J. B. S. Haldane
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{{seealso|Haldane's dilemma}}
{{For|the physiologist (JBS's father)|John Scott Haldane}}
{{Infobox_Scientist
| name = J. B. S. Haldane
| image = Haldane.jpg|200px
| image_width = 200px
| caption = J. B. S. Haldane
| birth_date = {{birth date|1892|11|5|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[Oxford]], [[England]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1964|12|1|1892|11|5|mf=y}}
| death_place = [[Bhubaneswar]], [[India]]
| residence = [[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|20px|]] [[UK]]</br> [[Image:Flag of the United States.svg|20px|]] [[United States|U.S.]]</br> [[Image:Flag of India.svg|20px|]] [[India]]
| nationality = [[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|20px|]] [[United Kingdom|British]] (until 1961) </br> [[Image:Flag of India.svg|20px|]] [[India]]n
| field = [[Biologist]]
| work_institution = [[University of Cambridge]]</br>[[University of California, Berkeley]]</br>[[University College London]]</br>[[Indian Statistical Institute|Indian Statistical Institute,Calcutta]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Oxford]]
| doctoral_advisor = [[Frederick Gowland Hopkins]]
| doctoral_students = [[John Maynard Smith]] <!--[[Krishna Dronamraju]]-->
| known_for = [[Population genetics]]</br> [[Enzymology]]
| prizes = [[Darwin Medal]] (1952)
| footnotes = Note that Cambridge did not have PhD degrees until 1919. So Haldane obtained an M.A., but then directly worked under [[Frederick Gowland Hopkins|Hopkins]] who was the equivalent of a doctoral mentor.
}}
'''John Burdon Sanderson Haldane''' FRS ([[November 5]], [[1892]] – [[December 1]], [[1964]]), known as Jack (but who used 'J.B.S.' in his printed works), was a [[UK|British]]-born [[India]]n [[geneticist]] and [[evolutionary biologist]]. He was one of the founders (along with [[Ronald Fisher]] and [[Sewall Wright]]) of [[population genetics]].
==Biography==
=== An eccentric aristocratic family ===
Haldane was born in [[Oxford]] in [[1892]], to physiologist [[John Scott Haldane]] and Louisa Kathleen Haldane (née Trotter), and descended from an aristocratic intellectual Scottish family (See [[Haldane family]]).<ref name=acott>{{cite journal |last=Acott |first=C. |title=JS Haldane, JBS Haldane, L Hill, and A Siebe: A brief resume of their lives. |journal=South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society journal |volume=29 |issue=3 |date=1999 |issn=0813-1988 |oclc=16986801 |url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/6016 |accessdate=2008-07-12 }}</ref> His younger sister [[Naomi Mitchison]] became a writer. His uncle was [[Richard Haldane, 1st Viscount Haldane]], politician and one time [[Secretary of State for War]]; his aunt was the author [[Elizabeth Haldane]]. His father was a scientist, a philosopher and a [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal]], and his mother was a conservative [[Tory]]. Haldane took interest in his father’s work very early in his childhood.
He served in the [[British Army]] during the [[First World War]] in the [[Black Watch]] regiment.
=== As a pioneer geneticist ===
Between 1919 and 1922 he was a [[Fellow]] of [[New College, Oxford]], then moved to [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge University]], where he accepted a Readership in Biochemistry at [[Trinity College, Cambridge|Trinity College]] and taught there until 1932.<ref name=acott/> During his nine years at Cambridge, Haldane worked on [[enzyme]]s and [[genetics]], particularly the mathematical side of genetics.<ref name=acott/> During the teens and twenties, Haldane wrote many popular essays on science that were eventually collected and published in 1927 in a volume entitled ''Possible Worlds''.
He then accepted a position as Professor of Genetics and moved to [[University College London]] where he spent most of his academic career.<ref name=acott/> Four years later he became the first Weldon Professor of [[Biometry]] at University College London.<ref name=acott/> In the late 1950s he moved to [[India]] at the invitation of [[Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis|P.C. Mahalanobis]]. The move was ostensibly a protest against the [[Suez War]], but had been a possibility for some while; he was in any case facing retirement from UCL. He became an [[India]]n citizen.
