J. Michael Bailey
2184802
222873859
2008-07-01T15:08:30Z
ProudAGP
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Don't know how to do this yet. But it definitely should be done. Sorry.
{{Infobox Person
| name = J Michael Bailey
| image = Replace_this_image_male.svg
| caption =
| birth_date = July 2, 1957
| birth_place = [[Lubbock, Texas]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| known_for =
| occupation = Professor psychology, Northwestern University
| nationality = American
}}
'''John Michael Bailey''' (born [[July 2]], [[1957]] in [[Lubbock, Texas]]) is an [[United States|American]] [[psychologist]] and [[professor]] at [[Northwestern University]]. He is best known among scientists for his work on the etiology of [[sexual orientation]], from which he concluded that [[homosexuality]] is substantially inherited.<ref>Bailey JM, Pillard RC, Neale MC, Agyei Y. (1993 ). Heritable factors influence sexual orientation in women. ''Archives of General Psychiatry, 50,'' 217–223.</ref><ref>Bailey JM, Pillard, RC. (1995). Genetics of human sexual orientation. ''Annual Review of Sex Research, 6,'' 126-150.</ref><ref>Bailey JM, Dunne MP, Martin NG. (2000). Genetic and environmental influences on sexual orientation and its correlates in an Australian twin sample ''Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78,'' 524–536.</ref> He also wrote ''[[The Man Who Would Be Queen]],'' which has elicited reactions ranging from revilement to a nomination for an award (later retracted<ref>{{cite web | title = Letter to New York Times, Sept 20, 2007 | url = http://www.lambdaliterary.org/archives/archives.html | publisher = Lambda Literary Foundation | work = Press Room }}</ref>) from the Lambda Literary Foundation, an organization that promotes gay literature.
==Background and career==
Bailey was born in [[Lubbock, Texas]]. He obtained his [[Bachelor of Arts]] [[Academic degree|degree]] in [[mathematics]] from [[Washington University]] in 1979 and his [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] in [[clinical psychology]] from the [[University of Texas at Austin]] in 1989, where he studied under [[behavioral genetics]] researcher [[Lee Willerman]].<ref name="nwprofile">{{cite web |url=http://www.psych.northwestern.edu/psych/people/faculty/bailey/personal.html|title=Professional profile|publisher=Northwestern University|date=[[February 4]], 2008}}</ref>
Bailey became a professor at [[Northwestern University]] in 1989. In the 1990s, Bailey published several papers that suggested a heritable component for [[sexual orientation]]. In 2003 he published what is so far his only book, ''[[The Man Who Would Be Queen]]''.
In October 2004, Bailey resigned as chairman of the Psychology Department. Bailey still serves as a Northwestern professor.<ref>{{cite web |author=Davis, Andrew|url=http://www.windycitymediagroup.com/gay/lesbian/news/ARTICLE.php?AID=6810|title= Northwestern Sex Researcher Investigated, Results Unknown|Publisher=WindyCity Times|date=[[December 8]], 2004}}</ref>
===Research===
Bailey is well-known for research involving [[biology and sexual orientation]]. In the early 1990s he coauthored with [[Richard Pillard]] a series of [[twin study|twin studies]] which examined the rate of [[concordance (genetics)|concordance]] of sexual identity among [[monozygotic]] twins (52% concordance), [[dizygotic]] twins of the same sex (22%), non-twin siblings of the same sex, and adoptive siblings of the same sex (11%).<ref name="bailey91">{{cite journal |author=Bailey JM, Pillard RC |title=A genetic study of male sexual orientation |journal=Arch. Gen. Psychiatry |volume=48 |issue=12 |pages=1089–96 |year=1991 |pmid=1845227 |doi=}}</ref><ref name="bailey93">{{cite journal |author=Bailey JM, Benishay DS |title=Familial aggregation of female sexual orientation |journal=Am J Psychiatry |volume=150 |issue=2 |pages=272–7 |year=1993 |pmid=8422079 |doi=}}</ref>
According to Bailey's interpretation of [[evolutionary psychology]], homosexuality is an evolutionary mistake or paradox, and may represent "a developmental error."<ref name="error">{{cite journal |author=Bailey JM |title=Homosexuality and mental illness |journal=Arch. Gen. Psychiatry |volume=56 |issue=10 |pages=883–4 |year=1999 |pmid=10530627 |doi=}}</ref>
In December 2006, he controversially suggested that [[abortion|aborting]] a [[fetus]] after [[fetal screening]] for sexual orientation is "morally acceptable....even assuming, as we do, that homosexuality is entirely acceptable morally"<ref name="greenberg">{{cite journal |author=Greenberg AS, Bailey JM |title=Parental selection of children's sexual orientation |journal=Arch Sex Behav |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=423–37; discussion 439–41 |year=2001 |pmid=11446202 |doi=10.1023/A:1010265416676 |url=http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/TS/Bailey/Greenberg-Bailey/Homosexual%20Eugenics.pdf}}</ref> Bailey's view was that selecting the sexual orientation of one's offspring would be beneficial because it "would further a parent’s freedom to raise the sort of children they want to raise.”<ref>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,2087-2524408_2,00.html Science told: hands off gay sheep] Times Online (UK)</ref>
According to the [[Web of Science]], Bailey's works have been cited over 1600 times, leading to an [[h-index]] of 22.<ref>[[Web of Science]], accessed July 1, 2008</ref>
===''The Man Who Would Be Queen''===
{{main|The Man Who Would Be Queen}}
Bailey's book ''The Man Who Would Be Queen: The Science of Gender Bending and Transsexualism'' was published in 2003.<ref name="jhp">Bailey, J. Michael (2003). ''The Man Who Would Be Queen: The Science of Gender-Bending and Transsexualism''. Joesph Henry Press, ISBN 978-0309084185</ref> In it, Bailey reviews evidence that male [[homosexuality]] is innate, a result of heredity and prenatal environment. He also reviews the theory of [[Ray Blanchard]] that there are two forms of [[transsexualism]], one that is an extreme type of homosexuality and one that is an expression of a [[paraphilia]] known as [[autogynephilia]]. Written in a popular science style, the book summarizes research supporting Bailey's opinions.
