Jaffa 608035 226040833 2008-07-16T15:47:15Z Gilabrand 1004820 add image of arab woman from 1889 {{otheruses}} [[Image:yafo.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Jaffa port]] '''Jaffa''' ([[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]: '''יָפוֹ''', '''Yafo''' [[Arabic language|Arabic]]: '''يَافَا''' {{Audio|ArJaffa.ogg|'''Yāfā'''}}; also '''Japho''', '''Joppa''', is an ancient [[port city]] believed to be one of the oldest in the world. Jaffa is located south of [[Tel Aviv]], [[Israel]] on the [[Mediterranean Sea]]. Today it is part of the Tel Aviv-Jaffa municipality. ==Etymology== There are many theories for the origin of the name ''Jaffa''. The city is mentioned in the [[Amarna Letters]] as ''Yapu''. Some say it is named for [[Japheth]], one of the sons of [[Noah]], who built it after the [[Great Flood]]. Others believe the name comes from the Hebrew word ''yofi,'' meaning beautiful. The [[Hellenist]] tradition links the name to "Iopeia", which is [[Boast of Cassiopeia|Cassiopeia]], the mother of [[Andromeda (mythology)|Andromeda]]. [[Pliny the Elder]] associates the name with [[Jopa]], the daughter of [[Aeolus]], god of wind. However, the Greek and Roman interpretations date hundreds of years after the first inhabitants came to Jaffa, and the true origin of the name is probably western Semitic.<ref name="hareuveni lexicon">{{cite book|title=Lexicon of the Land of Israel|publisher=Miskal - Yedioth Ahronoth Books and Chemed Books|language=Hebrew|year=1999|first=Immanuel|last=HaReuveni|pages=409|isbn=965-448-413-7}}</ref> ==History== === Antiquity=== [[Image:MarktJaffaGustavBauernfeind1887.jpg|thumb|250px|Painting of Jaffa in 1887]] Archaeological evidence shows that Jaffa was inhabited some 7,500 years before the Christian era.<ref> Excavations at Ancient Jaffa (Joppa). Tel Aviv University.</ref>Jaffa's natural harbor has been in use since the [[Bronze Age]]. It is mentioned in an [[Ancient Egypt]]ian letter from 1470 BCE, glorifying its conquest by [[Pharaoh]] [[Thutmose III]], who hid armed warriors in large baskets and gave the baskets as a present to the [[Canaan]]ite city's governor. The city is also mentioned in the [[Amarna letters]] under its Egyptian name ''Ya-Pho'', ('' Ya-Pu, EA 296, l.33''). The city was under Egyptian rule until around 800 BCE. ''[[Tell|Tel]] Yafo'' (Jaffa Hill) rises to a height of 40 meters (130 ft) and offers a commanding view of the coastline. Hence its strategic importance in military history. The accumulation of debris and landfill over the centuries made the hill even higher. Jaffa is mentioned four times in the [[Bible]], as one of the cities given to the [[Tribe of Dan]] ([[Book of Joshua]] 19:46), as port-of-entry for the [[Lebanon Cedar|cedars of Lebanon]] for [[Solomon's Temple]] ([[2 Chronicles]] 2:16), as the place whence the prophet [[Jonah]] embarked for [[Tarshish]] ([[Book of Jonah]] 1:3) and as port-of-entry for the cedars of Lebanon for the [[Second Temple]] of Jerusalem ([[Book of Ezra]] 3:7). It was also an important city in the Arab Middle East. During the [[Crusade]]s, it was the [[County of Jaffa]], a stronghold of the [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]].<ref name = JCS>{{cite journal | author = Lily Galili; Ori Nir | title = Jaffa: City of Strangers | journal =Journal of Palestine Studies | volume = 30 | issue = 3 | pages = 100–102 | publisher = Hebrew Press | date = Spring, 2001 | doi = 10.1525/jps.2000.30.1.02p01137}} </ref> Jaffa is mentioned in the [[Book of Joshua]] as the territorial border of the [[Tribe of Dan]], hence the term "[[Gush Dan]]", used today for the coastal plain. Many descendants of [[Dan (biblical figure)|Dan]] lived along the coast and earned their living from shipmaking and sailing. In the "Song of [[Deborah]]" the prophetess asks: "דן למה יגור אוניות": "Why doth Dan dwell in ships?" <!