In 1923 in a talk given in Cambridge, Haldane, foreseeing the exhaustion of [[coal]] for power generation in Britain, proposed a network of [[hydrogen]]-generating [[windmill]]s. This is the first proposal of the [[Hydrogen economy|hydrogen-based renewable energy economy]].{{Fact|date=October 2007}}
<!-- Is this correct? I think it more likely that the above was proposed by John Scott Haldane. We need a reference. -->
In 1924 Haldane met [[Charlotte Haldane|Charlotte Burghes (nee Franken)]], a young reporter for the ''Daily Express'', and the two later married. To do so Charlotte divorced her husband Jack Burghes, causing some controversy. Haldane was almost dismissed from Cambridge for the way he handled his meeting with her, which led to the divorce.
===Population genetics and the Briggs-Haldane equation===
In 1925, [[George Edward Briggs|G. E. Briggs]] and Haldane derived a new interpretation of the [[Enzyme|enzyme kinetics]] law described by Victor Henri in 1903, different from the 1913 [[Michaelis-Menten kinetics|Michaelis-Menten equation]]. Leonor Michaelis and Maud Menten assumed that enzyme (catalyst) and substrate (reactant) are in fast equilibrium with their complex, which then dissociates to yield product and free enzyme. The Briggs-Haldane equation was of the same algebraic form, but their derivation is based on the quasi [[steady state]] approximation, that is the concentration(s) of intermediate complex(es) do(es) not change. As a result, the microscopic meaning of the "Michaelis Constant" (km) is different. Although commonly referring it as [[Michaelis-Menten kinetics]], most of the current models actually use the Briggs-Haldane derivation.
Haldane made many contributions to [[human genetics]] and was one of the three major figures to develop the mathematical theory of [[population genetics]]. He is usually regarded as the third of these in importance, after [[R. A. Fisher]] and [[Sewall Wright]]. His greatest contribution was in a series of ten papers on "[[A Mathematical Theory of Natural and Artificial Selection]]" which was the major series of papers on the mathematical theory of [[natural selection]]. It treated many major cases for the first time, showing the direction and rates of changes of [[gene frequencies]]. It also pioneered in investigating the interaction of natural selection with [[mutation]] and with migration. Haldane's book, ''[[The Causes of Evolution]]'' (1932), summarized these results, especially in its extensive appendix. This body of work was a component of what came to be known as the "[[modern evolutionary synthesis]]", reestablishing [[natural selection]] as the premier mechanism of [[evolution]] by explaining it in terms of the mathematical consequences of [[Mendelian genetics]].
Haldane introduced many quantitative approaches in biology such as in his essay ''[[On Being the Right Size]]''. His contributions to theoretical population genetics and statistical human genetics included the first methods using [[maximum likelihood]] for estimation of human [[linkage map]]s, and pioneering methods for estimating human mutation rates. His was the first to calculate the [[mutational load]] caused by recurring mutations at a gene locus, and to introduce the idea of a "cost of natural selection".
Haldane is also known for an observation from his essay, ''[[On Being the Right Size]],'' which [[Jane Jacobs]] and others have since referred to as '''Haldane's principle'''. This is that sheer size very often defines what bodily equipment an animal must have: "Insects, being so small, do not have oxygen-carrying bloodstreams. What little oxygen their cells require can be absorbed by simple diffusion of air through their bodies. But being larger means an animal must take on complicated oxygen pumping and distributing systems to reach all the cells." The [[conceptual metaphor]] to animal body complexity has been of use in [[energy economics]] and [[secession]] ideas.
=== A keen experimenter ===
Haldane was a keen experimenter, willing to expose himself to danger to obtain data. One experiment involving elevated levels of oxygen saturation triggered a fit which resulted in him suffering crushed vertebrae. In his [[decompression chamber]] experiments, he and his volunteers suffered perforated eardrums, but, as Haldane stated in ''What is Life,'' "the drum generally heals up; and if a hole remains in it, although one is somewhat deaf, one can blow tobacco smoke out of the ear in question, which is a social accomplishment."
