Japan Airlines
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{{Infobox Airline
|airline = Japan Airlines<br />日本航空<br />''Nihon Kōkū''
|logo = JAL_logo.svg|Japan Airlines logo
|logo_size = 200
|IATA = JL
|ICAO = JAL
|callsign = JAPAN AIR
|parent =
|founded = 1951 (as Japan Air Lines)
|headquarters = [[Shinagawa, Tokyo|Shinagawa]], [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]]
|key_people = Haruka Nishimatsu(President and [[CEO]])
|hubs = [[Narita International Airport]]<br>[[Tokyo International Airport]]<br>[[Kansai International Airport]]<br>[[Osaka International Airport]]
|focus_cities = [[Chubu Centrair International Airport]]
|frequent_flyer = [[JAL Mileage Bank]]
|lounge = SAKURA Lounge
|alliance = [[Oneworld]] (passenger) <br> [[WOW Alliance|WOW]] (cargo)
|subsidiaries = [[JALways]]<br>[[JAL Express]] (JEX)<br>[[J-Air]]<br>[[Japan Air Commuter]] (JAC)<br>[[Hokkaido Air System]] (HAC)<br>[[Japan Transocean Air]] (JTA)<br>[[Ryukyu Air Commuter]] (RAC)
|fleet_size = 241(+65 orders){{Fact|date=June 2008}}
|destinations = 125{{Fact|date=June 2008}}
|website = http://www.jal.com/
}}
{{nihongo|'''Japan Airlines Corporation'''|株式会社日本航空|Kabushiki-gaisha Nihon Kōkū}} ({{tyo|9205}}), or '''JAL''', is an airline of Japan. It is one of the largest [[airline]] operators in [[Asia]].<ref>[http://news.cheapflights.com/airlines/2007/04/asias_largest_a.html Asia's largest airline joins oneworld alliance<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> It is based in [[Shinagawa, Tokyo|Shinagawa]], [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]], operating scheduled and non-scheduled international and domestic services. Its main bases are [[Narita International Airport]] (for international flights) and [[Tokyo International Airport]] (for domestic flights). It has 17,925 employees (as of March 2007).<ref>{{cite news | title= Directory: World Airlines | work= [[Flight International]] | pages= 96-97 | date= 2007-04-03}}</ref>
JAL should not be confused with [[Air Japan]] (AJX), a subsidiary of JAL's competitor [[All Nippon Airways]] (ANA).
==Organization==
In addition to its operations under the JAL name, JAL owns six domestic airlines which feed or supplement [[Mainline (flight)|mainline]] JAL flights:
*[[Hokkaido Air System]] (HAC) - turboprop services in Hokkaido
*[[JAL Express]] (JEX) - low-cost jet services between secondary cities
*[[J-Air]] - regional jet services from Tokyo, Nagoya and Osaka
*[[Japan Air Commuter]] (JAC) - turboprop services in western Japan
*[[Japan Transocean Air]] (JTA) - jet services in the [[Ryukyu Islands]]
*[[Ryukyu Air Commuter]] (RAC) - turboprop services in the Ryukyu Islands
'''[[JALways]]''' is an international subsidiary of JAL which handles low-yield flights to resort destinations in Hawaii, Oceania and Southeast Asia.
'''JALUX Inc.''', established 1962, is JAL's catering company which does a variety of work for the company including the "De sky" line of snack foods, supplying JAL's 'Blue Sky' restaurants and 'JAL-DFS' shops, aircraft fuel components, cabin services and in-flight duty-free. JALUX merged with JAS Trading on January 2004 to unify support operations for the JAL group.
'''JALCARGO''' is the brand of Japan Airline group's freight service. JAL is a member of the [[WOW Alliance]] on cargo. In the fiscal year ended on 31 March 2006,<ref>[http://www.jal.com/ja/ir/finance/factbook/2006_03.xls JAL Cargo statistics]</ref> domestically it carried 338,443 paid [[tonne-kilometre]]s (tkm) of freight and 85,519 tkm of airmail. Internationally it carried 4,541,293 paid tkm of freight and 161,690 tkm of airmail.