The book generated considerable controversy. Helen Boyd explained what might have motivated some to object to the book:<ref>{{cite book | title = My husband Betty: love, sex, and life with a crossdresser | author = Helen Boyd | publisher = Thunder's Mouth Press | year = 2003 | ibsn = 1560255153 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=vCT70HjI_a4C&pg=PA139&dq=bailey%27s+book+autogynephilia+gender&lr=&as_brr=0&ei=ZilKSLXOJYP6sQOz7OXnDQ&sig=IUS7xJ9DDKFs_xkl_ciXb3_OOe8 }}</ref>
{{quote|In the crossdressing community, the man who admits he is turned on by his dressing is still considered a pervert. The autogynephilic transsexual will not receive the same sympathy for her transsexualism as the non-autogynephilic transsexual. That's exactly what makes Bailey's book so dangerous: it allows transsexual women to be condemned by our society for having "perverse" sexual arousal patterns. |Helen Boyd}}
A transgender woman that he described in the book filed a complaint with [[Northwestern University]] alleging that he had sex with her when she was an unwitting subject of his research;<ref>Wilson, R. (2003, Dec. 19). [http://chronicle.com/weekly/v50/i17/17a01702.htm Northwestern U. psychologist accused of having sex with research subject]. ''The Chronicle of Higher Education,'' p. 17.</ref> however, Northwestern did not pursue the accusations.<ref>Barlow, G. (2003, Dec. 17). NU professor faces sexual allegations. ''Chicago Free Press.''</ref> Transsexual professors [[Lynn Conway]] and [[Deirdre McCloskey]] filed a complaint against Bailey with Illinois state regulators, alleging that he practiced psychology without a license; however, the department did not pursue those allegations.<ref name = Carey2007>Carey, Benedict. ([[2007]]-[[08-21]].)
[http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/21/health/psychology/21gender.html?pagewanted=all "Criticism of a Gender Theory, and a Scientist Under Siege."] ''New York Times'' via nytimes.com. Retrieved on [[2007]]-[[09-19]].</ref> At least two women who said they were subjects in his book filed a complaint with Northwestern alleging that Bailey committed scientific misconduct in the writing of his book.<ref>Wilson, R. (2003, July 25). Transsexual 'subjects' complain about professors' research methods. ''The Chronicle of Higher Education,'' p. 10.</ref><ref>Associated Press (July 26, 2003 ), "[http://www.thetimesonline.com/articles/2003/07/26/news/region_and_state/c8b1f7592d2a627386256d6f0008fe7c.txt Transsexuals accuse professor of research misconduct]"</ref> Northwestern did investigate this allegation. Although the findings of that investigation were not released,<ref>Wilson, R. (2004, Dec. 10). "[http://chronicle.com/weekly/v51/i16/16a01001.htm Northwestern U. Will Not Reveal Results of Investigation Into Sex Researcher]." ''The Chronicle of Higher Education,'' p. 10.</ref> Northwestern’s Vice President for Research, C. Bradley Moore, said, "The allegations of scientific misconduct made against Professor J. Michael Bailey do not fall under the federal definition of scientific misconduct."<ref name = Dreger2008/> and that the university "has established a protocol to help ensure that
Professor Bailey’s research activities involving human subjects are conducted in accordance with the expectations of the University, the regulations and guidelines established by the federal government and with generally accepted research standards."<ref name = Dreger2008>Dreger, A. D. (2008). The controversy surrounding ''The man who would be queen:'' A case history of the politics of science, identity, and sex in the Internet age. ''Archives of Sexual Behavior, 37,'' 366-421. Also available at
[http://www.bioethics.northwestern.edu/faculty/work/dreger/controversy_tmwwbq.pdf].</ref> Bailey says that he did nothing wrong and that the attacks on him were motivated by the desire to suppress discussion of the book's ideas about transsexualism, especially [[autogynephilia]].<ref name="McCarthyism">{{cite web | title = Academic McCarthyism | url=http://www.chron.org/tools/viewarticle.php?artid=1248 | accessdate = 2007-05-15 }}</ref>
Alice Dreger, an [[intersex]] activist and [[Northwestern University]] associate professor, published an account of [[BBL controversy|the controversy]]<ref name="dreger"/> in the [[Archives of Sexual Behavior]]. According to Dreger, the allegations of misconduct could accurately be described as "harassment",<ref name = NYTharassment>{{cite news
| last = Carey