=== Career and awards ===
Between 1919 and 1922, he became a fellow of New College, then moved to Cambridge University, where he accepted a readership in Biochemistry at Trinity College and taught there until 1932. During his nine years at Cambridge, Haldane worked on enzymes and genetics, particularly the mathematical side of genetics. During the teens and twenties, Haldane wrote many popular essays on science that were eventually collected and published in 1927 in a volume entitled “Possible Worlds”. He then accepted a position as Professor of Genetics and moved to University College London where he spent most of his academic career. Four years later, he became the first Weldon Professor of Biometry at University College London.
In 1952, he received the Darwin Medal from the Royal Society. In 1956, he was awarded the Huxley Memorial Medal of the Royal Anthropological Institute. Among other awards, he received the Feltrinelli Prize, an Honorary Doctorate of Science, an Honorary Fellowship at New College, and the Kimber Award of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences. In the late 1950s, he moved to India at the invitation of P.C. Mahalanobis.
=== Marriage ===
In 1924, Haldane met Charlotte Burghes (Née Franken), a young reporter for the ‘Daily Express’, and the two later married. To do so, Charlotte divorced her husband Jack Burghes, causing some controversy. Haldane was almost dismissed from Cambridge for the way he handled the meeting with her, which led to the divorce.
=== His politics ===
Haldane was raised by a conservative Tory mother and a liberal father, he became a socialist (the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]]) during [[World War I]], supported the [[Spanish Republic]] during the [[Spanish Civil War]] and finally become a [[Communist]]. According to his friends, his involvement in communism was out of pure contrarian instinct: he would have been a monarchist in [[Soviet Union]]{{Fact|date=June 2008}}. Nethertheless, he became an enthusiastic, idealistic [[Marxist]], and wrote many articles in the Communist Daily Paper. He was the chairman of the editorial board of the London edition for several years.
His vision of the Socialist principle can be considered pragmatic. In an article written in 1928 (the year of his travel to the Soviet Union), “On being the right size”, Haldane doubts whether it could be operated on the scale of the British Empire or the United States (and implicitly, the Soviet Union): “while nationalization of certain industries is an obvious possibility in the largest of states, I find it no easier to picture a completely socialized British Empire or United States than an elephant turning somersaults or a hippopotamus jumping a hedge.”
In 1937, Haldane clearly became a Marxist and an open supporter of the Communist Party, not being a member of the party though. In 1938, he would proclaim enthusiastically that “I think that Marxism is true”. He would join the [[Communist Party of Great Britain]] (GPGB) in 1942. The first edition of his children's book ''My Friend Mr. Leakey'' contained an avowal of his Party membership which was removed from later editions.
Events in the [[Soviet Union]], such as the rise of Anti-Mendelian agronomist [[Trofim Lysenko]] and the crimes of [[Stalin]], may have caused him to break with the Party later in life, although he showed a partial support of Lysenko and Stalin and didn’t criticize them publicly. Scientists and philosophers (Baker, Hill and [[Michael Polanyi|Polanyi]]) were pressing Haldane to say what they thought about Lysenko and what was happening to genetics in the Soviet Union. Haldane, a professor of genetics, couldn’t believe the situation in the Soviet Union where geneticists were attacked as anti-Darwinist, genetics was being denounced as incompatible with [[dialectical materialism]], and Lysenkoism was rising. In 1937, a World Genetics Congress, that was about the have been held in [[Moscow]], was cancelled, and in 1939, the Soviet delegation could not attend the Congress, held in [[Edinburgh]]. In public, he never denounced all that was happening in the Soviet Union. He shifted the focus on the situation in the United Kingdom where scientific research was dependent on patronage from wealthy people. Moreover, Vavilov’s work was not curtailed. In 1939, he wrote to Vavilov (a longtime friend who invited him to the Soviet Union), inviting him to write an article for Modern Quarterly. But one year later, Vavilov was arrested and in 1941, year of his trial, Haldane wrote:
<blockquote>
“The controversy among Soviet geneticists has been largely one between the academic scientist, represented by Vavilov and interested primarily in the collection of facts, and the man who wants results, represented by Lysenko. It has been conducted not with venom, but in a friendly spirit. Lysenko said (in the October discussions of 1939): "The important thing is not to dispute; let us work in a friendly manner on a plan elaborated scientifically. Let us take up definite problems, receive assignments from the People's Commissariat of Agriculture of the USSR and fulfil them scientifically. "Soviet genetics, as a whole, is a successful attempt at synthesis of these two contrasted points of view."”
