Jakarta
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{{Otheruses4|the capital city of Indonesia|other uses|Jakarta (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox Provinces of Indonesia
|name=Special Capital Territory of Jakarta<br>
|country=Indonesia
|image_skyline = Jdp2.jpg
|logo=[[Image:Lbgjakarta.GIF|100px|Seal of Jakarta]]
|motto= ''Jaya Raya''<br>([[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]): "Prosperous and Great"
|capital=Jakarta
|population= 8389443
|population_as_of = 2000<ref name=bps>[http://www.bps.go.id/sector/population/table1.shtml Badan Pusat Statistik: Population of Indonesia by Province (census 2000)]</ref>
|area_in_km2 = 750.28
|Time=[[Time in Indonesia|WIB]] ([[UTC+7]])
|ethnicity = [[Javanese people|Javanese]] (35%), [[Betawi]] (28%), [[Sundanese people|Sundanese]] (15%), [[Chinese Indonesian|Chinese]] (6%), [[Batak (Indonesia)|Batak]] (4%), [[Minangkabau]] (3%) <ref>{{cite book
|last =
|first =
|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies
|title =Indonesia's Population: Ethnicity and Religion in a Changing Political Landscape
|date =
|year =2003
|url =
|accessdate = }}</ref>
|religion = [[Islam]] (86%), [[Protestant]] (6%), [[Roman Catholic]] (4%), [[Buddhism]] (4%), [[Hindu]]
|language = [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]], [[Betawi language|Betawi]], [[Javanese language|Javanese]], [[Sundanese language|Sundanese]]
|governor=[[Fauzi Bowo]]
|site=[http://www.jakarta.go.id/v21/home/default.asp?lg=2 www.jakarta.go.id]
|map={{Location map|Indonesia|lat=-6.1333|long=106.75|width=300|label=Jakarta|float=left}}
}}
'''Jakarta''' (also '''DKI Jakarta'''), is the [[capital]] and largest city of [[Indonesia]]. It was formerly known as '''Sunda Kelapa''' (397-1527), '''Jayakarta''' (1527-1619), '''Batavia''' (1619-1942), and '''Djakarta''' (1942-1972). Located on the northwest coast of the [[Java Island]], it has an area of 661.52 km² and an official population of 8,389,443 (2000<ref name=bps />). Jakarta currently is the [[List of cities by population|eleventh largest city]] in the world. Its [[metropolitan area]] is called [[Jabodetabek]] and contains more than 23 million people, and is part of an even larger Jakarta-[[Bandung]] [[Megalopolis (term)|megalopolis]].{{Fact|date=April 2008}}
Jakarta is served by the [[Soekarno-Hatta International Airport]]. Since 2004, Jakarta, while under the governance of [[Sutiyoso]], has built a new bus system known as "[[TransJakarta]]" or "Busway" and is planning to increase the number of Busway routes. The city had hoped to establish its newest transportation system, the [[Jakarta Monorail]], in 2007, but the project has been delayed and its completion date is uncertain. Jakarta also is the location of the [[Jakarta Stock Exchange|Indonesia Stock Exchange]] and the [[Monumen Nasional|National Monument]], Tugu Monas.
== Geography ==
[[Image:Jakarta25.jpg|thumb|Jakarta skyline and [[Mount Gede]]]]
Jakarta is located on the northwestern coast of [[Java Island]], at the mouth of the [[Ciliwung River]] on [[Jakarta Bay]], which is an inlet of the [[Java Sea]]. The northern part of Jakarta is constituted on a plain land, approximately eight meters above the sea level. This contributes to the frequent flooding. The southern parts of the city are hilly. There are about 13 rivers flowing through Jakarta, mostly flowing from the hilly southern parts of the city northwards towards the Java Sea. The most important river is the Ciliwung river, which divides the city into the western and eastern principalities. The city borders the province of [[West Java]] on its east side and the province of [[Banten]] on its west side.
The thousand islands, which is a part of the administrative region of Jakarta, is located in the Jakarta Bay. These 105 islets are located 45 km on the north part of the city.
===Climate===
Jakarta has a hot and humid [[Equatorial climate|equatorial/tropical climate]] (Af) according to the [[Köppen climate classification]] system. Located in the western-part of Indonesia, Jakarta's wet season rainfall peak is January with average monthly rainfall of 350mm, and its dry season low point is August with a monthly average of 60mm.<ref>{{cite book
|last =Turner | first =Peter | authorlink = | coauthors = | title =Java (1st edition) | publisher =Lonely Planet | date =1997 | location =Melbourne | pages =page 37| id = ISBN 0-86442-314-4 }}</ref> The city is humid throughout the year with daily temperature range of 25°C to 38°C; Absolute maximum is 43.8°C and absolute minimum is 21.5°C.{{Fact|date=December 2007}}
==History==
{{details|History of Jakarta}}
[[Image:Stadhuis Batavia, Jakarta.jpg|thumb|right|The former ''Stadhuis'' of Batavia, the seat of Governor General of [[Dutch East India Company|VOC]]. The building now serves as Jakarta Historical Museum, [[Jakarta Old Town]] area.]]