==History==
===Regulated era===
[[Image:Old JAL logo original.svg|thumb|left|150px|JAL logo at time of foundation (1951-1989)]]
[[Image:Noboru Takeshita full.jpg|thumb|right|Until the introduction of the dedicated "[[Japanese Air Force One]]" aircraft in the 1990s, JAL was generally chartered for official government trips overseas. Here, Prime Minister [[Noboru Takeshita]] deplanes from a JAL DC-10 while on a state visit to the United States in 1989.]]
'''Japan Air Lines Co., Ltd.''' was established in August 1951, with the government of Japan recognizing the need for a reliable air transportation system to help Japan grow in the aftermath of [[World War II]]. On [[October 25]], using three [[Northwest Airlines]] [[Martin Aircraft|Martin]] 2-0-2 aircraft, and Northwest crews, Japan Air Lines began serving several domestic cities from Tokyo.<ref>[http://www.japanair.com/e/aboutjal/history.php Japan Airlines website - History]</ref>
On [[August 1]], [[1953]], the [[Diet of Japan]] passed the {{nihongo|Japan Air Lines Company Act|日本航空株式会社法|Nihon Kōkū Kabushiki-gaisha Hō}}, forming a new state-owned '''Japan Air Lines''', which assumed all assets and liabilities of its private predecessor on October 1. Its first aircraft, a [[DC-3]] named "Kinsei", was leased from [[Philippine Airlines]]. Japan Airlines, in addition to the 2-0-2's, used [[Douglas DC-3]], [[Douglas DC-4]], [[Douglas DC-6]] and [[Douglas DC-7]] during the 1950s.
On [[February 2]], [[1954]], Japan Airlines began its first international service, flying from [[Tokyo]] to [[San Francisco]]. This flight, operating on a DC-6B, made stops at [[Wake Island]] and [[Honolulu]] before arriving in San Francisco, a one-way ticket for the twice-weekly flight cost $650. To this day, San Francisco to Tokyo is Japan Airlines flight number 001.
In 1960, Japan Airlines bought its first jet, a [[Douglas DC-8]]. Soon after, they decided to re-equip the fleet, using jet aircraft only. That decade, many new international destinations were established.
Under the {{nihongo|45/47 system|45/47体制|yon'go-yonnana taisei}}, the so-called "aviation constitution" enacted by the Japanese government in 1972, JAL was granted [[flag carrier]] status to operate international routes, and was also designated to operate domestic trunk routes in competition with [[All Nippon Airways]]. During this era, JAL bought the [[Boeing 747]], the [[Boeing 727]] and the [[McDonnell Douglas]] [[DC-10]] to accommodate its growing list of routes within Japan and to other countries. In the 1980s Japan Airlines performed special flights for the Crown Prince of Japan and the Princess, [[Pope]] [[Pope John Paul II|John Paul II]], and for Japanese prime ministers. During that decade they also began to be more promotionally aware, with [[Model aircraft|plane models]] and other [[promotional item]]s being produced in quantity. It also bought new [[Boeing 767]] jets and retired the DC-8s and 727s.
By 1965, over half of JAL's revenue was being generated by transpacific routes to the United States, and JAL was further lobbying the United States for [[fifth freedom]] rights to fly transatlantic routes from the East Coast.<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,842077,00.html Bitterness in the Air], ''TIME'', September 3, 1965.</ref>. In 1978, JAL started flights to São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil via Anchorage and San Juan; the stopover was changed to Los Angeles in the 1980s, and then to JFK Airport in New York.
===Deregulated era===
[[Image:Old JAL logo 1990s.svg|thumb|left|150px|JAL logo in the 1990s before the JAL-JAS merger (1989-2002)]]
[[Image:DC10-40 JapanAirLine JA8549(20010728KIX).jpg|thumb|right|JAL DC-10-40D in 1989-2002 colour scheme]]
Japan began considering airline deregulation in the late 1970s, with the government announcing the abandoning of the 45/47 system in 1985. In 1987, Japan Airlines was completely privatised, and the other two airlines in Japan, [[All Nippon Airways]] and [[Japan Air System]], were permitted to freely compete with JAL on domestic and international routes.
