Jackfruit 335098 225589234 2008-07-14T13:13:43Z Husond 1732934 rv original research. besides, seeing something in the market doesn't mean it is cultivated in the area {{refimprove|date=April 2008}} {{Taxobox | name = Jackfruit | image = Artocarpus heterophyllus fruits at tree.jpg | image_width = 200px | image_caption = Jackfruit tree with fruit | regnum = [[Plant]]ae | divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]] | classis = [[Magnoliopsida]] | ordo = [[Rosales]] | familia = [[Moraceae]] | genus = ''[[Artocarpus]]'' | species = '''''A. heterophyllus''''' | binomial = ''Artocarpus heterophyllus'' | binomial_authority = [[Jean-Baptiste Lamarck|Lam.]] }} {{seealso|Mangifera caesia}} The '''jackfruit''' ('''''Artocarpus heterophyllus''''') is a species of [[tree]] of the mulberry family ([[Moraceae]]) native to parts of [[South Asia|South]] and [[Southeast Asia]]. It is well suited to tropical lowlands. Its fruit is the largest tree borne [[fruit]] in the world<ref>[http://www.proscitech.com.au/trop/j.htm Know and Enjoy Tropical Fruit: Jackfruit, Breadfruit & Relatives]</ref>, seldom less than about 25&nbsp;cm (10&nbsp;in) in diameter. Even a relatively thin tree, around 10&nbsp;cm (4&nbsp;in) diameter, can bear large fruit. The fruits can reach 36&nbsp;kg in weight and up to 90&nbsp;cm (36&nbsp;in) long and 50&nbsp;cm (20&nbsp;in) in diameter. The jackfruit is something of an acquired taste, but it is very popular in many parts of the world. The sweet yellow sheaths around the seeds are about 3–5&nbsp;mm thick and have a taste similar to that of [[pineapple]], but milder and less juicy. ==Cultivation== [[Image:Jack_Fruit_Opened.jpg|left|thumb|Jackfruit opened]] The jackfruit is native to southwestern [[India]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Nepal]], [[Philippines]] and [[Sri Lanka]]. It is also possibly native to the [[Malay Peninsula]], though, more likely, it was introduced there by humans. It is commercially grown and sold in [[South Asia|South]], [[Southeast Asia]] and [[northern Australia]]. It is also grown in parts of [[Hawaii]], central and eastern [[Africa]], [[Brazil]], [[Suriname]], and in islands of the [[West Indies]] such as [[Jamaica]] and [[Trinidad]]. It is the national fruit of [[Bangladesh]] and [[Indonesia]]. The jackfruit bears fruit three years after planting. The jackfruit has played a significant role in the Indian agriculture (and culture) from time immemorial. Archeological findings in India have revealed that jackfruit was cultivated in India 3000 to 6000 years ago. Findings also indicate that Indian Emperor [[Ashoka the Great]] (274–237&nbsp;BC) encouraged arbori-horticulture of various fruits including jackfruit. [[Varahamihira]], the Indian astronomer, mathematician, and astrologer wrote a chapter on the treatment of trees in his [[Brhat Samhita]]. His treatise includes a specific reference on grafting to be performed on trees such as jackfruit. <ref>''Science in India with Special Reference to Agriculture'' P.M. Tamboli and Y.L. Nene </ref> ===Commercial availability=== Outside of its countries of origin, fresh jackfruit can be found at Asian food markets. It is also extensively cultivated in the [[Brazil|Brazilian]] coastal region, being commercialized in local markets. It may also be available canned in sugar syrup or frozen. Sweet [[Jackfruit chips|jackfruit chips]] are produced by various manufacturers. ==Dishes and preparations== [[Image:Jackfruit1.JPG|thumb|upright|Young jackfruit]] [[Image:JackfruitLift.JPG|thumb|upright|Illustration