[[Image:Batavia333.jpg|thumb|right|Dutch Batavia in the 17th Century, built in what is now [[North Jakarta]]]]
The old name of Jakarta was [[Sunda Kelapa]]. The earliest record mentioning this area as a capital city can be traced to the [[Indianized kingdom]] of [[Tarumanagara]] as early as the [[fourth century]]. In 397 AD, King [[Purnawarman]] established Sunda Pura as a new capital city for the kingdom, located at the northern coast of Java.<ref>{{cite book| publisher=Yayasan Pustaka Jaya, Jakarta| title = Sundakala: cuplikan sejarah Sunda berdasarkan naskah-naskah “Panitia Wangsakerta” Cirebon| year =2005}}</ref>
Purnawarman left seven memorial stones with inscriptions bearing his name spread across the area, including the present-day [[Banten]] and [[West Java]] provinces. The Tugu Inscription is considered the oldest of all of them.<ref>{{cite book| publisher=Yayasan Cipta Loka Caraka| title = The Sunda Kingdom of West Java From Tarumanagara to Pakuan Pajajaran with the Royal Center of Bogor| year =2007}}</ref>
After Tarumanagara power declined, all his territories, including Sunda Pura, felt under the [[Kingdom of Sunda]]. The harbour area were renamed into Sunda Kelapa as written in a [[Hindu]] monk's lontar manuscripts, which are now located at the Oxford University Library in [[England]], and travel records by Prince Bujangga Manik.<ref>{{cite book| publisher=KITLV Press| title = Three Old Sundanese Poems| year =2007}}</ref> By the [[14th century]], Sunda Kelapa became a major trading port for the kingdom. The first [[Europe]]an fleet, four [[Portugal|Portuguese]] ships from [[Malacca]], arrived in [[1513]] when the Portuguese were looking for a route for [[spices]] and especially [[black pepper|pepper]].<ref>{{cite book| publisher=Cipta Loka Caraka| title = Sumber-sumber asli sejarah Jakarta, Jilid I: Dokumen-dokumen sejarah Jakarta sampai dengan akhir abad ke-16| year =1999}}</ref>
The Kingdom of Sunda made a peace agreement with Portugal by allowing the Portuguese to build a port in [[1522]] in order to defend against the rising power of the [[Sultanate of Demak]] from central Java.<ref name='history1'>[http://www.beritajakarta.com/english/AboutJakarta/HistoryofJakarta.asp History of Jakarta]</ref>
In [[1527]], [[Fatahillah]], a Sumatran Malay warrior from Demak attacked Kingdom of Sunda and succeeded in conquering the harbour on [[June 22]] [[1527]], after which Sunda Kelapa was renamed into to Jayakarta.<ref name='history1'>[http://www.beritajakarta.com/english/AboutJakarta/HistoryofJakarta.asp History of Jakarta]</ref>
[[Image:Andries Beeckman - The Castle of Batavia.jpg|thumb|left|'''''The Castle of Batavia, seen from West Kali Besar''''' by Andries Beeckman circa 1656-58]]
Through the relationship with Prince [[Jayawikarta]] from the [[Sultanate of Banten]], Dutch ships arrived in Jayakarta in [[1596]]. In 1602, the [[British East India Company]]'s first voyage, commanded by [[Sir James Lancaster]], arrived in [[Aceh]] and sailed on to Banten where they were allowed to build a trading post. This site became the center of British trade in Indonesia until 1682.<ref name="RICKLEFSp29">{{cite book
|last =Ricklefs | first =M.C. | authorlink = | coauthors = | title =A History of Modern Indonesia Since c.1300, 2nd Edition | publisher =MacMillan | date =1993 | location =London | pages =p.29 | url = | doi = | id = ISBN 0-333-57689-6 }} </ref>
Apparently, Jayawikarta also made a trading connection with the English merchants, rivals of the Dutch, by allowing them to build houses directly across from the Dutch buildings in 1615.<ref name='1596to1619'>{{cite book | last =Heuken | first =Adolf | authorlink = | coauthors = | title =Sumber-sumber asli sejarah Jakarta Jilid II: Dokumen-dokumen Sejarah Jakarta dari kedatangan kapal pertama Belanda (1596) sampai dengan tahun 1619 (Authentic sources of History of Jakarta part II: Documents of history of Jakarta from the first arrival of Dutch ship (1596) to year 1619) | publisher =Yayasan Cipta Loka Caraka | date =2000 | location =Jakarta | pages = | url = | doi = | id = }}</ref> When relations between Prince Jayawikarta and the Dutch later deteriorated, Jayawikarta's soldiers attacked the Dutch fortress. But even with the help of fifteen British ships, Prince Jayakarta's army wasn't able to defeat the Dutch, in part owing to the timely arrival of [[Jan Pieterszoon Coen]] (J.P. Coen). The Dutch burned the English fort, and forced the English retreat on their ships. With this victory, Dutch power in the area was consolidated. In 1619 they renamed the city "Batavia." [[Image:Batavia harbour canal.jpg|thumb|right|Batavia c.1870]]
