Island Fox
379793
move=:edit=
224347631
2008-07-08T13:25:35Z
Leptictidium
358207
/* References */
{{Taxobox
| name = Island Fox<ref name=msw3>{{MSW3 Wozencraft | pages = | id = 14000858}}</ref>
| status = CR
| trend = down
| status_system = iucn2.3
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{IUCN2006|assessors=Roemer ''et al''|year=2004|id=22781|title=Urocyon littoralis|downloaded=11 May 2006}} Database entry includes justification for why this species is critically endangered </ref>
| image = Urocyon littoralis pair.jpg
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
| classis = [[Mammal]]ia
| ordo = [[Carnivora]]
| familia = [[Canidae]]
| genus = ''[[Urocyon]]''
| species = '''''U. littoralis'''''
| binomial = ''Urocyon littoralis''
| range_map=Subspecies of island fox.png
| range_map_caption=Range map
| binomial_authority = ([[Spencer Fullerton Baird|Baird]], 1857)
}}
The '''Island Fox''' (''Urocyon littoralis'') is a small [[fox]] that is native to six of the eight [[Channel Islands of California]]. It is the second smallest fox species in the [[United States]]. There are six subspecies of the fox, each unique to the island it inhabits, reflecting its evolutionary history. Other names for the Island Fox include '''Coast Fox''', '''Short-Tailed Fox''', '''Island Gray Fox''', '''Channel Islands Fox''', '''Channel Islands Gray Fox''', '''California Channel Island Fox''' and '''Insular Gray Fox'''.
==Taxonomy and evolution==
The Island Fox shares the ''[[Urocyon]]'' [[genus]] with the mainland [[Gray Fox]], the species from which it is descended. Its small size is a result of [[insular dwarfism]], a kind of [[allopatric speciation]]. Because the Island Fox is geographically isolated, it has no [[immunity (medical)|immunity]] to [[parasite]]s and diseases brought in from the mainland and is especially vulnerable to those the [[Domestic Dog]] may carry. In addition, predation by the [[Golden Eagle]] and human activities devastated fox numbers on several of the Channel Islands in the 1990s. Four Island Fox subspecies were federally protected as an [[endangered species]] in 2004, and efforts to rebuild fox populations and restore the ecosystems of the Channel Islands are being undertaken.
There are six subspecies of the Island Fox,<ref name=msw3/> each of which is native to a specific Channel Island, and which evolved there independently of the others. The subspecies are:<ref name=msw3/>
* ''Urocyon littoralis littoralis'' of [[San Miguel Island]],
* ''Urocyon littoralis santarosae'' of [[Santa Rosa Island, California|Santa Rosa Island]],
* ''Urocyon littoralis santacruzae'' of [[Santa Cruz Island]],
* ''Urocyon littoralis dickeyi'' of [[San Nicolas Island]],
* ''Urocyon littoralis catalinae'' of [[Santa Catalina Island, California|Santa Catalina]] and
* ''Urocyon littoralis clementae'' of [[San Clemente Island]].
Foxes from each island are capable of interbreeding, but have [[genetics|genetic]] and [[phenotype|phenotypic]] distinctions that make them unique; for example, the subspecies have differing numbers of tail [[vertebrae]].
The small size of the Island Fox is an adaptation to the limited resources available in the island environment. The foxes are believed to have "rafted" to the northern islands between 10,400 and 16,000 years ago.<ref name = "Wayne" >{{cite journal | author = Wayne, R.K. et al. | year = 1991 | title = A morphological and genetic-study of the Island fox, ''Urocyon littoralis'' | journal = Evolution | volume = 45 | pages = 1849–1868 | doi = 10.2307/2409836}}</ref> Initially, fox populations were located on the three northern islands, which were likely easier to access during the last [[ice age]]—when lowered sea levels united four of the northernmost islands into a single mega-island ([[Santa Rosae]]) and the distance between the islands and the mainland was reduced—it is likely that [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native Americans]] brought the foxes to the southern islands of the archipelago, perhaps as pets or hunting dogs.<ref name = "Collins">{{cite journal | author = Collins, P.W. | year = 1991 | title = Interaction between the Island Foxes (''Urocyon littoralis'') and Indians on islands off the coast of southern California. I Morphologic and archaeological evidence of human assisted dispersal | journal = Journal of Ethnobiology | volume = 11 | pages = 51–82}}</ref>
[[Image:Vulpes littoralis.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Old drawing]]
Based on the limited fossil record and genetic distance from its Gray Fox ancestors, the northern Island Fox subspecies are probably the older subspecies, while the San Clemente Island Fox has been only resident on its island for about 3,400–4,300 years, and the San Nicolas Island Fox established itself as an independent group about 2,200 years ago. The Santa Catalina Island Fox is potentially the most recently evolved subspecies, having been on its island for about 800–3,800 years.<ref name = "Wayne"/><ref name=Gilbert>{{cite journal | author = Gilbert, D.A. et al. | year = 1991 | title = Genetic fingerprinting reflects population differentiation in the California Channel Island fox | journal = [[Nature (journal)|Nature]] | volume = 344 | pages = 764–767 | doi = 10.1038/344764a0}}</ref> The fox did not persist on [[Anacapa Island]] because it has no reliable source of fresh water; [[Santa Barbara Island]] is too small to support the food demands of the fox.