-- NOTE "Yagur" here is future tense in construction, but (as is not uncommon in biblical Hebrew) present tense in meaning (or even past tense, possibly, in this case). In Biblical Hebrew, future tense is often used to indicate that the action is repeated or habitual, not to indicate that the action has yet to occur. --> {{Fact|date=July 2007}}<ref>[http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0705.htm Judges 5:17]</ref> [[King David]] and his son [[King Solomon]] conquered Jaffa and used its port to bring the [[cedar]]s used in the construction of the [[First Temple]] from [[Tyre (Lebanon)|Tyre]]. The city remained in [[Jew]]ish hands even after the split of the [[Kingdom of Israel]]. In 701 BCE, in the days of [[Hezekiah|King Hezekiah]] (חזקיהו), [[Sennacherib]], king of [[Assyria]], invaded the region from Jaffa. Jaffa was a [[Seleucid]] port until it was taken over by the [[Maccabees|Maccabean]] rebels ([[1 Maccabees]] x.76, xiv.5). In the Roman suppression of the [[Jewish Revolt]], Jaffa was captured and burned by [[Cestius Gallus]]. The Roman Jewish historian [[Josephus]] writes that 8,000 inhabitants were massacred. [[Pirate]]s operating from the rebuilt port incurred the wrath of [[Vespasian]], who razed the city and erected a [[citadel]] in its place, installing a Roman garrison there. The [[New Testament]] account of [[St. Peter's]] resurrection of the widow [[Tabitha]], ([[Dorcas]]) ([[Acts of the Apostles|Acts]], ix, 36-42) takes place in Jaffa. St. Peter later had a vision in which God told him not to distinguish between Jews and Gentiles or between kosher and non-kosher (Acts, x, 10-16). This vision heralded a major ideological split between [[Judaism]] and [[Christianity]]. A painting in St. Peter's, a Roman Catholic church in Jaffa, depicts this event. ===Medieval period=== Unimportant during the first centuries of Christianity, Jaffa did not have a [[bishop]] until the fifth century CE. In 636 Jaffa was conquered by Arabs. Under Islamic rule, it served as a port of [[Ramla]], then the provincial capital. Jaffa was captured during the [[Crusade]]s, and became the County of Jaffa and [[Ascalon]], one of the [[vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem]]. One of its counts, [[John of Ibelin (jurist)|John of Ibelin]], wrote the principal book of the Assizes of the [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]]. During the period of the Crusades, the Jewish traveller [[Benjamin of Tudela]] (1170) sojourned at Jaffa, and found there just one Jew, a dyer by trade. [[Saladin]] conquered Jaffa in 1187. The city surrendered to [[Richard I of England|King Richard the Lionheart]] on September 10, 1191, three days after the [[Battle of Arsuf]]. Despite efforts by Saladin to reoccupy the city in July 1192 (see [[Battle of Jaffa]]) the city remained in the hands of the Crusaders. On September 2, 1192, the Treaty of Jaffa was formally signed, guaranteeing a three-year truce between the two armies. In 1268, Jaffa was conquered by Egyptian [[Mamluk]]s, led by [[Baibars]]. In the 14th century, the city was completely destroyed for fear of new crusades. According to the traveler Cotwyk, Jaffa was a heap of ruins at the end of the 16th century. === Ottoman period === {{main|Siege of Jaffa}} [[Image:Jaffa 0087.jpg|thumb|250px|Old minaret overlooking Jaffa seashore]] On [[March 7]], [[1799]] [[Napoleon I of France]] captured [[siege of Jaffa|Jaffa]], ransacked it, and killed scores of local inhabitants. Many more died in an epidemic that broke out soon afterwards.<ref> ''Jaffa: A City in Evolution'' Ruth Kark, Yad Yitzhak Ben-Zvi, Jerusalem, 1990, pp.8-9</ref> In the 19th century, Jaffa was best known for its soap industry. Modern industry emerged in the late 1880s.<ref> ''Jaffa: A City in Evolution'' Ruth Kark, Yad Yitzhak Ben-Zvi, Jerusalem, 1990, pp.256-257.</ref> The most successful enterprises were metalworking factories, among them the machine shop run by the Templers that employed over 100 workers in 1910.<ref> ''Jaffa: A City in Evolution'' Ruth Kark, Yad Yitzhak Ben-Zvi, Jerusalem, 1990, pp.256-257.</ref> Other factories produced orange-crates, barrels, corks, noodles, ice, seltzer, candy, soap, olive oil, leather, alkali, wine, cosmetics and ink.