Within Batavia's walls, wealthy Dutch built tall houses and pestilential canals. Commercial opportunities attracted Indonesian and especially Chinese immigrants, the increasing numbers creating burdens on the city. Tensions grew as the colonial government tried to restrict Chinese migration through deportations. On 9 October 1740, 5,000 Chinese were massacred and the following year, Chinese inhabitants were moved to [[Glodok]] outside the city walls.<ref name="LONELYPLANETp138-139">{{cite book | last =Witton | first =Patrick | title =Indonesia | publisher =Lonely Planet | date =2003 | location =Melbourne | pages =pages 138-139| isbn=1-74059-154-2 }}</ref> The city began to move further south as epidemics in 1835 and 1870 encouraged more people to move far south of the port. The Koningsplein, now [[Merdeka Square]], was completed in 1818, and [[Kebayoran Baru]] was the last Dutch-built residential area.<ref name="LONELYPLANETp138-139"/>
The city was renamed "Jakarta" by the Japanese during [[Japanese Occupation of Indonesia|their World War II occupation of Indonesia]]. Following World War II, Indonesian Republicans withdrew from allied-occupied Jakarta during [[Indonesian National Revolution|their fight for Indonesian independence]] and established their capital in Yogyakarta. In 1950, once independence was secured, Jakarta was once again made the national capital.<ref name="LONELYPLANETp138-139"/> Indonesia's founding president, [[Sukarno]], envisaged Jakarta as a great international city. He instigated large government-funded projects undertaken with openly nationalistic and [[modernist architecture]].<ref>Kusno, Abidin. 2000. ''Behind the Postcolonial: Architecture, Urban Space and Political Cultures.'' NY: Routledge. ISBN 0415236150; Schoppert, P., Damais, S., ''Java Style'', 1997, Didier Millet, Paris, ISBN 962-593-232-1</ref> Projects in Jakarta included a clover-leaf highway, a major boulevard (Jalan Sudirman), monuments such as [[Monas|The National Monument]], major hotels, and a new parliament building.
In 1966, Jakarta was declared a "special capital city district" (''daerah khusus ibukota''), thus gaining a status approximately equivalent to that of a state or province.<ref>{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title =Jakarta | work = | publisher =Encyclopedia Britannica Online | date = | url =http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9106450/Jakarta#13148.toc | format = | doi = | accessdate =2007-09-17 }}</ref> Lieutenant General [[Ali Sadikin]] served as Governor from this time to 1977; he rehabilitated roads and bridges, encouraged the arts, built several hospitals, and a large number of new schools. He also cleared out slum dwellers for new development projects—some for the benefit of the Suharto family<ref>Douglas, M. (1989) 'The Environmental Sustainability of Development. Coordination, Incentives and Political Will in Land Use Planning for the Jakarta Metropolis', ''Third World Planning Review'' 11(2): 211–38; Douglas, M. (1992) 'The Political Economy of Urban Poverty and Environmental Management in Asia: Access, Empowerment and Community-based Alternatives', ''Environment and Urbanization'' 4(2): 9–32.<!-- This is a very broad reference for such a specific point - tighter page reference would be helpful --></ref>—and tried to eliminate rickshaws and ban street vendors. He began control of migration to the city in order to stem the overcrowding and poverty.<ref>{{cite book
|last =Turner | first =Peter | authorlink = | coauthors = | title =Java (1st edition) | publisher =Lonely Planet | date =1997 | location =Melbourne | pages =page 315 | id = ISBN 0-86442-314-4 }}</ref> Land redistribution, structural adjustment,{{Fact|date=September 2007}} and foreign investment contributed to a real estate boom which changed the face of the city.<ref>Edsel E. Sajor (2003) "[http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1467-7660.00325?cookieSet=1&journalCode=dech Globalization and the Urban Property Boom in Metro Cebu, Philippines]" ''Development and Change'' 34(4), 713–742.</ref> The boom ended with the [[East Asian Financial Crisis|1997/98 East Asian Economic crisis]] putting Jakarta at the center of violence, protest, and political maneuvering. Long-time president, [[Suharto]], began to lose his grip on power. [[Jakarta riots of May 1998|Tensions reached a peak in May 1998]], when four students were shot dead at [[Trisakti University]] by security forces; four days of riots ensued resulting in the loss of an estimated 1,200 lives and 6,000 buildings damaged or destroyed.