J 5195436 226089809 2008-07-16T19:53:44Z CarsracBot 6929011 robot Modifying: [[tr:J (harf)]] {{dablink|J# redirects here for technical reasons; see [[J Sharp]]. For other uses, see [[J (disambiguation)]].'' }} {{wiktionarypar2|J|j}} {{Latin alphabet navbox|uc=J|lc=j}} '''J''' is the tenth letter in the modern [[Latin alphabet]]; it was the last of the 26 letters to be added. Its name in [[English language|English]] is '''jay''' ({{pronEng|dʒeɪ}}).<ref name="j-oed">"J", ''Oxford English Dictionary,'' 2nd edition (1989)</ref><ref> "J" and "jay", ''Merriam-Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged'' (1993)</ref> It was formerly ''jy'' (from French ''ji''), and in some dialects, mainly of [[Scottish English]], it still is ({{pronEng|dʒaɪ}}).<ref name="j-oed"/> == History == '''J''' was originally an alternative version of [[I]]. Its [[Lower case|minuscule]], '''j''', was used in the [[Middle Ages]] as a [[Swash (typography)|swash]] character to end some [[Roman numerals]] in place of ''i''. There was an emerging distinctive use in [[Middle High German]].<ref>[http://germazope.uni-trier.de/Projects/WBB/woerterbuecher/lexer/selectarticle?lemid=LJ00001 Mittelhochdeutsches Handwörterbuch von Matthias Lexer (1878)]</ref> [[Petrus Ramus]] (d. 1572) was the first to explicitly distinguish I and J as representing separate sounds. Originally, both I and J represented {{IPA|/i/}}, {{IPA|/iː/}}, and {{IPA|/j/}}; but [[Romance languages]] developed new sounds (from former {{IPA|/j/}} and {{IPA|/g/}}) that came to be represented as I and J; therefore, [[English language|English]] J (from [[French language|French]] J) has a sound value quite different from {{IPA|/j/}}. All the [[Germanic languages]] except English, [[Scots language|Scots]] and [[Luxembourgish language|Luxembourgish]] use ''J'' for {{IPA|/j/}}. This is also true of [[Albanian language|Albanian]], and those [[Uralic languages|Uralic]] and [[Slavic languages]] that use the Latin alphabet, such as [[Magyar language|Hungarian]], [[Finnish language|Finnish]], [[Estonian language|Estonian]], [[Polish language|Polish]], [[Czech language|Czech]], and [[Slovak language|Slovak]]. Some languages in these families, such as [[Serbian language|Serbian]], also adopted J into the [[Je (Cyrillic)|Cyrillic alphabet]] for the same purpose. Because of this standard, the [[Lower case|minuscule]] letter was chosen to be used in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] as the phonetic symbol for the sound. Linguists from Germany and Central Europe also took up this letter in transliterations from those Slavic languages which use the Cyrillic alphabet. Specifically, the "[[Ye (Cyrillic)|Е]]" in [[Russian language|Russian]] is sometimes transliterated "je" (with the "[[Yo (Cyrillic)|Ё]]" becoming "jo"); the "[[Ya (Cyrillic)|Я]]" is transliterated as "ja"; and the character "[[Yu (Cyrillic)|Ю]]" is transliterated "ju" - whereas the linguists from America and the English speaking world use "y" in place of "j" because of English, French, and Spanish use of Y for {{IPA|/j/}}. European linguists also use the character [[Short I|Й]] so that their transliterations of nominative case of adjectives ("-ий") end in "-ij" whereas in American transliterations it's "-ii". The student who uses the American transliteration has to remember that the second "i" is different from the first in the original. In modern standard [[Italian language|Italian]] spelling, only [[Latin]] words or those of foreign languages have J. Until the 19th century, J was used instead of I in [[diphthong]]s, as a replacement for final ''-ii'', and in vowel groups (as in ''Savoja''); this rule was quite strict for official writing. And J is also used for rendering words in dialect, where it stands for {{IPA|/j/}}, e.g. Romanesque ''ajo'' for standard ''aglio'' (garlic). The Italian Novelist [[Luigi