Japan Airlines began the 1990s with flights to help evacuate Japanese citizens from [[Iraq]] before the start of the [[Gulf War]]. In 1992, [[Japan Air Charter]] was established, and in 1997 an agreement with [[The Walt Disney Company]] was announced, making Japan Airlines the official airline of [[Tokyo Disneyland]]. That year also [[JAL Express]] had been established, with [[Boeing 737]] aircraft. Also in 1997 the airline flew the Japanese prime minister to [[Peru]] to help negotiate in the Tupac Amaru kidnapping case. Japan Airlines acquired [[Boeing 777]]s during that decade.
===JAS merger===
[[Image:JapanAirSystemA300withJALLogo.JPG|thumb|A [[Japan Air System]] (JAS) [[Airbus A300-600R]] with JAL logo on the body]]
In 2001 Japan Air System and Japan Airlines agreed to merge. On [[October 2]], [[2002]] they established a new holding company called {{nihongo|'''Japan Airlines System'''|日本航空システム|Nihon Kōkū Shisutemu}}, forming a new core of the JAL Group. Aircraft liveries were changed to match the design of the new JAL Group. At that time the merged group of airlines was the sixth largest in the world by passengers carried, and the third largest measured by revenue.
On [[April 1]], [[2004]], JAL changed its name to '''Japan Airlines International''' and JAS changed its name to '''Japan Airlines Domestic'''. JAS flight codes were changed to JAL flight codes, JAS check-in desks were refitted in JAL livery and JAS aircraft were gradually repainted. On [[June 26]], 2004, the parent company Japan Airlines System was renamed to '''Japan Airlines Corporation'''.
Following the merger, two companies operated under the JAL brand: {{nihongo|'''Japan Airlines International'''|日本航空インターナショナル|Nihon Kōkū Intānashonaru}} and {{nihongo|'''Japan Airlines Domestic'''|日本航空ジャパン|Nihon Kōkū Japan}}. [[Japan Airlines Domestic]] had primary responsibility for JAL's large network of intra-Japan flights, while JAL International operated both international and trunk domestic flights. On [[October 1]], [[2006]], Japan Airlines International and Japan Airlines Domestic merged into a single brand, '''Japan Airlines International'''.
JAL applied to join the [[airline alliance]] [[Oneworld]] on [[October 25]], [[2005]]. The airline joined Oneworld on [[April 1]] [[2007]], and now codeshares extensively with other Oneworld airlines, including [[American Airlines]], [[British Airways]], [[Cathay Pacific]], [[Iberia Airlines|Iberia]], and [[Qantas]].
On [[April 1]], [[2008]], JAL officially merged its former subsidiary [[Japan Asia Airways]] which exclusively flew to [[Taiwan]] between 1975 and 2008 due to the [[Political status of Taiwan]].
==Destinations==
{{further|[[Japan Airlines destinations]]}}
JAL serves destinations in Asia, the Americas, Europe and Oceania. In recent years it has cut back on service to a number of secondary airports in various continents in favor of code-sharing through the oneworld alliance and other airline partners. Most notably, JAL had a large operation in the [[Middle East]] during the 1980s, with flights to Cairo, Bahrain, Kuwait, Abu Dhabi and other destinations, all of which have since been terminated.
JAL remains one of five [[Asia]]n airlines to fly to [[Latin America]], with scheduled flights to [[Mexico City]] (via [[Vancouver]]) and [[São Paulo]] (via [[New York City]]). The others are [[Malaysia Airlines]], [[Air China]], [[Emirates Airline]] and [[Korean Air]].