<ref>{{cite book |last=Friend |first=Theodore |title=Indonesian Destinies |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2003 |isbn=0-674-01137-6}},p. 329</ref> Suharto resigned as president, and Jakarta has remained the focal point of democratic change in Indonesia.<ref>{{cite book |last=Friend |first=T. |title=Indonesian Destinies |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2003 |isbn=0-674-01137-6}}</ref> A number of [[Jemaah Islamiah]]-connected bombings have occurred in the city since 2000.<!-- NOTE TO EDS: I'll link these attacks in via their dates - ie, piped links. TOmorrow if I get a chance. --><ref name="LONELYPLANETp138-139"/>
== Administration ==
Officially, Jakarta is not a city, but rather a [[Provinces of Indonesia|province]] with special status as the capital of [[Indonesia]]. It is administered much like any other Indonesian province. For example: Jakarta has a governor (instead of a mayor), and is divided into several sub-regions with their own administrative systems. Jakarta, as a province, is divided into five [[Cities of Indonesia|cities]] (''[[kota]]''), formerly [[municipality|municipalities]], each headed by a mayor, and one [[Regencies of Indonesia|regency]] (''kabupaten'') headed by a [[regent]]. In August 2007, Jakarta held its first ever election to pick a governor; the election was won by Fauzi Bowo. The city's governors have previously been appointed by local parliament. The poll is part of a country-wide decentralization drive, allowing for direct local elections in several areas.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/6936276.stm BBC NEWS | World | Asia-Pacific | Jakarta holds historic election<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
[[Image:Jakarta skyline.jpg|thumb|right|Jakarta skyline taken from the top of [[Monas]].]]
List of cities of Jakarta:
* [[Central Jakarta]] (''Jakarta Pusat'')
* [[East Jakarta]] (''Jakarta Timur'')
* [[North Jakarta]] (''Jakarta Utara'')
* [[South Jakarta]] (''Jakarta Selatan'') <!-- Image with unknown copyright status removed: [[Image:Photo lg jakarta.jpg|Skyscrapers in downtown Jakarta frame a lone [[mosque]]. [http://www3.nationalgeographic.com/places/photos/photo_jakarta_jakarta.html]|thumb|right]] -->
* [[West Jakarta]] (''Jakarta Barat'')
The only regency of Jakarta is:
* [[Thousand Islands (Indonesia)|Thousand Islands]] (''Kepulauan Seribu''), formerly a [[Subdistricts of Indonesia|subdistrict]] of North Jakarta.
==Culture==
[[Image:Museum Nasional Indonesia.jpg|thumb|right|[[National Museum of Indonesia]]]]
As the economic and political capital of Indonesia, Jakarta attracts many foreign as well as domestic immigrants. As a result, Jakarta has a decidedly [[Multiculturalism|cosmopolitan]] flavor and a diverse culture. Many of the immigrants are from the other parts of Java Island, bringing along a mixture of dialects of the [[Javanese language|Javanese]] and [[Sundanese language|Sundanese]] languages, as well as their traditional foods and customs.
Jakarta is sometimes called "The Big Durian" by foreigners resident in the city. The [[durian]] is a tropical fruit with a distinctive odor and acquired taste. A bustling urban [[metropolis]], Jakarta is known for its overcrowding, traffic congestion, and income disparity.
The [[Betawi]] (''Orang Betawi'', or "people of Batavia") is a term used to describe the descendants of the people living around [[Batavia]] and recognized as a tribe from around the 18th-19th century. The Betawi people are mostly descended from various [[Southeast Asia]]n ethnic groups brought or attracted to Batavia to meet labor needs, and include people from various parts of [[Indonesia]].<ref>The Betawi - due to their diverse origins - play a major role concerning ethnic and national identity in contemporary Jakarta; see Knörr, Jacqueline: ''Kreolität und postkoloniale Gesellschaft. Integration und Differenzierung in Jakarta'', Campus Verlag: Frankfurt a.M. & New York, 2007, ISBN 978-3-593-38344-6</ref> The language and culture of these immigrants are distinct from those of the [[Sundanese people|Sundanese]] or [[Javanese people|Javanese]]. The language is more based on East [[Old Malay| Malay]] dialect and enriched by loan words from Javanese, Chinese, and Arab. Nowadays, the Jakarta-dialects used by people in Jakarta is loosely based on Betawi Language.