| first = Benedict
| title = Criticism of a Gender Theory, and a Scientist Under Siege
| publisher = New York Times
| date = 2007-08-21
| url = http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/21/health/psychology/21gender.html?pagewanted=1
| accessdate = 2008-06-26
|quote = “What happened to Bailey is important, because the harassment was so extraordinarily bad and because it could happen to any researcher in the field,” said Alice Dreger, an ethics scholar and patients’ rights advocate at Northwestern who, after conducting a lengthy investigation of Dr. Bailey’s actions, has concluded that he is essentially blameless.}}</ref> and an "anti-Bailey campaign".<ref name="dreger">Dr. Alice Dreger, Medical Humanities & Bioethics Program at Northwestern University [http://www.bioethics.northwestern.edu/faculty/work/dreger/controversy_tmwwbq.pdf "The Controversy Surrounding The Man Who Would Be Queen: A Case History On the Politics of Science, Identity and Sex in the Internet Age"]</ref> The journal published in the same issue 23 commentaries regarding multiple aspects of the controversy, including criticism of Dreger's analysis.<ref>''Archives of Sexual Behavior.'' 2008, volume 37, 365–510. Some critical commentaries have been made available on-line by their authors: Deirdre McCloskey's [http://deirdremccloskey.org/docs/dreger.pdf Politics in Scholarly Drag: Dreger’s Assault on the Critics of Bailey], Julia Serano's [http://www.juliaserano.com/av/Serano_DregerCommentary.pdf A Matter of Perspective: A Transsexual Woman-Centric Critique of Dreger’s ‘‘Scholarly History’’ of the Bailey Controversy].</ref>
Outside of the transsexual community and sexology researchers, this controversy is largely notable because of its implications for [[academic freedom]] and [[freedom of speech]]. In an interview with ''The New York Times'', Dreger said, "If we're going to have research at all, then we’re going to have people saying unpopular things, and if this is what happens to them, then we've got problems not only for science but free expression itself."<ref name = Carey2007>Carey, Benedict. ([[2007]]-[[08-21]].)
[http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/21/health/psychology/21gender.html?pagewanted=all "Criticism of a Gender Theory, and a Scientist Under Siege."] ''New York Times'' via nytimes.com. Retrieved on [[2007]]-[[09-19]].</ref> Critics believe that their actions against Bailey and his book represent legitimate comment on a topic of public interest.<ref name = NYTlegitimate>{{cite news
| last = Carey
| first = Benedict
| title = Criticism of a Gender Theory, and a Scientist Under Siege
| publisher = New York Times
| date = 2007-08-21
| url = http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/21/health/psychology/21gender.html?pagewanted=1
| accessdate = 2008-06-26
|quote = “Nothing we have done, I believe, and certainly nothing I have done, overstepped any boundaries of fair comment on a book and an author who stepped into the public arena with enthusiasm to deliver a false and unscientific and politically damaging opinion,” Deirdre McCloskey, a professor of economics, history, English, and communication at the University of Illinois at Chicago, and one of Dr. Bailey’s principal critics, said in an e-mail message.}}</ref>
===Sexual arousal patterns of self-identified bisexual men===
Bailey once again stirred controversy in 2005 as senior author of a study which questioned whether male [[bisexuality]] exists in the way that it is sometimes described; the study was based on results of [[penile plethysmograph]] testing. The testing found that of men who identified themselves as bisexual, 75% were only aroused genitally by homosexual imagery, and 25% were only aroused genitally by heterosexual imagery. They concluded that bisexuality was a subjective experience: "Male bisexuality appears primarily to represent a style of interpreting or reporting sexual arousal rather than a distinct pattern of genital sexual arousal."<ref name="rieger">{{cite journal |author=Rieger G, Chivers ML, Bailey JM |title=Sexual arousal patterns of bisexual men |journal=Psychological science : a journal of the American Psychological Society / APS |volume=16 |issue=8 |pages=579–84 |year=2005 |pmid=16102058 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-9280.2005.01578.x}}</ref>