</blockquote>
His ambiguous attitude toward this witch-hunt against geneticists in the Soviet Union was explainable by the atmosphere of the period, where the involvement in the Communist movement needed an all-or-nothing stand. His attitude changed dramatically at the end of [[World War II]], when Lysenkoism reached a [[totalitarian]] influence in the Communist movement. He then become an explicit critic of the Regime.
He left the Party in 1950, shortly after having toyed with standing for [[Parliament]] as a Communist Party candidate. He would continue to admire Stalin, describing him in 1962: "a very great man who did a very good job." His involvement in the Communist movement ensued from his travel to Moscow in 1928, a trip which lead him to the Marxist Philosophy of Science.
The most famous of Haldane's many students, [[John Maynard Smith]], shared his mixture of political and scientific interests to some extent, but broke away from the Communist Party in 1956.
=== India ===
Haldane's move to India, initially to the [[Indian Statistical Institute]] (ISI) was influenced by a wide range of factors. Officially he stated that his chief political reason was in response to the Suez crisis, the Anglo-French attack on Egyptian territory. He wrote: '''Finally, I am going to India because I consider that recent acts of the British Government have been violations of international law.'' His interest in India however was also due to his interest in biological research, belief that the warm climate would do him good, apart from the fact that India offered him freedom and shared socialist dreams.<ref name=dronam>{{cite journal|title=On Some Aspects of the Life and Work of John Burdon Sanderson Haldane, F.R.S., in India|author=Krishna R. Dronamraju|journal=Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London|volume=41|issue=2|year=1987|pages=211–237|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/531546|doi=10.1098/rsnr.1987.0006}}</ref>
At the ISI he headed the biometry unit and spent time researching a range of topics and guiding other researchers around him. He was keenly interested in inexpensive research and he wrote to Julian Huxley about his observations on ''[[Vanellus malabaricus]]'' boasting that he made them from the comfort of his backyard. Haldane took an interest in [[anthropology]], [[human genetics]] and [[botany]]. He advocated the use of ''Vigna sinensis'' (cowpea) as a model for studying plant genetics. He took an interest in the pollination of the common weed ''[[Lantana camara]]''. Haldane took an interest in the study of floral symmetry. His wife Helen Spurway conducted studies on wild [[silkmoth]]s. He was also interested in [[Hinduism]] and after his arrival he became a [[vegetarian]].<ref name=dronam/>
Haldane however was unable to get along with the autocratic director Mahalanobis and resigned in February 1961 and moved to a newly established biometry unit in [[Orissa]].<ref name=dronam/>
=== An author and a source of inspiration ===
He was also a famous science populariser like [[Isaac Asimov]], [[Stephen Jay Gould]], or [[Richard Dawkins]]. His essay, '[[Daedalus; or, Science and the Future]]' (1923), was remarkable in predicting many scientific advances but has been criticized for presenting a too idealistic view of scientific progress.
Haldane was a friend of the author [[Aldous Huxley]], who parodied him in the novel "[[Antic Hay]]" (1923) as Shearwater, “the biologist too absorbed in his experiments to notice his friends bedding his wife”. He also influenced Huxley with his book Daedalus, where he exposed the [[ectogenesis]] (the development of foetuses in artificial wombs) that Huxley used in [[Brave New World]] (1924). Huxley exposed a society based on “test tube babies” as eugenic. Haldane’s book shows the effect of the separation between sexual life and pregnancy as a satisfactory one on human psychology and social life. The book was regarded as shocking science fiction at the time, being the first book about the “test tube babies”, brought to life without sexual intercourse or pregnancy.