There has also been a significant [[Chinese Indonesian|Chinese]] community in Jakarta for many centuries. Officially, they make up 6% of the Jakarta population, though this number may be under-reported.<ref name='BBC'>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/4312805.stm "Chinese diaspora: Indonesia" - BBC]</ref>
[[Image:Irian Barat Statue.JPG|thumb|left|One of the many [[Sukarno]] era statues in the city]]
Jakarta has several performance centers, such as the [[Senayan]] center. Traditional music is often found at high-class hotels, including [[wayang]] and [[gamelan]] performances. As the nation's largest city and capital, Jakarta has lured much national and regional talent who hope to find a greater audience and more opportunities for success.
Ironically, the Betawi arts are rarely found in Jakarta due to their infamous low-profile and most of them had moved to the border of Jakarta, ridden by the wave of immigrant. It is easier to find Java or Minang based wedding ceremonial instead of Betawi wedding in Jakarta. It is easier to find Javanese Gamelan instead of ''Gambang Kromong'' (mixture between Betawi and Chinese music) or ''Tanjidor'' (mixture between Betawi and Portuguese music) or ''Marawis'' (mixture between Betawi and Yaman music). However, some festival such as ''Jalan Jaksa Festival'' or ''Kemang Festival'' tried to preserve the Betawi art by inviting the artist to do some performance.<ref>see Knörr, Jacqueline: ''Kreolität und postkoloniale Gesellschaft. Integration und Differenzierung in Jakarta'', Campus Verlag: Frankfurt a.M. & New York, 2007, ISBN 978-3-593-38344-6</ref>
The concentration of wealth and political influence in the city means that it has much more noticeable foreign influence on its landscape and culture, an effect illustrated by the presence in the city of many major international fast-food chains, for example.
== Transportation ==
[[Image:Central Jakarta.JPG|thumb|Jalan Thamrin, a main road in Central Jakarta]]
One of the most populous cities in the world, Jakarta is strained by transportation problems."<ref name='waterway1'>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6725843.stm Jakarta begins river boat service.]</ref> In Indonesia most communal transport is provided by [[bemo]]s, which are privately run minibuses.
===Road transport===
[[Image:Jakarta verkeersopstopping.JPG|thumb|left|Jakarta traffic]]
Despite the presence of many wide roads, Jakarta suffers from congestion due to heavy traffic, especially in the central business district. To reduce traffic jams, some major roads in Jakarta have a 'three in one' rule during rush hours, first introduced in 1992, prohibiting fewer than three passengers per car on certain roads.
Jakarta's roads are notorious for undisciplined driver behavior; transportation laws are broken with impunity and police bribery is commonplace. The painted lines on the road are regarded as mere suggestions as vehicles often travel four or five abreast on a typical two-lane road. It is not uncommon to encounter a vehicle traveling the wrong direction in a given traffic flow. Furthermore, in recent years the number of motorcycles on the streets has been growing almost exponentially. The vast sea of small, 100-200cc motorcycles, many of which have 2-stroke motors, create much of the traffic, noise and air pollution that plague Jakarta.
[[Image:Jakarta bajaj.jpg|thumb|left|Motorised ''[[Auto rickshaw|bajaj]]'']]
[[Auto rickshaw]]s, called bajaj (pronounced badge-eye), provide local transportation in the back streets of some parts of the city. From the early 1940s to 1991 they were a common form of local transportation in the city. In 1966, an estimated 160,000 rickshaws were operating in the city; as much as fifteen percent of Jakarta's total workforce was engaged in rickshaw driving. In 1971, rickshaws were banned from major roads, and shortly thereafter the government attempted a total ban, which substantially reduced their numbers but did not eliminate them. An especially aggressive campaign to eliminate them finally succeeded in 1990 and 1991, but during the economic crisis of 1998, some returned amid less effective government attempts to control them.<ref name="azuma2003">Azuma, Yoshifumi (2003). ''Urban peasants: beca drivers in Jakarta''. Jakarta: Pustaka Sinar Harapan.</ref>
[[Image:JakartaTransjakartaBusspurInDerJalanSudirman.jpg|thumb|To reduce traffic congestion, a new [[TransJakarta]] bus system was introduced.]]
The [[TransJakarta]] service operates on a special bus-line called the busway. The busway network is optimized for busy city routes and is a relatively effective alternative for travel in Jakarta. Construction of the 2nd and 3rd corridor routes of the busway was completed in 2006, serving the route from [[Pulo Gadung]] to [[Kalideres]]. The busway serving the route from [[Blok M]] to [[Jakarta Kota Station|Jakarta Kota]] has been operational since January 2004.