<ref> ''Jaffa: A City in Evolution'' Ruth Kark, Yad Yitzhak Ben-Zvi, Jerusalem, 1990, pp. 256-257.</ref> From the 1880s, real estate became an important branch of the economy.<ref>''Jaffa: A City in Evolution'' Ruth Kark, Yad Yitzhak Ben-Zvi, Jerusalem, 1990, p.262.</ref> Most of the newspapers and books printed in Palestine were published in Jaffa. Jaffa's citrus industry began to flourish in the last quarter of the 19th century. Shamuti oranges were the major crop, but citrons, lemons and mandarin oranges were also grown.<ref> ''Jaffa: A City in Evolution'' Ruth Kark, Yad Yitzhak Ben-Zvi, Jerusalem, 1990, pp. 242.</ref> [[Image:Arabe de Jaffa -Dumas Ph..jpg|thumb|200px|Arab woman in Jaffa, 1889]] Until the mid-19th century, Jaffa's orange groves were mainly owned by Arabs, who employed traditional methods of farming. The pioneers of modern agriculture in Jaffa were American settlers, who brought in farm machinery in the 1850s and 1860s, followed by the Templers and the Jews.<ref>''Jaffa: A City in Evolution'' Ruth Kark, Yad Yitzhak Ben-Zvi, Jerusalem, 1990, pp. 244-246.</ref> By the beginning of the twentieth century, the population of Jaffa had swelled considerably and new suburbs were built on the sand dunes along the coast. By 1909, the new Jewish suburbs north of Jaffa were reorganized as the city of [[Tel Aviv]]. In 1904, [[Rabbi]] [[Abraham Isaac Kook]] (1864–1935) moved to [[Palestine]] and took up the position of [[chief rabbi]] of Jaffa: :''In 1904, he came to the Land of Israel to assume the rabbinical post in Jaffa, which also included responsibility for the new secular Zionist agricultural settlements nearby. His influence on people in different walks of life was already noticeable, as he attempted to introduce [[Torah]] and [[Halakha]] into the life of the city and the settlements.''<ref>[http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/Rav_Kook.html Rabbi Abraham Isaac Kook], Jewish Virtual Library.</ref> In 1917, the Ottomans banished all of Jaffa's residents as they feared the British army would occupy the city. The British did indeed occupy the city (see [[Sinai and Palestine Campaign]]), but let its residents return after a year. === Under the British mandate === {{see also|Jaffa riots}} [[Image:Jaffa Municipal Buildings.jpg|thumb|250px|British soldiers outside Jaffa municipality building]] During 1917–1920, there were thousands of Jewish residents in Jaffa. A wave of Arab [[pogrom]] attacks during 1920 and 1921 caused many Jewish residents to flee and resettle in [[Tel Aviv]]. The [[Jaffa riots|1921 riots]] (known in Hebrew as ''Meoraot Tarpa'') began with a [[May Day]] parade that turned violent. The Arab rioters attacked Jewish residents and buildings. The Hebrew author [[Yosef Haim Brenner]] was killed by Arabs in Jaffa. In 1921, Rabbi Kook was appointed the first [[Ashkenazi]] chief rabbi of the British Mandate of Palestine. At the end of 1922 Jaffa had 32,000 residents and Tel Aviv had 15,000. However, in 1927, Tel Aviv had 38,000 residents. The Jews of Jaffa lived on the outskirts of Jaffa, close to Tel Aviv. The old city of Jaffa was almost entirely Arab. During the 1930s, both cities had a combined population of 80,000 residents. The [[1936-1939 Arab revolt in Palestine]], also known as the Great Arab uprising, inflicted great economic and infrastructural damage on Jaffa. [[Urban warfare]] between the British forces and Arab resistance destroyed many of the city's narrow alleys. The British demolished many houses belonging to members of the Arab resistance. Jewish and British citizens moved their businesses out of Jaffa. As a reaction to the Arab [[seaport]] workers' strike, the Jews built a modern seaport in [[Tel Aviv]], which resulted in decreased income for Jaffa's Arab seaport. In 1945, Jaffa had a population of 101,580, of whom 53,930 were Muslims, 30,820 were Jews and 16,800 were Christians.