[[C. S. Lewis]] wrote much of his three interplanetary space novels, [[The Space Trilogy]], in response to Haldane, whom Lewis found a very immoral man. The Space Trilogy comprises ''[[Out of the Silent Planet]]'', ''[[Perelandra]]'', and ''[[That Hideous Strength]]''. Lewis modelled the character Weston, featured in ''Out of the Silent Planet'' and ''Perelandra'', on Haldane. Haldane was one of those, along with [[Olaf Stapledon]], [[Charles Kay Ogden]], [[I. A. Richards]], and [[H. G. Wells]], whom Lewis accused of scientism, "the belief that the supreme moral end is the perpetuation of our own species, and that this is to be pursued even if, in the process of being fitted for survival, our species has to be stripped of all those things for which we value it—-of pity, of happiness, and of freedom." Shortly after the third book of the Ransom Trilogy appeared, J. B. S. Haldane criticized all three of them in an article entitled [http://www.marxists.org/archive/haldane/works/1940s/oncslewis.htm "Auld Hornie, F.R.S."]. The title reflects the sarcastic tone of the article, Auld Hornie being the pet name given to the devil by the Scots and [[F.R.S.]] standing for "Fellow of the Royal Society". Lewis’s response, "A Reply to Professor Haldane", was never published during his lifetime and apparently never seen by Haldane. In it, Lewis claims that he was attacking scientism, not scientists, by challenging the view of some that the supreme goal of our species is to perpetuate itself at any expense.
=== Cancer ===
Shortly before his death, Haldane wrote a comic poem while in the hospital, mocking his own incurable disease; it was read by his friends, who appreciated the consistently irreverence with which Haldane had lived his productive life:
<blockquote>
“Cancer’s a Funny Thing:
I wish I had the voice of Homer
To sing of rectal carcinoma,
This kills a lot more chaps, in fact,
Than were bumped off when Troy was sacked…”
</blockquote>
Haldane died on [[December 1]], [[1964]]. He willed that his body be used for study at the Rangaraya Medical College, [[Kakinada]].<ref>[http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/scientists/JBSHaldane.htm John Burdon Sanderson Haldane<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
{{cquote|My body has been used for both purposes during my lifetime and after my death, whether I continue to exist or not, I shall have no further use for it, and desire that it shall be used by others. Its refrigeration, if this is possible, should be a first charge on my estate}}
[http://www.estherlederberg.com Esther M. Zimmer Lederberg] visited Haldane in [http://www.estherlederberg.com/EImages/Photo%20Slides/Slides/JBSHaldane.html India]. They both shared a friendship with Huxley.
==Misc==
{{Trivia|date=August 2007}}
[[Image:Fondness for beetles.jpg|right|thumb|Photograph of a display at the [[Oxford University Museum of Natural History]] dedicated to Haldane and his reply when asked to comment on the mind of the [[Creator deity|Creator]]]]
* He is famous for the (possibly [[apocryphal]]) response he gave when some theologians asked him what could be inferred about the mind of the Creator from the works of Creation: "An inordinate fondness for beetles".<ref>{{cite journal
| last = Hutchinson
| first = G. Evelyn
| authorlink = G. Evelyn Hutchinson
| year = 1959
| title = Homage to Santa Rosalia or Why Are There So Many Kinds of Animals?
| journal = [[The American Naturalist]]
| volume = 93
| issue = 870
| pages = pp. 145–159
| url = http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0003-0147(195905/06)93%3A870%3C145%3AHTSROW%3E2.0.CO;2-D
| doi = 10.1086/282070
}}</ref> This is in reference to the fact that there are over 350000 known species of beetles in the world, and that this represents 40% of all known insect species (at the time of the quote, it was over half of all known insect species).