An outer ring road is now being constructed and is partly operational from [[Cilincing]]-[[Cakung]]-[[Pasar Rebo]]-[[Pondok Pinang]]-[[Daan Mogot]]-[[Cengkareng]]. A toll road connects Jakarta to [[Soekarno-Hatta International Airport]] in the north of Jakarta. Also connected via toll road is the port of [[Merak (Indonesia)|Merak]] and [[Tangerang]] to the west and Bekasi, [[Cibitung]] and Karawang, [[Purwakarta]] and [[Bandung]] to the east.
===Rail and Waterway===
While numerous railways serve Jakarta, they are inadequate to the residents' transport needs. During peak hours, the number of passengers greatly exceeds the system's capacity. The railroads connect Jakarta to its neighboring regions: [[Depok]] and [[Bogor]] to the south, [[Tangerang]] and [[Serpong]] to the west, and [[Bekasi]], [[Karawang]], and [[Cikampek]] to the east. The major rail stations are [[Gambir Station|Gambir]], [[Jatinegara Station|Jatinegara]], [[Pasar Senen Station|Pasar Senen]], [[Manggarai Station|Manggarai]], [[Tanah Abang Station|Tanah Abang]], and [[Jakarta Kota Station|Jakarta Kota]].
[[Image:Jakarta train.JPG|thumb|Jakarta Railway transportation system]]
Two lines of the [[Jakarta Monorail]] are under construction: the green line serving [[Semanggi]]-Casablanca Road-[[Kuningan, Jakarta|Kuningan]]-[[Semanggi]] and the blue line serving [[Kampung Melayu]]-Casablanca Road-[[Tanah Abang]]-[[Roxy, Jakarta|Roxy]]. In addition, there are plans for a two-line subway (MRT) system, with a north-south line between Kota and Lebak Bulus, with connections to both monorail lines; and an east-west line, which will connect with the north-south line at the Sawah Besar station. The current project, which began in 2005, has been halted due to a lack of funds, and its future remains uncertain.
[[Image:check in hall.JPG|thumb|left|Soekarno-Hatta International Airport check in desks]]
On 6 June 2007, the city administration started to introduce the Waterway, a new river boat service along the Ciliwung river.<ref name='waterway1'>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6725843.stm Jakarta begins river boat service.]</ref> The move aims to reduce the traffic snarls in Jakarta.<ref name='waterway2'>[http://www.bangkokpost.net/breaking_news/breakingnews.php?id=119260 Jakarta gets its first klong taxis.]</ref>
On 30 November 2007, KRL(Commuter Train) Ciliwung Blue Line began operation <ref>[[Antara]](Indonesian) http://www.antara.co.id/arc/2007/11/23/krl-dalam-kota-ciliwung-blue-line-dioperasikan/</ref>. It serves Jakarta's circle line, which was used in the 80s. The fare price is Rp5000,00. It serves [[Manggarai]], Mampang, Karet, Jend. [[Sudirman]] Road, Duri, Angke, Kampung Bandan, Rajawali, [[Kemayoran]], Pasar [[Senen]], Gang Sentiong, Kramat, Pondok Jati, and Jatinegara. The train can supports 400 passengers<ref>Berita Aktual http://beritadotcom.blogspot.com/2007/12/kereta-lingkar-jakarta-resmi-meluncur.html</ref>.
===Air===
[[Soekarno-Hatta International Airport]](CGK) is the primary airport for Jakarta and Indonesia alike. It is used by both private and commercial carriers connecting Jakarta with other Indonesian cities. It is also Indonesia's main international gateway. The airport is divided into three separate terminals. Terminal 1 serves all domestic airliners except [[Garuda Indonesia]]. Terminal 2 serves all foreign carriers and [[Garuda Indonesia]] (both domestic and international routes). Terminal 3 serves for hajj pilgrimage flights and for transnational migrant laborers.<ref>Silvey, R. "Unequal Borders: Indonesian Transnational Migrants at Immigration Control," ''Geopolitics,'' vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 265-279, 2007.</ref> A second airport, [[Halim Perdanakusuma International Airport]](HLP) serves mostly private and presidential flights.
== Education ==
{{see also|List of universities in Indonesia}}
Jakarta is the home of many universities, the oldest of which are state-run [[University of Indonesia]](UI)<ref>[http://www.ui.ac.id Universitas Indonesia | The University with world class perspectives | Posts<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> and the privately-owned [[Universitas Nasional]] (UNAS)<ref>[http://www.unas.ac.id:1949/sejarah.do Web Universitas Nasional 1949<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>. There are also many other private universities in Jakarta. As the largest city and the capital, Jakarta houses a large number of students from various parts of Indonesia, many of whom reside in dormitories or home-stay residences. Similar to other large cities in developing Asian countries, there are many professional schools. For basic education, there are a variety of primary and secondary schools, tagged with public (''national''), private (''national and bi-lingual national plus'') and ''international'' schools. Two of the major international schools located in Jakarta are the [[Jakarta International School]] and the [http://www.gandhijkt.org Gandhi Memorial International School]. It is an [[IASAS]] school.