Pirandello]] utilised J in vowel groups in his works. In [[Spanish language|Spanish]] J stands for {{IPA|/x ~ h/}} (which developed from an earlier [[affricate consonant|affricate]] {{IPA|/dʒ/}}), similar to the English "H" sound. However, the actual phonetic realization depends on dialect. When followed by an 'A' or an 'O' however, it assumes a guttural sound (fricative uvular /χ/), probably a remainder of [[Arabic]] or [[Hebrew]] influences. In [[French language|French]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], and [[Romanian language|Romanian]], former {{IPA|/dʒ/}} is now pronounced as {{IPA|/ʒ/}} (as in English ''mea''s''ure''). In [[Turkish language|Turkish]], [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] and [[Tatar language|Tatar]], J always represents {{IPA|/ʒ/}}. [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] also influenced the English J, which in a few cases is used in place of the more normal Y. The classic example is [[Hallelujah]] which is pronounced the same as "Halleluyah". See the [[yodh|Hebrew yud]] for more details. Some German typefaces of the [[Fraktur (typeface sub-classification)|fraktur]] or [[schwabacher]] types, obsolete since the end of the [[Second World War]], do not necessarily distinguish between the capital I and J. The same character, a 'J' with a top [[serif]] of the [[tilde]] form, was sometimes used for both. The minuscule i and j, however, were distinguished. In [[Thomas Hardy]]'s novel ''[[Tess Of The D'Urbervilles]]'', Tess's mother writes letters to [[Angel Clare]] using "J" as the first person singular [[pronoun]]. Although the novel is set in the 19th century, this practice apparently remained in some rural areas. In [[Denmark]], [[Germany]], [[Norway]], [[Sweden]] and [[Albania]], this letter is often written with a long [[serif]] on top, but only to the left of the character. J is used relatively infrequently in the [[English Language]], though it is more commonly used than [[Q]], [[X]] or [[Z]]. The dot above the lowercase "i" and "j" is known as a [[tittle]]. "J" is the only letter that does not appear in the [[Periodic Table of the Elements]] (although ''Jl'' was once symbol for [[joliotium]], and ''J'' alone has been used for [[iodine]]<ref>[[Chemical element#Specific_chemical_elements]]</ref>). "Q" is only used in temporary [[systematic element name|systematic chemical symbols]]. ==Codes for computing== {{Letter |NATO=Juliet |Morse=·––– |Character=J0 |Braille=⠚ }} In [[Unicode]] the [[majuscule|capital]] J is codepoint U+004A and the [[Lower case|lowercase]] j is U+006A. Unicode also has a dotless variant, {{Unicode|ȷ}} (U+0237) for use with [[combining diacritics]]. The [[ASCII]] code for capital J is 74 and for lowercase j is 106; or in [[Binary numeral system|binary]] 01001010 and 01101010, respectively. The [[EBCDIC]] code for capital J is 209 and for lowercase j is 145. The [[numeric character reference]]s in [[HTML]] and [[XML]] are "<tt>&amp;#74;</tt>" and "<tt>&amp;#106;</tt>" for upper and lower case respectively. ==References== {{reflist}} {{Latin alphabet}} [[Category:Latin letters]] [[af:J]] [[als:J]] [[ar:J]] [[arc:J]] [[ast:J]] [[az:J]] [[bs:J]] [[br:J (lizherenn)]] [[ca:J]] [[cs:J]] [[co:J]] [[cy:J]] [[da:J]] [[de:J]] [[el:J]] [[es:J]] [[eo:J]] [[eu:J]] [[fa:J]] [[fr:J (lettre)]] [[fur:J]] [[gan:J]] [[gd:J]] [[gl:J]] [[ko:J]] [[hr:J]] [[ilo:J]] [[is:J]] [[it:J]] [[he:J]] [[ka:J]] [[kw:J]] [[sw:J]] [[ht:J]] [[la:J]] [[lv:J]] [[lt:J]] [[hu:J]] [[mzn:J]] [[nah:J]] [[nl:J (letter)]] [[ja:J]] [[no:J]] [[nn:J]] [[nrm:J]] [[uz:J (harf)]] [[pl:J]] [[pt:J]] [[ro:J]] [[qu:J]] [[ru:J (латиница)]] [[se:J]] [[scn:J]] [[simple:J]] [[sk:J]] [[sl:J]] [[sr:J (слово латинице)]] [[fi:J]] [[sv:J]] [[tl:J]] [[th:J]] [[vi:J]] [[tg:J (забони барномасозӣ)]] [[tr:J (harf)]] [[uk:J (латиниця)]] [[vo:J]] [[yo:J]] [[zh-yue:J]] [[bat-smg:J]] [[zh:J]]