==Description==
The Island Fox is much smaller than the Gray Fox, roughly the size of a [[House Cat]], and is the second smallest of all foxes after the [[Fennec Fox]]. Typically the head-and-body length is 48–50 cm (18–20 in.), shoulder height 12–15 cm (4–6 in.), and the tail is 11–29 cm (4–11 in.) long, which is notably shorter than the 27–44 cm (10–17 in.) tail of the Gray Fox. The Island Fox weighs between 1.3 and 2.8 kg (2.8–6.2 lb.). The male is always larger than the female.<ref name = "Morris">{{cite journal | author = Moore, C.M. and Collins, P.W. | year = 1995 | title = Mammalian Species | volume = 489 | pages = 1–7}}</ref> The largest of the subspecies occurs on Santa Catalina Island and the smallest on Santa Cruz Island.<ref name = "Morris"/>
The Island Fox has gray fur on its head, a ruddy red coloring on its sides, white fur on its belly, throat and the lower half of its face, and a black stripe on the dorsal surface of its tail.<ref name = "Morris"/> In general the coat is darker and duller hued than that of the Gray Fox. The Island Fox [[molt]]s once a year between August and November. Before the first molt pups are woolly and have a generally darker coat than adult foxes.
[[Image:Urocyon littoralis pup.jpg|200px|right|thumb|An Island Fox kit nestled in the brush.]]
==Reproduction==
The Island Fox typically forms [[monogamous]] breeding pairs which are frequently seen together beginning in January and through the breeding season, from late February to early March. The [[gestation]] period is 50–63 days. The Island Fox gives birth in a den, a typical litter having one to five kits, with an average of two or three. Kits are born in the spring and emerge from the den in early summer; the mother lactates for 7–9 weeks. Sexual maturity is reached at 10 months, and the females usually breed within the first year. Island Foxes live for 4–6 years in the wild and for up to 8 years in captivity.<ref name = "Morris" />
==Ecology and behavior==
[[Image:Urocyon littoralis with prey*corrected*.jpg|185px|left|thumb|A nighttime shot of an Island Fox with three mice in its jaws.]]
Its preferred habitat is complex layer vegetation with a high density of woody, perennially fruiting shrubs. The fox lives in all of the island [[biome]]s including temperate forest, temperate [[grassland]] and [[chaparral]], with no island supporting more than 1,000 foxes. The Island Fox eats [[fruit]]s, [[insect]]s, [[bird]]s, [[egg (biology)|eggs]], [[crab]]s, [[lizard]]s, and small [[mammal]]s, including [[Peromyscus|deer mice]]. The fox tends to move around by itself, rather than in packs. It is generally [[nocturnal animal|nocturnal]], albeit with peaks of activity at dawn and dusk. Activity also fluctuates with the season; it is more active during the day in summer than it is in winter.<ref name = "Morris" />
The Island Fox is not intimidated by humans, although at first may show aggression. It is quite easy to tame and is generally docile.<ref name = "Morris" /> The Island Fox communicates using auditory, olfactory and visual signals. A dominant fox uses vocalizations, staring, and ear flattening to cause another fox to submit. The Island Fox marks territory with urine and feces.
==Conservation status==
[[Image:GoldenEagle-Nova.jpg|right|thumb|180px| The [[Golden Eagle]] is four times the size of the Island Fox and can easily prey on the fox.]]