<ref>Supplement to a Survey of Palestine (p. 12-13) which was prepared by the British Mandate for the United Nations in 1946-7</ref> The Christians were mostly Greek Orthodox and about one sixth of them were [[Greek-Catholic]]. One of the most prominent members of the Arab Christian community was the [[Arab Orthodox]] publisher of ''[[Filastin]]'', [[Daoud Isa]]. === 1948 Arab-Israeli War === [[Image:MCB-old-jaffa.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Old Jaffa, 1998]] Before the [[1948 Arab-Israeli War]], the [[UN]]'s Special Commission on Palestine in 1947 recommended that Jaffa become part of the planned Jewish state. Due to the large Arab majority, however, it was instead designated as an Arab enclave in the Jewish state in the [[1947 UN Partition Plan]]. The Arabs rejected the plan and on November 30, 1947, the day following the adoption of the UN resolution, seven Jews were killed by Arabs in Palestine in three separate incidents. At 8:00 in the morning, in what came to be seen as the opening shots of the 1948 War,<ref>Benevisti, 2002, p. 101.</ref> three Arabs attacked a bus from [[Netanya]] to [[Jerusalem]], killing five Jewish passengers. Half an hour later a second bus attack left a Jewish passenger dead. Later in the day, a twenty-five-year-old Jewish man was shot dead in Jaffa,<ref>Gilbert, 1998, p. 155.</ref> where there were alleged attacks on Arabs by Jews.<ref>'7 Jews Murdered', ''The Palestine Post'', [[1 December]], 1947, p. 1.</ref> In Jerusalem, the [[Arab Higher Committee]] called a three-day general strike from Tuesday, [[December 2]] to be followed by mass demonstrations after Friday prayers. From the beginning of the strike onwards, Arab and Jewish clashes escalated and by [[December 11]] the Jerusalem correspondent of ''The Times'' estimated that at least 130 people had died, "about 70 of them being Jews, 50 Arabs, and among the rest three British soldiers and one British policeman".<ref>'Fighting in Jerusalem', ''The Times'', [[12 December]], 1947, p. 4; Issue 50942; col E.</ref> On April 25, 1948, [[Irgun]] launched an offensive on Jaffa, then the largest Arab city in Palestine, during which many of its Arab residents fled through the harbor. [[Haganah]] units took the city on [[May 14]]. Out of 70,000-80,000 Arabs, 3,600-4,100 remained, about 5%.<ref>Morris, 2003, pp. 211-221.</ref><ref>http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/952270.html</ref> To commemorate the Jewish soldiers who died in the battle for Jaffa, the "Conquest Garden" was planted in the city. == Modern Jaffa == [[Image:Alley in Jaffa.jpg|thumb|200px|Alleyway in Jaffa's Old City]] In 1954, Jaffa became part of the municipality of [[Tel Aviv]]. Together, they are known as Tel Aviv-Yafo. Modern Jaffa has a [[heterogeneous]] population of Jews, Christians, and Muslims. Parts of the Old City have been renovated, turning Jaffa into a tourist attraction featuring old restored buildings, art galleries, theaters, souvenir shops, restaurants, sidewalk cafes and promenades. Beyond the Old City and tourist sites, many neighborhoods of Jaffa are poor and underdeveloped. However, real-estate prices has risen sharply due to gentrification projects in al Ajami and Lev Yafo.<ref>[http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull&cid=1162378508780 Changes in the air for Ajami | Jerusalem Post<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> ===Education=== The public education system for Arabic-speaking children has a 53% dropout rate {{Fact|date=January 2008}}, and many high school students never complete their matriculation (''[[bagrut]]'') exams. The Hebrew-speaking school system also suffers from a poor image and parents who can afford it send their children to schools in Tel Aviv or private Christian schools. {{fact}} The sitution is improving as new schools open, among them the Democratic School, a private, Jewish school, and the Jaffa School, an Arabic-speaking school run by the al-Rabita organization. {{fact}} ===Socioeconomic and political problems=== Jaffa suffers from drug problems, high crime rates and violence. Some Arab residents have alleged that the Israeli authorities are attempting to Judaize Jaffa by evicting Arab residents from houses owned by the [[Amidar (Company)|Amidar]] government-operated public housing company. Amidar representatives claim that the residents are illegal squatters.