The study received wide attention after a ''New York Times'' piece on the study that coincided with the opening of the annual meeting of the [[International Academy of Sex Research]] in 2005.<ref name="carey">{{cite news|author=Carey, Benedict | date=July 5, 2005 | title=Straight, Gay or Lying? Bisexuality Revisited | work=[[New York Times]] | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/05/health/05sex.html}}</ref> The article and study were criticized by gay and bisexual groups<ref name="ngltf">[[National Gay and Lesbian Task Force]] (July 2005). [http://www.thetaskforce.org/files/NYTBisexualityFactSheet.pdf The Problems with "Gay, Straight, or Lying?"] ([[PDF]]) Retrieved July 24, 2006.</ref> and by [[Fairness and Accuracy in reporting|FAIR]].<ref name="FAIR">FAIR (July 8, 2005). [http://www.fair.org/index.php?page=2573 New York Times Suggests Bisexuals Are "Lying": Paper fails to disclose study author's controversial history.]</ref> Critics argued the sample size was relatively small, consisting of one hundred (100) men. Also, all of these subjects were "self-selected", from ads placed in gay and "alternative" publications. Then the researchers had to disregard results of thirty-five percent (35%) of this population, as non-responders.<ref name="rieger" /> Agreeing with the author's conclusion that bisexuality is a subjective experience, the late [[Fritz Klein|Dr. Fritz Klein]], a sex researcher and the author of ''[[The Bisexual Option]]'' argued that "social and emotional attraction are very important elements in bisexual attraction."<ref name="carey"/>
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
==Other selected bibliography==
{{Refbegin}}
*{{cite journal |author=Bailey JM, Miller JS, Willerman L |title=Maternally rated childhood gender nonconformity in homosexuals and heterosexuals |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |volume=22 |issue=5 |pages=461–9 |year=1993 |pmid=8239975 |doi=}}
*Greenberg AS, Bailey JM (1993). Do biological explanations of homosexuality have moral, legal, or policy implications? ''Journal of Sex Research'', 30, 245-251.
*Bailey JM, Zucker KJ (1995). Childhood sex-typed behavior and sexual orientation: A conceptual analysis and quantitative review. ''Developmental Psychology'', 31, 43-55.
*{{cite journal |author=Bailey JM, Nothnagel J, Wolfe M |title=Retrospectively measured individual differences in childhood sex-typed behavior among gay men: Correspondence between self- and maternal reports |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |volume=24 |issue=6 |pages=613–22 |year=1995 |pmid=8572910 |doi=}}
*{{cite journal |author=Bailey JM |title=Sexual orientation revolution |journal=Nature Genetics |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=353–4 |year=1995 |pmid=7493006 |doi=10.1038/ng1295-353}}
*{{cite journal |author=Dunne MP, Martin NG, Bailey JM, ''et al'' |title=Participation bias in a sexuality survey: psychological and behavioural characteristics of responders and non-responders |journal=International Journal of Epidemiology |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=844–54 |year=1997 |pmid=9279618 |doi=}}
*{{cite journal |author=Bailey JM |title=Homosexuality and mental illness |journal=Archives of General Psychiatry |volume=56 |issue=10 |pages=883–4 |year=1999 |pmid=10530627 |doi=}}
*{{cite journal |author=Bailey JM, Pillard RC, Dawood K, ''et al'' |title=A family history study of male sexual orientation using three independent samples |journal=Behavior Genetics |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=79–86 |year=1999 |pmid=10405456 |doi=}}
*{{cite book |author=Bailey JM |title=The Man Who Would Be Queen: The Science of Gender-Bending and Transsexualism |publisher=Joseph Henry Press |location=Washington, D.C |year=2003 |pages= |isbn=0-309-08418-0 |oclc=}}
{{Refend}}
==See also==
*[[Bisexual erasure]]
*[[Blanchard, Bailey, and Lawrence theory]]
==External links==
*[http://www.psych.northwestern.edu/psych/people/faculty/bailey/index.htm Bailey's home page] via [[Northwestern University]]
*{{imdb name|2539265}}
*''[http://books.nap.edu/books/0309084180/html/ The Man Who Would Be Queen: The Science of Gender-Bending and Transsexualism]'' via [[Joseph Henry Press]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bailey, J. Michael}}
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:Academic scandals]]
[[Category:American psychologists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Lubbock, Texas]]
[[Category:Scientific misconduct]]
[[Category:Sexologists]]
[[Category:Sexual orientation and medicine]]
[[Category:Washington University in St. Louis alumni]]