A decline in Island Fox populations was identified in the 1990s. On San Miguel Island the decline began in 1994, the adult population falling from 450 to 15 in 1999. Similar population declines were discovered on Santa Cruz Island, where the population decreased from 2,000 adults in 1994 to less than 135 in 2000, and on Santa Rosa Island where foxes may have numbered more than 1,500 in 1994 but were reduced to 14 animals by 2000.<ref name = "Roemer" >{{cite journal | author = Roemer, G.W., D.K. Garcelon, T.J. Coonan, & C. Schwemm | year = 1994 | chapter = The use of capture-recapture methods for estimating, monitoring, and conserving island fox populations | pages = 387–400 | editor = W.L. Halvorsen and G.J. Maender, eds. | title = The Fourth California Islands Symposium: update on the status of resources | publisher = Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History | location = Santa Barbara, California}}</ref><ref name = "Coonan" >Coonan, T.J. et al. (2004) ''Island fox recovery program 2003 Annual Report''. National Park Service, Channel Islands National Park</ref> [[Golden Eagle]] predation, discovered when foxes were radio-collared and monitored, proved to be the cause of the high mortality rates.<ref name = "PNAS" >{{cite journal | author = Roemer, G. W., C. J. Donlan & F. Courchamp | year = 2002 | title = Golden eagles, feral pigs and insular carnivores: How exotic species turn native predators into prey | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA | volume = 99 | pages = 791–796 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.012422499 | pmid = 11752396}}</ref>
[[Golden Eagle]] predation is the primary cause of Island Fox mortality. The Golden Eagle was an uncommon visitor to the Channel Islands before the 1990s according to the National Park Service records, and the first Golden Eagle nest was recorded on Santa Cruz Island in 1999.<ref name = "NPS" >[http://www.nps.gov/chis/naturescience/island-fox.htm Channel Islands National Park's Island Fox Home Page]</ref> Biologists propose that the eagle may have been attracted to the islands in the 1960s after the decline of the [[Bald Eagle]]. The Golden Eagle replaced the Bald Eagle and began to feed on feral pigs due to the decimation of the local Bald Eagle population due to [[DDT]] exposure in the 1950s—the Bald Eagle would have deterred the Golden Eagle from settling on the islands while it subsisted on fish.<ref name = "PNAS" />
[[Image:Urocyon littoralis full figure.jpg|left|thumb|250px|Island Fox (''Urocyon littoralis''), in the [[Channel Islands]], California, USA.]]
The feral pigs on Santa Rosa were exterminated by the National Park Service in the early 1990s which removed one of the Golden Eagle's food sources. The Golden Eagle then began to prey on the Island Fox population. Feral pigs on Santa Cruz Island and introduced deer and Elk on Santa Rosa Island were introduced almost seventy years prior to island fox decline, therefore, the Golden Eagle most likely did not seek these animals as alternative prey.<ref name = "Latta" >Collins, P. W., and B. C. Latta. 2006. Nesting Season Diet of Golden Eagles on Santa Cruz and Santa Rosa Islands, Santa Barbara County, California. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History Technical Reports - No. 3.</ref> This has occurred most likely as a result of a process known as 'apparent competition'. In this process, a predator, like the Golden Eagle, feeds on at least two prey, for example, the Island Fox and feral pigs. One prey item is adapted to high predation pressure and supports the predator population (i.e. pigs), whereas the other prey item (i.e. the Island Fox) is poorly adapted to predation and declines as a consequence of the predation pressure. It has also been proposed that complete removal of Golden Eagle may be the only action that could save three subspecies of the Island Fox from extinction.<ref name = "Science" >{{cite journal | author = Courchamp, F., R. Woodroffe & G. Roemer | year = 2003 | title = Removing protected populations to save endangered species | journal = Science | volume = 302 | pages = 1532 | doi = 10.1126/science.1089492 | pmid = 14645839}}</ref>
Introduced diseases or parasites can devastate Island Fox populations. Because the Island Fox is isolated, it has no immunity to [[parasite]]s and diseases brought in from the mainland and are especially vulnerable to those the Domestic Dog may carry. A [[canine distemper]] outbreak in 1998 killed approximately 90% of Santa Catalina Island's fox population.<ref name = "NPS" /> (It is difficult to [[vaccination|vaccinate]] against or treat foxes for parasites and disease in the wild.)
[[Image:Urocyon littoralis standing.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Island Fox]]
Diminished food supply and general degradation of the habitat due to [[Introduced species|introduced mammal species]], including [[feral]] cats, pigs, sheep, goats, and [[American Bison]], the latter having been introduced to Catalina Island in the 1920s by a [[Hollywood]] film crew shooting a [[Western film|Western]], also has had a negative effect on fox populations.