<ref> [http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/853180.html Protesters rally in Jaffa against move to evict local Arab families] 28/4/07, Haaretz</ref> The Tel Aviv municipality has been accused of trying to erase the city's Arab past. In the early 1950s, many Arabic street names were replaced by Hebrew names. From the 1990s onwards, however, efforts have been made to restore Arab and Islamic landmarks, such as the Mosque of the Sea and [[Hassan Bek Mosque]], and document the history of Jaffa's Arab population. ===Demography=== Jaffa's Jewish population is a mix of "old-timers" who settled in the city in the 1950s and 1960s, and families who have purchased old buildings more recently and renovated them. Many residents of the Yafo Gimel, Daled and Neve Ofer neighborhoods are new immigrants from the former [[Soviet Union]]. {{fact}} == Landmarks == [[Image:Jaffa Tour horloge.JPG|200px|thumb|Jaffa clock tower ]] [[Image:Jaffa Port.JPG|thumb|200px|Jaffa port]] * '''Clock Square''', built in 1906 in honor of [[Sultan]] [[Abdul Hamid II]]'s 25th anniversary. * '''Abulafia bakery''' in Yefet Street (the main street of Jaffa) is a famous bakery and a symbol of Jewish-Arab coexistence. * '''Mahmoudia Mosque''' built in 1812 by [[Abu Nabut]] (the city governor during the 19th century) and includes a public water fountain (''sabil'') for pilgrims. * '''St. Peter's Church''', a [[Franciscan]] church, built in the 19th century on the remains of [[Crusades|Crusaders]]' [[fortress]], which serves also as a hostel. It is said that [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon]] stayed in that church while it was a hostel. * '''St. Michael and St. Tabitha Church''', a [[Greek Orthodox]] [[Monastery]], restored in 1994. St. Michael church serves Romanian Christians; St. Tabitha chapel serves Russian Christians, services in Russian and Hebrew. *'''Russian St. Peter Monastery''', built in 1895 at the site where St. Peter resurrected St. Tabitha. Inside the monastery is the site of the house where St. Tabitha lived with her family. * ''' Andromeda rock''', according to legends this was the rock to which beautiful [[Andromeda (mythology)|Andromeda]] was chained. * '''Zodiac alleys''', a network of restored alleys filled with art galleries, leading to Jaffa seaport. * '''Jaffa's Old Seaport'''. * '''Jaffa's Hill''', a center for [[archaeology|archaeological]] finds, including restored Egyptian gates, about 3,500 years old. * '''Libyan Synagogue''' (''Beit Zunana'') purchased by a Jewish landlord, Zunana, in the 18th century. Turned into a hotel and then a [[soap]] factory. Re-established as a synagogue for [[Libya]]n Jewish immigrants after 1948. A museum since 1995. * '''Nouzha Mosque''', on Jerusalem Boulevard, today's Jaffa's main mosque. * '''Al Ajami Mosque''', mosque in south Ajami, on HaBaal Shemtov Street. * '''Abu Nabut and the sculpture garden'''. An ancient [[sabil (fountain) constructed by Abu El Nabut for visitors on their way to Jaffa. * '''Al Ajami''' or "Aliyah" beach, in south Al Ajami. * '''Arab Jewish Community Center''', on Toulouse Street. * ''' Women's Court''', a public space for women and girls (at 220 Yefet Street). * '''Seraya Theatre''', the Arabic-Hebrew theatre in the old Seraya Building, once part of the Dajani soap factory. == See also == *[[Jewish navy]] *[[Bonaparte Visiting the Plague-Victims of Jaffa]] ==References== {{reflist}} == Bibliography== * Pappe, Ilan (2006). ''The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine''. Oxford: Oneworld Publications, pp. 204–216. ISBN 978-1-85168-467-0 * [[Meron Benvenisti|Benvenisti, Meron]] (2002). ''Sacred Landscape''. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-23422-7 * [[Martin Gilbert| Gilbert, Martin ]](1998). ''Israel: A History''. Black Swan. ISBN 0-552-99545-2 * Mehling, Marianne, Mehling, Franz N., et al. (transl.from German). ''Israel - A Phaidon Art and Architecure Guide'', Prentice Hall Press, New York, 1987 * Moran, William (1987, 1992). ''The Amarna Letters.'' Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press. * Morris, Benny (1987). ''The Birth of the Palestine Refugee Problem.'' New York: Cambridge University Press. * [[Benny Morris|Morris, Benny]] (2003). ''The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-00967-7 * Nakhleh, Issa (1991). [http://palestine-encyclopedia.com/index.htm ''Encyclopedia of the Palestine Problem.''] (2 vols.). New York: Intercontinental Books. * Palumbo, Michael (1987). ''The Palestinian Catastrophe: The 1948 Expulsion of a People from their Homeland.'' Boston: Faber and Faber. * Quigley, John (1990). ''Palestine and Israel: A Challenge to Justice.'' Durham: Duke University Press, 1990. * [[Tom Segev|Segev, Tom]]. (1986). ''The First Israelis.'' New York: The Free Press. * Silver, Eric (1984). ''Begin: The Haunted Prophet.'' New York: Random House. * Levine, Mark (2005). ''Overthrowing Geography, Jaffa, Tel Aviv, and the Struggle for Palestine, 1880-1948'', Berkeley, University of California Press. * Yahav, Dan (2005). ''Yafo, Kalat Hayam, Me'ir Rasha leShunot Oni, Degem Le'ishivionut Merhavi'', Israel, Tamouz. * [[Yosef Eliyahu Chelouche|Chelouche, Yosef Eliyahu]] (1931). ''Parashat Hayai [1870-1930]'' (''Reminiscences of My Life [1870-1930]''), Tel Aviv, Babel, 2005. * Rotbard, Sharon (2005). ''Ir Levana, Ir Shehora'' (''White City, Black City''), Tel Aviv, Babel. * Hanafi, Sari (2001). ''Here and There: Towards an Analysis of the Relationship between the Palestinian Diaspora and the Center'' 1st ed. Institute of Jerusalem Studies and Muwatin. The Palestinian Institute for the Study of Democracy. * LeBor, Adam (2006) ''City of Oranges, Arabs and Jews in Jaffa'', Bloomsbury, London * Myers, Allen C., ed. (1993) ''The Eerdmans Bible Dictionary'', William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., Grand Rapids, Michigan. ==External links== {{Commons|Category:Jaffa|Jaffa}} * {{en icon}} [http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/english/index.htm Tel-Aviv/Yafo Municipality] [http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/ (Hebrew)] * {{en icon}} [http://www.oldjaffa.co.il/ArticlesEng/Articles.asp?CategoryID=17 The Old Jaffa Development Corporation] * {{en icon}} [http://www.cafetorah.com/gallery/thumbnails.php?album=96 The Old Jaffa Photographs in Cafetorah.com] * {{en icon}} [http://www.telaviv4fun.com Tel Aviv 4 Fun - A guide to Tel Aviv and Jaffa from the point of view of a local] * [http://www.washington-report.org/backissues/0494/9404075.htm Arab Jaffa seized before Israel's creation in 1948. ''Washington Report on Middle East Affairs.''] *[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=135&letter=J Jewish Encyclopedia: Jaffa] * {{en icon}} [http://www.telavivcity.com/eng/main.asp Sites & businesses in tel aviv-jaffa] *Schaalje, Jacqueline. [http://www.jewishmag.com/43mag/jaffa/jaffa.htm "Jaffa"], ''The Jewish Magazine'', May 2001. *[http://www.co-ground.com/common/yafo.html Travel photos of Old Jaffa and its port] *[http://www.world-shots.com/world_en146-1286.html World Cities Images. Jaffa] *[http://www.3disrael.com/telaviv/Clock_tower.cfm Clock Square Virtual tour at Full HD - No plugin needed] *[http://www.3disrael.com/telaviv/Jaffa_port.cfm Jaffa Port Virtual tour at Full HD] *[http://www.israelviews.com/photos/jaffa/ Jaffa Photos] {{coor title dms|32|03|16.23|N|34|45|6.36|E|region:IL_type:city}} [[Category:Templer settlements]] [[Category:Neighborhoods of Tel Aviv]] [[Category:Visitor attractions in Israel]] [[Category:Villages depopulated prior to the 1948 Arab-Israeli war]] [[ar:يافا]] [[bg:Яфо]] [[cs:Jaffa]] [[da:Jaffa, Israel]] [[el:Γιάφα]] [[es:Jaffa]] [[eo:Jafo]] [[fa:یافا]] [[fr:Jaffa]] [[it:Giaffa]] [[he:יפו]] [[ka:იაფო]] [[nl:Jaffa (stad)]] [[ja:ヤッファ]] [[no:Jaffa]] [[nn:Jaffa]] [[pl:Jaffa]] [[pt:Jaffa]] [[ro:Jaffa]] [[ru:Яффа]] [[sk:Jaffa]] [[fi:Jaffa (kaupunki)]] [[sv:Jaffa]] [[yi:יפו]]