* Often quoted for saying, "My own suspicion is that the universe is not only queerer than we suppose, but queerer than we ''can'' suppose."<ref>Haldane, J.B.S., ''Possible Worlds: And Other Essays'' [1927], Chatto and Windus: London, 1932, reprint, p.286. Emphasis in the original.</ref> Haldane is sometimes misquoted as saying, "Not only is the universe stranger than we imagine, it is stranger than we can imagine" which should be attributed to [[Arthur Stanley Eddington]].<ref>http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Arthur_Stanley_Eddington</ref>
* "I had it [gastritis] for about fifteen years until I read Lenin and other writers, who showed me what was wrong with our society and how to cure it...Since then I have needed no magnesia."<ref>''Time'' magazine, [[June 24]], [[1940]] http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,,00.html</ref>
==Publications==
* [[Daedalus; or, Science and the Future]] (1924), E. P. Dutton and Company, Inc., a paper read to the Heretics, Cambridge, on [[February 4]], [[1923]]
** second edition (1928), London: Kegan Paul, Trench & Co.
* [[A Mathematical Theory of Natural and Artificial Selection]], a series of papers beginning in 1924
* G.E. Briggs and J.B.S. Haldane (1925). A note on the kinetics of enzyme action, Biochem. J., 19: 338-339
*''Callinicus: A Defence of Chemical Warfare'' (1925), E. P. Dutton
*''Possible Worlds and Other Essays'' (1927), Harper and Brothers, London: Chatto & Windus 1937 edition, Transaction Publishers 2001 edition: ISBN 0765807157 (includes [[On Being the Right Size]])
*''Animal Biology'' (1929) Oxford: Clarendon
*''Enzymes'' (1930), MIT Press 1965 edition with new preface by the author written just prior to his death: ISBN 0262580039
*''The Causes of Evolution'' (1932)
*''Science and Human Life'' (1933), Harper and Brothers, Ayer Co. reprint: ISBN 0836921615
*''Science and the Supernatural: Correspondence with Arnold Lunn'' (1935), Sheed & Ward, Inc,
*''Fact and Faith'' (1934), Watts Thinker's Library<ref>[http://www.worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/4423692 Fact and faith, [WorldCat.org]<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
*''My Friend Mr Leakey'' (1937), Vigyan Prasar 2001 reprint: ISBN 8174800298
C. S. Lewis's "A Reply to Professor Haldane" is currently available in "On Stories and Other Essays on Literature," edited by Walter Hooper and published by Harcourt, Inc. (1982): ISBN 0-15-602768-2.
*''Air Raid Precautions (A.R.P.)'' {1938), Victor Gollancz
*''Marxist Philosophy and the Sciences'' (1939), Random House, Ayer Co. reprint: ISBN 0836911377
*''Science and Everyday Life'' (1940), Macmillan, 1941 Penguin, Ayer Co. 1975 reprint: ISBN 0405065957
*''Science in Peace and War'' (1941), Lawrence & Wishart, ltd
*''New Paths in Genetics'' (1941), George Allen & Unwin
*''Heredity & Politics'' (1943), George Allen & Unwin
*''Why Professional Workers should be Communists'' (1945), London: Communist Party (of Great Britain) In this four page pamphlet, Haldane contends that Communism should appeal to professionals because Marxism is based on the scientific method and Communists hold scientists as important; Haldane subsequently disavowed this position
*''Adventures of a Biologist'' (1947)
*''Science Advances'' (1947), Macmillan
*''What is Life?'' (1947), Boni and Gaer, 1949 edition: Lindsay Drummond
*''Everything Has a History'' (1951), Allen & Unwin
*"Origin of Man", ''Nature'', 176, 169 (1955)
* "''Cancer's a Funny Thing''": New Statesman, 1964. This is a heartwarming poem (but unfortunately composed during what turned out to be his mortal illness) written to encourage others to consult a doctor when they experience the symptoms it describes. It begins: "I wish I had the voice of Homer/ To sing of rectal carcinoma,/ Which kills a lot more chaps, in fact,/ Than were bumped off when Troy was sacked." ....and ends "I know that cancer often kills,/ But so do cars and sleeping pills;/ And it can hurt one till one sweats,/ So can bad teeth and unpaid debts./ A spot of laughter, I am sure,/ Often accelerates one’s cure;/ So let us patients do our bit/ To help the surgeons make us fit"
==See also==
*[[List of independent discoveries#20th century|List of independent discoveries]] ("[[Primordial soup]]" theory of the evolution of life from carbon-based molecules, ca. 1924)
==Bibliography==
* [[Bill Bryson|Bryson, Bill]] (2003) ''[[A Short History of Nearly Everything]]'' pp. 300-302; ISBN 0-552-99704-8
* [[Ronald W. Clark|Clark, Ronald]] (1968) ''JBS: The Life and Work of J.B.S. Haldane'' ISBN 0-340-04444-6
* Dronamraju, K. R. (editor) (1968) ''Haldane and Modern Biology'' Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland.