The foxes threaten a population of the severely endangered [[Loggerhead Shrike]] in residence on San Clemente Island. The Island Fox population on San Clemente Island has been negatively affected by trapping and removal or euthanasia of foxes by the [[United States Navy]]. Since 2000, the Navy has employed different management strategies: trapping and holding foxes during the shrike breeding season, the installation of an electric fence system around shrike habitats, and the use of shock collar systems.<ref>United Sates Navy. 2000. ''San Clemente Island Range Complex Environmental Impact Study, [http://www.cnrsw.navy.mil/Facility/news5.pdf San Clemente Loggerhead numbers on the increase]''</ref> With the gradual recovery of the shrike population on San Clemente Island, the Navy no longer controls the foxes.<ref>Kelly Brock, San Clemente Loggerhead Shrike Co-ordinator, personal communication.</ref> Automobile fatalities have also been high on San Clemente, San Nicolas, and Santa Catalina Islands.
===Federal protection===
In March of 2004, four subspecies of the Island Fox were classified as a federally protected [[endangered species]]: the Santa Cruz Island Fox, Santa Rosa Island Fox, San Miguel Island Fox and the Santa Catalina Island Fox.<ref>U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2004. [http://www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-SPECIES/2004/October/Day-07/e22542.htm Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Proposed Designation of Critical Habitat for the San Miguel Island Fox, Santa Rosa Island Fox, Santa Cruz Island Fox, and Santa Catalina Island Fox]</ref> The [[World Conservation Union|IUCN]] lists the entire species as [[critically endangered]].<ref name=iucn/>
[[Image:Caprive breeding Santa Rosa Island.jpg|left|thumb|260px|Captive breeding programs are underway on all four islands with endangered Island Fox populations. This site is on Santa Rosa Island.]]
The National Parks Service has initiated captive fox breeding programs on San Miguel, Santa Rosa and Santa Cruz Islands, successfully increasing the numbers of resident foxes. In 2004, there were 38 San Miguel Island Foxes, all in captivity; 46 foxes in captivity on Santa Rosa Island and 7 in the wild (Golden Eagle predation prevented the release of captive foxes into the wild); Santa Cruz Island had 25 captive foxes and a stable wild population of around 100 foxes.<ref name = "Coonan" /> The Catalina Island Conservancy also runs a captive breeding program on Catalina Island; in 2002, there were 17 foxes in captive breeding programs and at least 161 wild foxes.<ref>Kohlmann, S. G. et al. 2003. ''Island fox recovery efforts on Santa Catalina Island, California, October 2001–October 2002'', Annual Report. Ecological Restoration Department, Santa Catalina Island Conservancy, Avalon, California.</ref>
A key to the recovery of the Island Fox is the removal of the Golden Eagle from the Channel Islands, ecosystem restoration and disease control. To ensure survival of the Island Fox, Golden Eagles are being moved from the northern islands to the mainland. Maintaining and increasing the Bald Eagle population on the islands would help to displace the Golden Eagle. However, the program is extremely resource-intensive and is at risk for cancellation<!--{{ref|?}}-->. Removal of feral pigs from Catalina Island and Santa Cruz Island is underway, removing both the golden eagles food and competition for the Island Fox. To eliminate the risk of disease, pets are not permitted in [[Channel Islands National Park]]. A vaccination program has been initiated to protect Catalina Island foxes from canine distemper.<ref>Catalina Island Conservancy. [http://www.catalinaconservancy.org/ecology/actions/fox.cfm Catalina Island Fox]</ref>
Because the Channel Islands are almost entirely owned and controlled by either the Catalina Island Conservancy or the federal government, the fox has a chance to receive the protection it needs, including constant supervision by interested officials without the ongoing threat of human encroachment on its habitat.
==See also==
{{portal|Dogs|Aussie-blacktri.jpg}}
{{portal|Mammals|Okapi2.jpg}}
*[[Darwin's Fox]]
*[[Falkland Islands Wolf]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Commons|Urocyon littoralis}}
{{Canidae nav}}
{{featured article}}
[[Category:Foxes]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of California]]
{{Link FA|de}}
{{Link FA|he}}
[[br:Louarn an Inizi]]
[[bg:Островна лисица]]
[[ca:Guineu grisa de les illes Santa Bàrbara]]
[[de:Insel-Graufuchs]]
[[es:Urocyon littoralis]]
[[fr:Renard gris insulaire]]
[[it:Urocyon littoralis]]
[[he:שועל איים אפור]]
[[lt:Salinė lapė]]
[[nl:Eilandvos]]
[[no:Grå øyrev]]
[[pl:Lis wyspowy]]
[[pt:Raposa-das-ilhas]]
[[fi:Saarikettu]]
[[tr:Ada boz tilkisi]]
[[zh:島嶼灰狐]]