of the size of jackfruit.]] [[Image:Jackfruit chips.jpg|thumb||upright|Jackfruit chips]] Jackfruit is commonly used in South and Southeast Asian cuisines. It can be eaten unripe (young) or ripe, and cooked or uncooked. The [[seed]]s can also be eaten cooked or baked like beans; they taste similar to [[chestnut]]s. The leaves are sometimes used as a wrapping for steamed [[Idli]]s. ===Preparation=== An unopened ripe fruit can have an unpleasant smell, like rotting [[onion]]s. The light brown to black seeds with white innards are about the 2–3 inches long. People often oil their hands with coconut oil, or paraffin before preparing jackfruit, as the rest of the fruit is a loose white mass that bleeds a milky, sticky sap often used as glue. ===Young fruit=== Unripe (young) jackfruit can also be eaten whole. Young jackfruit has a mild flavour and distinctive texture. The cuisines of [[cuisine of India|India]], [[cuisine of Bangladesh|Bangladesh]], [[cuisine of Sri Lanka|Sri Lanka]], [[cuisine of Indonesia|Indonesia]], [[cuisine of Cambodia|Cambodia]], and [[cuisine of Vietnam|Vietnam]] use cooked young jackfruit. In many cultures, jackfruit is boiled and used in curries as a food staple. ===Dishes=== * ''[[Kathal Subzee]]'': Spicy vegetable with raw jackfruit from [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]] and [[Assam]], [[India]]. * ''[[Kathal Aachar]]'': [[Pickle]] made of jackfruit from [[Assam]]. * ''Pilakkai Kandbu and Dosa'': Sweet dishes made with ripe jackfruit from [[Mangalore]], [[India]]. * ''Gujjeda Kajipu'': Dry spicy curry of raw jackfruit from [[Mangalore]], [[India]]. * ''Ghariyo'': Jackfruit sweet dish from [[Mangalore]], [[India]]. * ''Jackfuit Pappad'': Jackfruit Pappad as a snack from [[Mangalore]], [[India]]. *Jackfruit Halwa: made from ripen jackfruit a sweet dish, part of [[Udupi cuisine]]. * ''[[Chakka Pradaman]]'': Jackfruit pudding from [[Kerala]], [[India]]. * ''Enchorer Torkari'': Curry made from unripe jackfruit from [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. * ''Chakka Varattiyathu'': Rip jackfruit jam (with jaggery and ghee) from [[Kerala]], [[India]]. * ''Chakka Varauthathu'': [[Jackfruit Chips]] from [[Kerala]], [[India]]. * ''Idiyan chakka'': Whole tender jackfruit cooked with spices and pounded, from [[Kerala]], [[India]]. * ''Chakka aviyal'', ''Chakka erisseri'': Preparations with sliced unripe jackfruit and other vegetable, from [[Kerala]], [[India]]. * ''[[Panasa Koora/Panasa Pottu Koora]]'': Traditional Jackfruit Curry made from unripe jackfruit from coastal [[Andhra]], [[India]].[http://sjrecipes.angelcities.com/foods_from_india_2.htm#PANASA%20POTTU%20PLAIN%20KOORA] * ''[[Gudeg]]'': traditional dish from [[Yogyakarta]], [[Central Java]], [[Indonesia]]. * ''Lodeh'': traditional Indonesian vegetable dish with [[coconut milk]]. * ''Gule Nangka'': traditional Indonesia spicy curry [[Indonesia]]. * Raithey: sour curry with boiled young jackfruit, raw mango & raw papaya part of [[Navayath]] cuisine from [[Bhatkal]],[[Karnataka]], [[India]]. * Fansa Nevaryo: [[Navayath]] sweet dish of rice ground with ripen jackfruit stuffed with coconut and jaggery and steamed after wrapping in banyan leaves from [[Bhatkal]],[[Karnataka]], [[India]]. * ''Humba Nangka'':curry made from unripe jackfruit and coconut milk [[Bohol]], [[Philippines]]. *Gatti or Gidde in [[Tulu]] where ripe jackfruit is ground with [[rava]] to form thick paste which is put on a teak wood leaf and then cooked in steam. The gidde