press release|title=Edwin Meese Replaces Rudolph Giuliani on Iraq Study Group|publisher=United States Institute of Peace|url=http://www.usip.org/isg/news_releases/meese.html|date=[[May 31]], [[2006]]|accessdate=2007-01-28}}</ref>
*[[Robert Gates]], current [[US Secretary of Defense]] and former [[Director of Central Intelligence]], resigned from the panel after he was nominated for Secretary of Defense on [[November 8]]. He was replaced by Lawrence Eagleburger. <ref>[http://www.usip.org/newsmedia/releases/2006/1110_isg_eagleburger.html Former U.S. Secretary of State Lawrence S. Eagleburger Replaces Robert Gates on Iraq Study Group]</ref>
==Funding and support==
The panel's work was facilitated by the [[United States Institute of Peace|U.S. Institute of Peace]] and supported by the [[Center for Strategic and International Studies]] (CSIS), the [[Center for the Study of the Presidency]] (CSP), and the [[James Baker Institute|James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy]]. It was expected to receive a US$1.3 million appropriation from Congress.<ref name="CNN"/>
==Activities==
===Domestic===
The ISG met members of the U.S. national security team, along with President Bush, on [[November 13]].<ref>Feller, Ben. "[http://www.forbes.com/business/energy/feeds/ap/2006/11/12/ap3166003.html Bush, Team to Meet With Iraq Study Group]", ''Forbes'', November 12, 2006. Retrieved November 13, 2006.</ref> Before this announcement it was reported that Baker was in regular contact with the White House, especially with National Security Advisor [[Stephen Hadley]] and President Bush.<ref name="Times October 8">Sanger, David, A. "[http://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/09/world/middleeast/09baker.html?ex=1318046400&en=7714bea62938120f&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss G.O.P.’s Baker Hints Iraq Plan Needs Change]", ''The New York Times'', October 8, 2006. Retrieved November 12, 2006.</ref>
===International===
On [[11 November]] [[2006]], it was announced that [[United Kingdom|UK]] [[Prime Minister]] [[Tony Blair]], who has supported President Bush in the Iraq war, was to give evidence to the ISG. A [[Downing Street]] spokesman said that Blair would give his submissions via video link on [[14 November]]. It was believed at the time that the UK Prime Minister would outline his ideas on Iraq in a major foreign policy speech on Monday, [[13 November]].<ref>"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/6140298.stm Blair in Iraq talks with US panel]", ''BBC News'', November 11, 2006. Retrieved November 11, 2006. </ref> <ref>"[http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,228818,00.html Blair to give evidence to Iraq Study Group]", ''Fox News'', November 11, 2006. Retrieved November 11, 2006. </ref>
==Internal arguments==
<!-- Unsourced image removed: [[Image:BAKERHAMILTONSENATE.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Former Secretary of State [[James Baker]] and former Indiana Congressman [[Lee H. Hamilton]] testify before the [[United States Senate Committee on Armed Services|Senate Armed Services Committee]]. Baker and Hamilton faced tough questions from panel members and harsh criticism from Sen. [[John McCain]] (R-AZ) regarding their military advice, Sen. [[Susan Collins]] (R-ME) and Sen. [[Joe Lieberman]] (D-CT) regarding the group's recommendations for starting dialogue with [[Iran]].]] -->
According to a report in late November (2006) in ''[[Newsday]]'', internal strife, the assassination of a [[Pierre Amine Gemayel|cabinet minister]] in [[Lebanon]], and opposition from [[George W. Bush|President Bush]] to the group recommending negotiations with [[Iran]] and [[Syria]] was challenging the commission's intent to issue a consensus report. An [[Iraq]] expert told the newspaper that there "has been a lot of fighting" among the expert advisers to the group, mainly between [[American conservatism|conservatives]] and [[American liberalism|liberals]] who want to take a more pragmatic approach to the Middle East. <ref>Timothy M. Phelps, [http://www.newsday.com/news/local/longisland/ny-wobakr1123,0,4860192.story?coll=ny-top-headlines "Nothing but woes for Baker group"], ''Newsday'', November 22, 2006</ref>
==Recommendations==
{{main|Iraq Study Group Report}}