==Fleet==
The Japan Airlines fleet consists of the following aircraft (April 2008):<ref>[http://www.jal.com/en/corporate/gaiyo/flight.html All About the JAL Group - Flight<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
{{-}}
<center>
{| class="toccolours sortable" border="1" cellpadding="3" style="border-collapse:collapse"
|+ '''Japan Airlines Fleet'''
|- bgcolor=#9592C6
!Aircraft
!Total
!Passengers<br>(First/Business/Economy)
!Routes
|-
|[[Airbus A300|Airbus A300-600R]]
|18 <br> (4 leased)
| <br> 290 (0/34/256)
|Domestic routes; Ex-JAS aircraft<br> Replacement aircraft: [[Boeing 787-3]]
|-
|[[Boeing 737#737-400|Boeing 737-400]]
|8 <br> (8 leased)
| <br> 145 (0/20/145)
|JAL Express/JTA domestic routes
|-
|[[Boeing 737|Boeing 737-800]]
|5 <br> (28 orders)
|''Domestic ''<br>165 (0/20/145)<br>''International ''<br>144 (0/12/132)
|Domestic and international routes, All leased (International: China and Southeast Asia)
|-
|[[Boeing 747#747-400|Boeing 747-400]]
|29
|Three Class<br> 303 (11/91/201) <br> 323 (11/77/235) <br> 382 (12/69/301) <br>Two Class<br> 411 (0/74/338)<br> 447 (0/55/392)
|7 to phase out by end of 2008 <ref>[http://press.jal.co.jp/en/release/200802/000841.html JAL Group Route, Flight Frequency & Fleet Plan FY2008] </ref>
|-
|[[Boeing 747#747-400|Boeing 747-400D]]
|9
| <br> 546 (-/80/466)
|Domestic routes (high-capacity)
|-
|[[Boeing 747#747-400|Boeing 747-400F]]
|6F+2BCF
|
|Cargo
|-
|[[Boeing 747|Boeing 747-300]]
|11
| <br> 431 (-/41/390)
452 (-/50/402)
|Domestic and international routes <br> for JAL-I and JALways <br> To be retired 2009/10.
|-
|[[Boeing 747#|Boeing 747-200F]]
|6
|
|3 to phase out by end of 2008 <ref>[http://press.jal.co.jp/en/release/200802/000841.html JAL Group Route, Flight Frequency & Fleet Plan FY2008] </ref> <br> Cargo routes
|-
|[[Boeing 767|Boeing 767-200]]
|3
| <br> 207 (-/16/191)
|International routes
|-
|[[Boeing 767|Boeing 767-300]]
|23
| <br> 261 (-/42/219)
232 (-/30/202)
|2 to phase out by end of 2008 <ref>[http://press.jal.co.jp/en/release/200802/000841.html JAL Group Route, Flight Frequency & Fleet Plan FY2008] </ref> <br>Domestic and international routes
|-
|[[Boeing 767|Boeing 767-300ER]]
|17 <br> (5 orders)<ref>[http://press.jal.co.jp/en/release/200802/000841.html JAL Group Route, Flight Frequency & Fleet Plan FY2008] </ref>
|<br>237 (-/30/207)
|International routes; all leased
|-
|[[Boeing 767|Boeing 767-300F]]
|3
|
|Cargo routes
|-
|[[Boeing 777#777-200|Boeing 777-200]]
|8 <br>
|''Three-class ''<br>375 (14/82/279)<br>''Two-class ''<br>397 (-/88/309)<br>''Ex-JAS aircraft ''<br>380 (-/50/330)
|Domestic routes
|-
|[[Boeing 777#777-200ER|Boeing 777-200ER]]
|11
|<br>302 (-/63/239)
268 (-/56/212)
|All leased
|-
|[[Boeing 777#777-300|Boeing 777-300]]
|7
|''Two-class ''<br>500 (-/78/422)
|All leased
|-
|[[Boeing 777#777-300ER|Boeing 777-300ER]]
|7 <br>(9 orders)
|''Four-class''<br>272 (9/63/44/156)<br>'''''New JAL Suite and Shell Flat Neo seats'''''<br>246 (8/77/46/115)<br>''Three-class ''<br>292 (9/63/220)