==Sports==
Since Soekarno's era, Jakarta has often been chosen as the venue for international sport events, such as being the host of Asian Games in 1962, host of Asian Cup 2007 and several times hosting the regional-scale Sea Games. Jakarta is also home of several professional [[football (soccer)|soccer]] clubs. The most popular of them is [[Persija Jakarta|Persija]], which regularly plays its matches in the [[Lebak Bulus]] Stadium. Another first division team is [[Persitara Jakarta Utara|Persitara]]. The biggest stadium in Jakarta is the [[Bung Karno Stadium]] with a capacity of 100,000 seats<ref>[http://www.fussballtempel.net/afc/IDN.html Football stadiums of the world - Stadiums in Indonesia<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>. For basketball, the [[Kelapa Gading Sport Mall]] in [[Kelapa Gading]], North Jakarta, with a capacity of 7,000 seats, is the home arena of the Indonesian national basketball team. Many international basketball matches are played in this stadium. The Senayan sports complex is comprised of several sport venues, which include the Bung Karno soccer stadium, [[Madya Stadium]], Istora Senayan, a shooting range, a tennis court and a golf driving range. The Senayan complex was built in 1959 to accommodate the Asian Games in 1962. In 2011, Jakarta, together with Bandung, will once again host the Southeast Asian Games. Preparations to host the event have started since the conclusion of the 2007 Thailand Southeast Asian Games. [[The Indonesian Polo Association]], as the governing body of polo in Indonesia, have stated its commitment to host the SEA Games polo tournament in Indonesia after polo is confirmed to be absent in the 2009 Laos Southeast Asian Games. The Indonesian Polo Team were placed last in the [[Polo at the 2007 Southeast Asian Games|2007 Southeast Asian Games]].
[[Image:nusantarapolo.jpg|thumb|right|Nusantara Polo Club - Jakarta's Premiere Polo Facility]]
==Media==
{{main|Communications in Indonesia}}
===Newspapers===
Jakarta has several daily newspaper such as ''[[Bisnis Indonesia]]'', ''[[Investor Daily]]'', ''[[The Jakarta Post]]'', ''[[Indo Pos]]'' , ''[[Seputar Indonesia]]'', ''[[Kompas]]'', ''[[Media Indonesia]]'', ''[[Republika (Indonesian newspaper)|Republika]]'', ''[[Pos Kota]]'', ''[[Warta Kota]]'', Lampu Merah and [[Suara Pembaruan]].
===Television===
Government television: [[TVRI]].
Private national television: [[TPI (Indonesia)|TPI]], [[RCTI]], [[Metro TV]], [[Indosiar]], [[ANTV|StarANTV]], [[SCTV (Indonesia)|SCTV]], [[Trans TV]], [[TV ONE (Indonesia)|TV ONE]] (used to be Lativi), [[Trans 7]], and [[Global TV (Indonesia)|Global TV]].
Local television: Jak-TV, O-Channel, and Space-Toon.