is ready. * An optional ingredient in ''Sayur asam'' (Indonesian clear soup; the name means ''tamarind vegetables'') * Also ingredient in Indonesian traditional [[Minangkabau]] cuisine. * Jackfruit salad: [[Vietnamese cuisine|Vietnamese dish]] with boiled young jackfruit. * ''Kiri Kos'': A creamy jackfruit curry cooked with coconut milk from [[Sri Lanka]]. * ''Polos Ambul'': Tender jackfuits cooked with spices from [[Sri Lanka]]. * ''Kalupol Maluwa'': Jackfruit nuts cooked with spices and mixed with scraped coconut from [[Sri Lanka]]. * ''Fanas Poli'': Sun dried Jackfruit pulp with sugar from [[Konkan]]. *''Gỏi mít'': jackfruit salad dish in [[Vietnam]]. *''Nhút mít'': salted jackfruit popular in Central [[Vietnam]]. ===Other preparations=== * Jackfruit chips (e.g. Nafiri brand from Surabaya, Indonesia) * Asian ice desserts (including Indonesian & Filipino) * ''[[Turrón (Filipino cuisine)|Turon]]'', a Filipino dessert made of banana and jackfruit wrapped in an [[eggroll]] wrapper * Sometimes an added ingredient for [[cassava cake]] * An optional ingredient in [[kolak]] (an Indonesian mung bean and coconut based dessert). * It is thought that jackfruit is the basis for the flavour of [[Juicy Fruit]] [[chewing gum]]. * Jackfruit candy * [[Vitamin Water]] sells a jackfruit–guava (b+ [[theanine]]) beverage * Jackfruit smoothies or milkshakes * ''Atu Kos'': Smoked jackfuit – a way of preserving it, to use during non-season in [[Sri Lanka]]. ==Wood== [[Image:Kutiyapi.jpg|thumb|right|A [[kutiyapi]], made of jackfruit wood]] The [[wood]] of the tree is used for the production of various musical instruments. In [[Indonesia]] it forms part of the [[gamelan]] and in the [[Philippines]], its soft wood is made into the hull of a [[kutiyapi]], a type of [[Philippine]] boat [[lute]]. It is also used to make the body of the Indian drums ''[[mridangam]]'' and ''[[kanjira]]''. It is also widely used in the manufacture of [[furniture]]. [[Image:AjahnChahSangha.jpg|thumb|right|Forest monks wearing robes of Jackfruit heartwood dye.]] The heartwood of the jackfruit tree is used by [[Thai Forest Tradition|Buddhist forest monastics]] in Southeast Asia as a dye, giving the robes of the monks in those traditions their traditional off-brown colors.<ref>Forest Monks and the Nation-state: An Anthropological and Historical Study in Northeast Thailand J.L. Taylor 1993 p218</ref> ==Names== [[Image:Jaca_brazil_2007.jpg|thumb|Jaca tree in Brazil]] [[Image:Jackfruits.JPG|thumb|A variety of Jackfruits, called "koozha Chakka", found widely in the Southerm Indian state of Kerala]] The English name ''jackfruit'', one of many for the fruit, derives from Portuguese ''jaca'', which is derived from [[Malayalam]] ''chakka''. The fruit is called a variety of names around the world: ;[[South Asia]]n names *[[Assamese language|Assamese]]: ''Kothal'' *[[Bengali language|Bengali]]: কাঁঠাল ''Cãţtal'' (National fruit of [[Bangladesh]]), ''Enchor'' (the unripe fruit, used in curries) *[[Bhojpuri]]: ''Katahar'' *[[Kannada language|Kannada]]: General : ''Halasu ಹಲಸು'' Unripe: ''Halasina Kaayi ಹಲಸಿನ ಕಾಯಿ'' Ripe: ''Halasina hannu ಹಲಸಿನ ಹಣ್ಣು'' *[[Tulu]]: ''Gujje'' (unripe) and ''Pilakkai'' (ripe) *[[Konkani language|Konkani]]:"Ponos" *[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]: ''Phannasa'' *[[Hindi language|Hindi]]: ''Katahal'' *[[Nepali language|Nepali]]: ''रुख कटर'' ''(Rukh kut-a-herr)'' *[[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]: ''Chakka''(ചക്ക) *[[Marathi language|Marathi]]: फणस ''Phanas'' *[[Oriya