|Launch customer <br> International routes <br> Premium Economy (W73) on Narita-London, Paris & Frankfurt routes<br> ''W82: Narita-New York and San Francisco with new first/business class interiors and Premium Economy seating''
|-
|[[Boeing 787|Boeing 787-3]]
|(13 orders)
|
|
|-
|[[Boeing 787|Boeing 787-8]]
|(22 orders)
|
|
|-
|[[McDonnell Douglas MD-80 / MD-90|McDonnell Douglas MD-81]]
|12 <br> (6 leased)
|163 (all-economy)
|6 to phase out by end of 2008 <ref>[http://press.jal.co.jp/en/release/200802/000841.html JAL Group Route, Flight Frequency & Fleet Plan FY2008] </ref> <br> Domestic routes
|-
|[[McDonnell Douglas MD-80 / MD-90|McDonnell Douglas MD-87]]
|8
|134 (All-economy)
|Domestic routes(retired in 2008); Ex-JAS aircraft<br>Retiring in 2008<ref>"[http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/dy/national/20080330TDY02305.htm Monday marks last flight of JAL's MD-87 mainstay jet]." ''[[The Daily Yomiuri]]''.</ref>
|-
|[[McDonnell Douglas MD-80 / MD-90|McDonnell Douglas MD-90-30]]
|16
|150 (-/18/132)
|Domestic routes
|-
|[[Embraer 170]]
|(10 orders) <br> (5 options)
| 78 (78) <br> (All-economy; non-hi-density configuration)
|Domestic routes <br> Operated by J-AIR
|}
<sup>Business class is branded "Class J" on domestic routes and "Executive Class" on international routes.</sup>
</center>
JAL has the largest fleet of [[Boeing 747]]s in the world (approximately 64, as of April 2007).<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.japancorp.net/Article.asp?Art_ID=14410
|title = JAL Aircraft with Special oneworld Design Enters Service
|accessdate = 2007-10-22
|date = 2007-04-17
|work = Japan Corporate News Network
}}</ref> Japan Airlines is also accredited with [[International Air Transport Association|IATA's]] Operational Safety Audit for its safety practices.<ref>[http://www.iata.org/ps/certification/iosa/operators/Japan+Airlines.htm IATA website - IATA Operational Safety Audit]</ref>
The [[List of Boeing customer codes|Boeing customer code]] for Japan Airlines is x'''46''' for JAL International (pre-merger JAL aircraft) and x'''89''' for JAL Domestic (former [[Japan Air System|JAS]] aircraft);
*In December 2004, Japan Airlines announced the selection of the [[Boeing 787]] for its medium-size aircraft fleet. It is seeking 30 aircraft, with options on 20 more. Delivery For [[Boeing 787]] is expected to start in 2008 and the aircraft will be used on domestic and international routes.<ref>[[Airliner World]], March 2005</ref>
*Japan Airlines confirmed an order for six new [[Boeing 767|Boeing 767-300ER]] aircraft, three freighter and three passenger models, valued at approximately $800 million at list prices.<ref>[[Airliner World]], September 2005</ref>
*On [[October 31]], [[2005]] Japan Airlines operated its last two [[McDonnell Douglas DC-10|DC-10]] flights. One aircraft, JA8543, operating flight JL736 from [[Hong Kong International Airport]] to [[Narita International Airport]], touched down at 16:05. Another aircraft, JA8541, operating flight JL952 from [[Incheon International Airport]] to Narita International Airport touched down at 16:37, marking the DC-10's last flight with the airline, after over 30 years of operations with the airline.