Cable television: [[First Media]], [[TelkomVision]]
Satellite television: [[Indovision]], [[ASTRO]], [[TelkomVision]]
===Radio===
{{main|List of radio stations in Jakarta}}
== Problems ==
[[Image:Jakarta slumlife71.JPG|thumb|right|A trash dump in Bantar Gebang, [[Bekasi]]]]
===Population in excess of infrastructure===
Like many big cities in developing countries, Jakarta suffers from major [[urbanization]] problems. The population has risen sharply from 1.2 million in 1960 to 8.8 million in [[2004]], counting only its legal residents. The population of greater Jakarta is estimated at 23 million, making it the fourth largest urban area in the world. The rapid population growth has outgrown the government's ability to provide basic needs for its residents. As the third biggest economy in Indonesia, Jakarta has attracted a large number of visitors. The population during weekdays is almost double that of weekends, due to the influx of residents residing in other areas of [[Jabotabek]]. Because of government's inability to provide adequate transportation for its large population, Jakarta also suffers from severe traffic jams that occur almost every day. [[Air pollution]] and [[waste management]] are also severe problems. By 2025 the population of Jakarta may reach 24.9 million, not counting millions more in surrounding areas.<ref>''Far Eastern Economic Review,'' Asia 1998 Yearbook, p. 63.</ref>
===Sanitation===
Surveys show that "less than a quarter of the population is fully served by improved water sources. The rest rely on a variety of sources, including rivers, lakes and private water vendors. Some 7.2 million people are [without clean water]."<ref> United Nations Human Development Report 2006, p. 39 [http://hdr.undp.org/hdr2006/pdfs/report/HDR06-complete.pdf]</ref>
===Flooding===
During the [[wet season]], Jakarta suffers from [[flood]]ing due to clogged sewage pipes and waterways, [[deforestation]] near rapidly urbanizing [[Bogor]] and [[Depok]], and the fact that 40% of it is below sea level. Terrible floods occurred in 1996<ref>[http://www.asiaviews.org/?content=153499ym32dddw4&headline=20070215014241 Asiaviews - Asian News<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/VBOL-6YPCN6?OpenDocument Situation Reports: Indonesia: Floods - Feb 2007, Indonesia: Floods in DKI Jakarta Province, updated 19 Feb 2007 Emergency Situation Report No. 6<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> when 5,000 hectares flooded <ref>[http://www.dartmouth.edu/~floods/Archives/1996sum.htm 1996 Flood Archive<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> and 2007.<ref>[http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601080&sid=aEZkmZ6LCTrM Bloomberg.com: Asia<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Losses from infrastructure damage and state revenue were at least 5.2 trillion rupiah (572 million US dollars) and at least 85 people were killed <ref>[http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/indonesiaweatherfloods;_ylt=Au4qmNPoAyVq_HQ.qLCeyB3aHXcA Three killed, 90,000 evacuated in Jakarta floods: officials - Yahoo! News<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> and about 350,000 people forced from their homes.<ref name='jakartafloods'>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/02/05/windo05.xml Disease fears as floods ravage Jakarta]</ref>. Approximately 70% to 75% of Jakarta's total area was flooded and water up to 4 meters deep in parts of city.<ref>[http://hadip.wordpress.com/2007/02/10/jakarta-flood-feb-2007/ Jakarta Flood Feb 2007 « (Geo) Information for All<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> <ref>http://www.dartmouth.edu/~floods/Archives/2007sum.htm</ref> <ref>[http://photo.ruditheunis.com/component/option,com_zoom/Itemid,4/catid,22/ Art and Nature Photography<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
===The informal sector===
In September 2007, a new law was brought into effect which attempted to regulate aspects of public order. It forbids the giving of money to beggars, buskers and hawkers, bans squatter settlements on river banks and highways, and prohibits spitting and smoking on public transportation. Unauthorized people cleaning car windscreens and managing traffic at busy intersections will also be penalized. Critics of the new legislation claim that such laws will be difficult to enforce and ignore the desperate poverty of many of the capital's inhabitants.<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/6989211.stm; "Condemned Communities: Forced Evictions in Jakarta" ''[[Human Rights Watch]]'' Sep 2006.</ref>
==Sister relationships==
Jakarta has [[Town twinning|sister relationships]] with a number of towns and regions worldwide:
* [[Jeddah]], [[Saudi Arabia]]
* [[Beijing]], [[People's Republic of China|China]]
* [[Berlin]], [[Germany]]
* [[Istanbul]], [[Turkey]]
* [[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]], [[United States]]
* State of [[New South Wales]], [[Australia]]
* [[Paris]], [[France]]
* [[Rotterdam]], the [[Netherlands]]
* [[Manchester]], [[United Kingdom]]
* [[Seoul]], [[South Korea]]
* [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]]
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
==See also==
*[[2005 Java-Bali Blackout]]
*[[2007 Jakarta flood]]
*[[2007 Java earthquake]]
*[[Jakarta Old Town]]
*[[Jakarta riots of May 1998]]
*[[List of Governors of Jakarta]]
*[[List of metropolitan areas by population]]
*[[Lubang Buaya]]
== External links ==
{{portal|Indonesia}}
{{commonscat|Jakarta}}
* [http://www.jakarta.go.id/v21/home/default.asp?lg=2 Official website]
* {{wikitravel}}
* [http://www.emp.pdx.edu/htliono/jkt.html Travelling to Jakarta]
* [http://www.kbri-bangkok.com/about_indonesia/special_region_jakarta/special_region_jakarta_01.html About Jakarta]
{{Geolinks-cityscale|-6.1333|106.75}}
{{Jakarta}}
{{Indonesia}}
{{Asian capitals}}
{{World's most populated urban areas}}
[[Category:Capitals in Asia]]
[[Category:Capital districts and territories]]
[[Category:Cities, towns and villages in Jakarta]]
[[Category:Coastal cities]]
[[Category:Jakarta| ]]
[[Category:Provinces of Indonesia]]
[[Category:Indian Ocean]]
[[Category:Port cities and towns in Indonesia]]
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