* Geoffrey Zubay et al, ''Biochemistry'' (2nd ed., 1988), enzyme kinetics, pp. 266-272; MacMillan, New York ISBN 0-02-432080-3
==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
* [http://cscs.umich.edu/~crshalizi/Daedalus.html An online copy of ''Daedalus or Science and the Future'']
* [http://cscs.umich.edu/~crshalizi/reviews/causes-of-evolution A review (from a modern perspective) of ''The Causes of Evolution'']
*[http://www.royalsoc.ac.uk/DServe/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqCmd=Show.tcl&dsqSearch=RefNo=='EC/1932/07'&dsqDb=Catalog Royal Society citation]
* [http://www.stephenjaygould.org/people/john_haldane.html Unofficial SJG Archive - People - JBS Haldane (1892-1964)] Accessed [[22 February]] [[2006]]. Useful text but the likeness is not of JBS but of his father [[John Scott Haldane]].
* [http://www.iisc.ernet.in/academy/resonance/Dec1998/pdf/Dec1998p32-35.pdf Haldane's contributions to science in India]
* [http://www.marxists.org/archive/haldane/ Marxist Writers: J.B.S. Haldane]
* You can see and hear J.B.S. Haldane speak during the introduction of the rather disturbing Soviet film [http://www.archive.org/movies/details-db.php?collection=prelinger&collectionid=19635 ''Experiments in the Revival of Organisms''] (1940)
There are photographs of Haldane at
*[http://www.royalsoc.ac.uk/DServe/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqCmd=ImageView.tcl&dsqDb=Catalog&dsqImage=Haldane%20J%20B%20S,%20GA%20WS%201369.jpg Photograph from 1946 Royal Society]
*[http://www.york.ac.uk/depts/maths/histstat/people/haldane.gif JBS Haldane,] on the [http://www.york.ac.uk/depts/maths/histstat/people/welcome.htm Portraits of Statisticians] page.
The [http://www.marxists.org/glossary/people/h/a.htm#haldane-jbs biography] on the Marxist Writers page has a photograph of Haldane when younger.
*[http://www.marxists.org/archive/haldane/works/1930s/leakey.htm My Friend Mr. Leakey - text - Haldane's most amusing imaginary acquaintance]
{{popgen}}
<!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]] -->
{{Persondata
|NAME= Haldane, J. B. S.
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
|SHORT DESCRIPTION= [[Biologist]]
|DATE OF BIRTH= [[November 5]], [[1892]]
|PLACE OF BIRTH= [[Oxford]], [[England]]
|DATE OF DEATH= [[December 1]], [[1964]]
|PLACE OF DEATH= [[Bhubaneswar]], [[India]]
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Haldane, John Burdon Sanderson}}
[[Category:1892 births]]
[[Category:1964 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Anglo-Scots]]
[[Category:Evolutionary biologists]]
[[Category:Haldane family]]
[[Category:Old Dragons]]
[[Category:Old Etonians]]
[[Category:Fellows of New College, Oxford]]
[[Category:Population geneticists]]
[[Category:British biochemists]]
[[Category:British biologists]]
[[Category:British communists]]
[[Category:British physiologists]]
[[Category:Black Watch officers]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of World War I]]
[[Category:Academics of University College London]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society]]
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[[fi:J. B. S. Haldane]]
[[sv:J.B.S. Haldane]]
[[uk:Голдейн Джон Бьордон Сандерсон]]