*JAL is considering ordering the [[Airbus A350]], the 787's direct competitor. JAL stated that the new A350XWB is a strong candidate for future expansion, possibly to replace older [[Boeing 777]] models.<ref>[http://money.cnn.com/news/newsfeeds/articles/newstex/AFX-0013-23210814.htm Japan Airlines says Airbus A350 'strong candidate' for any future orders]</ref>
The average age of Japan Airlines fleet is 12.1 years, as of April 2006.<ref>[http://www.airfleets.net/ageflotte/?file=calcop&opp=Japan%20Airlines Japan Airlines Fleet Age]</ref>
=== Retired ===
*Aircraft disposed of include 8 [[Boeing 737|Boeing 737-400]], 8 [[Boeing 747#747-100|Boeing 747-100]], 6 [[Boeing 747#747-100|Boeing 747SR]] (one now being used as a [[NASA]] [[Shuttle Carrier Aircraft]]), 19 [[Boeing 747#747-200|Boeing 747-200]], 5 [[Boeing 747#747-300|Boeing 747-300]] and 10 [[McDonnell Douglas MD-11]] and the DC-10-40 aircraft.
==Cabins==
[[Image:JAL domestic 777 economy.jpg|thumb|right|JAL domestic Economy cabin.]]
[[Image:JAL Executive class seats.jpg|thumb|right|JAL Executive Class international seats.]]
[[Image:JAL First Class domestic seats.jpg|thumb|right|JAL domestic First Class seats.]]
International JAL services currently feature the fully-flat [[First class (aviation)|First Class]] Skysleeper Solo, [[Business class|Executive Class]] Seasons Shell Flat Seat, and [[Economy class|Economy Class]]. A Premium Economy class has recently been introduced, along with a domestic First Class.
The international First Class Skysleeper Solo reclines fully flat and features leather upholstery from Poltrona Frau of Italy. The Executive Class Seasons business class seat is a lie-flat design. On international routes over a certain length, an in-flight self-service snack counter is provided in all classes.
JAL has recently introduced new international First and Executive Class seats: the '''JAL Suite''' for First Class, featuring a seat 20% roomier than the Skysleeper Solo in a 1-2-1 configuration, and the '''Shell Flat Seat Neo''', a slightly-revised version of the original Shell Flat Seat, with a wider seat, expanded center console, and the world's first in-flight gallery, ''Sky Gallery''. These seats, along with the Premium Economy seats, will debut on [[New York City]]'s [[John F. Kennedy International Airport]] flights 5 and 6 in August 2008, and will expand to the [[San Francisco, California]] ([[San Francisco International Airport]]) route in September 2008, with [[Chicago, Illinois]] ([[O'Hare International Airport]]) and [[Los Angeles, California]] ([[Los Angeles International Airport]]) flights following sometime in 2009. Eight JAL Suites will be installed in each 777-300ER aircraft, with 46 seats comprising the rest of the Executive Class seating and 115 economy seats taking up the rest of the aircraft cabin. The purpose is to improve income yield per passenger, while reducing fuel cost per passenger mile, utilizing the most efficient aircraft available.<ref>[http://press.jal.co.jp/en/release/200802/000841.html JAL Group Route, Flight Frequency & Fleet Plan FY2008]</ref><ref>[http://press.jal.co.jp/en/release/200806/000951.html JAL To Introduce State-of-the-Art First Class Suite & Business Class Seat]</ref><ref>JAL Is Upgrading Some Seats, Wall Street Journal, June 11, 2008, p.D2</ref>
The JAL and JAA onboard entertainment system is called ''MAGIC''. The system is updated by JAL Entertainment Network (JEN) and features credit card phone, movies, destination guides with instructions on how to fill out immigration cards, active aircraft stats, games, and more. There are four generations of the MAGIC system: MAGIC-I, MAGIC-II, MAGIC-III, and MAGIC-IV. The MAGIC-III system which is installed in [[Boeing 767]] and [[Boeing 777]] aircraft (also available on selected [[Boeing 747|Boeing 747-400]] aircraft), provides Audio/Video On Demand (AVOD) entertainment to all passengers. Aircraft with MAGIC-I and MAGIC-II have movies that automatically start when the AVOD system is turned on -- once the aircraft reaches cruise level -- and economy class passengers can tune in to watch the movie in progress. All movies restart upon completion. Executive (Business) and First class passengers have full AVOD control.