Although the final report was not released until [[December 6]], 2006, media reports ahead of that date described some possible recommendations by the panel. Among them were the beginning of a phased withdrawal of US combat forces from Iraq and direct US dialogue with [[Syria]] and [[Iran]] over Iraq and the [[Middle East]]. The Iraq Study Group also found that the Pentagon has underreported significantly the extent of the violence in Iraq and that officials have obtained little information regarding the source of these attacks. The group further described the situation in Afghanistan as so disastrous that they may need to divert troops from Iraq in order to help stabilize the country. After these reports began surfacing, co-chair James Baker warned that the group should not be expected to produce a "magic bullet" to resolve the Iraqi conflict.<ref>"[http://today.reuters.com/news/articlenews.aspx?type=domesticNews&storyID=2006-10-18T004410Z_01_N17253989_RTRUKOC_0_US-IRAQ-BAKER.xml&WTmodLoc=USNewsHome_C1_%5BFeed%5D-8 Baker says no "magic bullet" for Iraq problems]", ''Reuters'', October 17, 2006. Retrieved October 20, 2006.</ref>
According to a report in late November, the Iraq Study Group had "strongly urged" a large pull back of American troops in [[Iraq]]. The [[Iraq Study Group Report|final report]] was released [[December 6]], [[2006]], included 79 recommendations, and was 160 pages in length.
By March 2007, the ISG report had been downloaded more than 1.5 million times, according to the US Institute for Peace website. The Report is readily available for direct reading. Some (of many) results include: assessing stability as 'elusive' and the situation as "deteriorating", that all of Iraq's neighbors (including Iran and Syria) must be included in an external diplomatic effort to stabilize Iraq, that worldwide commitments limit the U.S. from greatly increasing troop strength in Iraq, and that U.S attention on Iraq diverted resources from Afghanistan (an imbalance which the Report says the U.S. should restore to prevent Taliban and Al-Queada resurgence). There are many more recommendations.<ref>"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6212106.stm Report 'urges Iraq policy shift']", ''BBC News'', December 6, 2006. Retrieved December 6, 2006.</ref>
Among these, one significant recommendation was the suggestion that there should be a substantially increased transfer of power to the 'new ruling elite' in Iraq. This, according to Toby Dodge, was recommended 'in the hope that they could succeed where the US government and military ha[d] so far failed', and with the notion that it would in turn enable a more imminent withdrawal of some US forces from Iraq (as mentioned), with one effect of decreasing the number of US soldiers being killed or injured.<ref>T. Dodge, 'The Causes of US Failure in Iraq', ''Survival'' (Vol. 49, no. 1, Spring 2007), p.85.</ref>
==Views about the report==
At a news conference with the British Prime Minister [[Tony Blair]] in Washington on December 6, 2006 President [[George W. Bush]] commented on the Iraq Study Group's report and admitted for the first time that a ''"new approach"'' is needed in Iraq, that the situation in Iraq is ''"bad"'' and that the task ahead was ''"daunting"''. <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6217834.stm Bush ponders next Iraq move]</ref> President Bush said he would not accept every recommendation by the ISG panel but promised that he would take the report seriously. President Bush is expected to wait for three other studies from [[the Pentagon]], the [[United States Department of State|U.S. State Department]] and the [[United States National Security Council|National Security Council]] before charting the new course on Iraq.<ref>[http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/world-news/article2056247.ece Cracks appear between Bush and Blair over need for talks with Iran and Syria]</ref> On US foreign policy, President Bush warned that he would only talk to Iran if it suspended uranium enrichment and bring Syria on board if it stops funding the opposition in Lebanon, extends support to the Lebanese government of Prime Minister [[Fouad Siniora]] and provides economic help to Iraq.<ref>[http://today.reuters.co.uk/news/articlenews.aspx?type=topNews&storyID=2006-12-07T231141Z_01_L0766252_RTRUKOC_0_UK-IRAQ.xml President Bush vows new approach on Iraq]</ref>
[[Antonia Juhasz]] noted the study's focus on Iraqi [[Petroleum|oil]] in the opening chapter and in Recommendation 63 and concluded that the Iraq Study Group would extend the [[Iraq War]] until American [[oil companies]] have guaranteed legal access to all of Iraq's [[oil field]]s.<ref name=Juhasz2>{{cite web