language|Oriya]]: ''Panasa'' *[[Maldivian]], ''sakkeyo'' (only the ripe fruitpulp is used) *[[Sinhalese language|Sinhala]]: ''Kos.'' ''Varaka / Vela'' (in its ripe state) *[[Tamil language|Tamil]]: ''Palaa''(பலா) / ''Varukkai (old Tamil)'' *[[Telugu language|Telugu]]: General : ''Panasa పనాస'' Unripe: ''Panasa Kaaya పనాస కాయ'' Ripe: ''Panasa Pandu పనాస పండు'' *[[Sanskrit]]: ''Panasam'' ;[[Southeast Asia]]n names *[[Bicol language|Bicol]]: ''Nangka'' *[[Cebuano language|Cebuano]]: ''Nangka'' *[[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]: ''Nangka'' *[[Khmer language|Khmer]]: ''Knol'' *[[Lao language|Lao]]: ''Mak mii'' *[[Malay language|Malay]]: ''Nangka'' *[[Kapampangan language|Kapampangan]]: ''Yangka'' *[[Tagalog language|Tagalog]]: ''Langka'' *[[Thai language|Thai]]: ขนุน ''Kanoon'' *[[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]: ''Mít'' ;[[East Asia]]n names *[[Chinese language|Chinese]]: {{zh-tp|t=波羅蜜|p=Bōluómì, Pōluómì}} *[[Japanese language|Japanese]]: パラミツ ''Paramitsu'' *[[Korean language|Korean]]: 바라밀 ''Baramil'' ;[[West Asia]]n name *[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''Derakhte Nan'' ;[[Africa]]n names *[[Malagasy language|Malagasy]]: ''Finésy'' *[[Swahili language|Swahili]]: ''Fenesi'' *[[Luganda language|Luganda]]: ''Fene'' ;[[Europe]]an and [[Latin America]]n names *[[German language|German]]: ''Jackfrucht'' *[[Icelandic language|Icelandic]]: ''Saðningaraldin'' *[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]: ''Jaca'' *[[Spanish language|Spanish]]: ''Jaka''; ''Fruta de Jack'' **[[Dominican Republic]]:''Guenpan'',''Guenpan de masa'' (fleshy), ''Guenpan de semilla'' (seeded) *[[French language|French]]:''Jacquier'' ==See also== {{Commons|Jackfruit}} * [[Breadfruit]] (''Artocarpus altilis'') * [[Cempedak]] (''Artocarpus champeden'') * [[Marang]] (''Artocarpus odoratissimus'') * [[Fig]] (''[[Ficus]] carica'') * [[List of fruits]] ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== * [http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?70095 Germplasm Resources Information Network: ''Artocarpus heterophyllus''] * [http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/jackfruit_ars.html Fruits of Warm Climates: Jackfruit and Related Species] * [http://www.crfg.org/pubs/ff/jackfruit.html California Rare Fruit Growers: Jackfruit Fruit Facts] * [http://waynesword.palomar.edu/jackfr1.htm#jackfruit Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus)] on Wayne's Word * [http://www.thailex.info/THAILEX/THAILEXENG/lexicon/kanoen%20(vruchtvlees).htm Jackfruit, flesh of fruit] *[http://www.agri-history.org/Science%20in%20India%20with%20Special%20Reference%20to%20Agriculture.pdf Science in India with Special Reference to Agriculture] [[Category:Artocarpus]] [[Category:Fruit]] [[Category:Medicinal plants]] [[Category:National symbols of Bangladesh]] [[Category:Tropical agriculture]] [[Category:Native crops of India]] [[Category:Southeast Asian cuisine]] [[Category:Vietnamese cuisine]] [[Category:Flora of the Maldives]] [[Category:Native crops of India]] [[ar:جاكا]] [[bn:কাঁঠাল]] [[ca:Kathal]] [[cs:Žakie]] [[de:Jackfrucht]] [[es:Artocarpus heterophyllus]] [[fr:Jacquier]] [[id:Nangka]] [[pam:Yangka]] [[kn:ಹಲಸು]] [[lt:Stambusis duonmedis]] [[ml:പ്ലാവ്]] [[mr:फणस]] [[ms:Pokok Nangka]] [[nl:Nangka]] [[ja:パラミツ]] [[nrm:Artocarpus heterophyllus]] [[pl:Dżakfrut]] [[pt:Jaca]] [[ru:Джекфрут]] [[simple:Jackfruit]] [[fi:Jakkihedelmä]] [[ta:பலாப்பழம்]] [[te:పనస]] [[th:ขนุน]] [[vi:Mít]] [[to:Mei ʻinitia]] [[zh:波罗蜜]]