|title=It's still about oil in Iraq
|url=http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/la-oe-juhasz8dec08,0,4717508.story?coll=la-opinion-rightrail
|first=Antonia
|last=Juhasz
|publisher=Los Angeles Times
|date=2006-12-08
|accessdate=2007-05-07}}</ref>
[[President of Iraq|Iraqi President]] [[Jalal Talabani]] called the group's conclusions "very dangerous" to Iraq's sovereignty and constitution, according to CNN. "As a whole, I reject this report," Talabani said.<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/meast/12/10/iraq.main/index.html Iraq president rejects Baker-Hamilton report]</ref>
The International Crisis Group, who produced their own report on the Iraq Study Group's findings and the situation in Iraq more broadly following the ISG report, argued that the study represented a belated and necessary shift in the American political elite's thinking on US policy in Iraq. As such, they suggested it should be welcomed.<ref>International Crisis Group, 'After Baker-Hamilton: What to Do in Iraq' (Middle East Report No.60, 19 December 2006), available at http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=4580&l=1 (12/03/08)</ref> The report's apparent recognition of many of the failures of the US-led invasion, especially in security terms, and its recommendation of a changed approach to American foreign policy in the Middle East generally, also received support from significant sections of the academic community in the US who had increasingly grown more critical of the nature of American involvement in Iraq (albeit from varying perspectives) as the situation in the country appeared to be deteriorating further.<ref>For example, see T. Dodge, 'The Causes of US Failure in Iraq', ''Survival'' (Vol. 49, no. 1, Spring 2007), pp.86/106.</ref>
Support from the International Crisis Group (ICG) came, in particular, for most of the Iraq Study Group's major recommendations mentioned above, and also for its further conclusions that a re-engagement with the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, a 'reintegration' of former Baath Party members, and efforts to allow a more inclusive political process in Iraq, were all necessary steps towards addressing the country's - and the region's - problems. However, the praise from the ICG was qualified. Its report argued that the study failed to match its conclusions with sufficiently radical proposals for bringing about fundamental policy change. For example, the ICG criticised the Iraq Study Group for not having stressed the centrality of multi-lateralism in processes attempting to address the situation in Iraq. In terms of building regional co-operation, which it views as vital to the long-term resolution of the conflict, the ICG also advocated 'altered strategic goals' on the part of the US, 'renouncing in particular ambitions to forcibly remodel the Middle East'.<ref>International Crisis Group, 'After Baker-Hamilton: What to Do in Iraq' (Middle East Report No.60, 19 December 2006), available at http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=4580&l=1 (12/03/08)</ref>
==See also==
* [[Iraq oil law (2007)]]
==References==
{{wikisource|Iraq Study Group Report}}
*[http://www.usip.org/isg/iraq_study_group_report/report/1206/iraq_study_group_report.pdf The Iraq Study Group Report] full text (PDF)
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
{{wikinews|Bush reacts to the Iraq Study Report}}
*[http://www.usip.org/isg/ Iraq Study Group Web site]
*[http://www.iraqstudygroup.com Iraq Study Group.Com]
*[http://www.usip.org/isg/iraq_study_group_report/report/1206/index.html Iraq Study Group Report - downloadable PDF available]
*[http://www.amazon.com/dp/1599862395 Iraq Study Group Report at Amazon]
*[http://www.futureofthebook.org/iraqreport/ Annotated web edition of the ISG Report] - published by ''Lapham's Quarterly'' and the Institute for the Future of the Book
*[http://www.csis.org/iraqstudygroup Center for Strategic and International Studies] - Iraq Study Group at CSIS, including a slightly different version of the report.
*[http://vivisimo.com/iraqstudy Vivisimo's clustered search of the report, by paragraphs]
*[http://www.usip.org/isg/isg_meetings.pdf List of people interviewed by the ISG.]
*[http://www.csmonitor.com/2006/1128/p01s04-usfp.html How Iraq panel went from obscure to high profile] from [[The Christian Science Monitor]]
{{ISG}}
[[Category:2003 Iraq conflict]]
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