MAGIC systems have JAL's duty-free shopping catalogue, including flight crew recommendations and a video of specials available on the flight. When the aircraft is in the pushback, taxi, takeoff, ascent, descent, stacking, landing, taxi, and docking phases of flight, all TV's in the cabin automatically tune into the video camera outside the aircraft to provide "Pilot Vision" to the passengers. This feature is common on many Japanese airlines.
In June 2006, JAL announced a promotion featuring the [[Nintendo DS Lite]]. Between June 1 and August 31, all Executive and First Class passengers would be offered use of Nintendo DS Lites specially manufactured for air travel (the wireless capabilities of these units were removed in order to conform with [[air safety|airline safety]] standards).[http://www.jal.co.jp/en/nds/]
The JAL Group has its own inflight magazine called Skyward, reflecting the company motto of "Dream Skyward." Before merger with JAS (the current JAL Domestic), JAL's inflight magazine was called Winds. All of the JAL Group magazines are provided by JALUX.
Japan Airlines continues to find ways to improve its In-Flight Entertainment systems, including on-plane cameras on the wings, the belly, on the tail, etcetera, and also home-theater capability on overseas flights. They are also working on adding more benefits such as Satellite Radio capabilities, etcetera. The most recent upgrade happened on December 1, 2007, when the number of channels on MAGIC-III onboard entertainment system increased to over double, from 57 to 130<ref>[http://www.jal.co.jp/en/inflight/inter/jen/magic3_130ch/ JAL Doubles MAGIC 3 Inflight Entertainment Programming, starting December 1, 2007]; [http://press.jal.co.jp/en/release/200711/000778.html press release.]</ref>.
{{clear}}
== JAL Mileage Bank ==
[[Image:JAL Mileage Bank card.jpg|thumb|JAL Mileage Bank card]]
JAL Mileage Bank is the largest [[frequent flyer program]] of Japan Airlines. In addition to JAL's feeder airlines and [[Oneworld]] alliance partnerships, JAL offers frequent flyer partnerships with [[Air France]] (except in special economy class between Paris, Amsterdam and Japan), [[Emirates Airline]] (except in special economy class fares), [[China Eastern Airlines]], and [[Mexicana de Aviación]].
The FLY ON Program is the program's elite system. JMB members can earn "FLY ON Points" (FOP), elite qualifying miles(EQM) and elite qualifying segments (EQS) on JAL Group and other Oneworld flights. However, a minimum of 4 flights per year must be on JAL Group carriers. The status levels are as follows:
*JMB Crystal (matches Oneworld Ruby): 30,000 or more FOP, or 10,000 or more FOP and 30 or more EQS
*JMB Sapphire (Oneworld Sapphire*): 50,000 or more FOP, or 15,000 or more FOP and 50 or more EQS
*JGC Premier (Oneworld Emerald): 70,000 or more FOP, or 80 or more EQS (only qualified for [[JAL Global Club]] (JGC) members)
*JMB Diamond (Oneworld Emerald): 100,000 or more FOP, or 120 or more EQS
<nowiki>*</nowiki>Oneworld Sapphire status can also be earned by reaching Crystal status as a [[JAL Global Club]] member.
==Incidents and accidents==
[[Image:747 jal2.png|thumb|CG render of [[Japan Airlines Flight 123]]]]
[[Image:JAL2001incident.png|thumb|CG render of the [[2001 Japan Airlines mid-air incident]] involving JA8904, a [[Boeing 747-400]], diving under JA8546, a [[Douglas DC-10]]]]
*In 1952, a [[Martin 2-0-2]] of Japan Air Lines crashed, killing all 37 on board [http://www.airdisaster.com/cgi-bin/view_details.cgi?date=04091952®=N93043&airline=Japan+Air+Lines].
*Japan Airlines Flight JA8032 accidentally landed in [[San Francisco Bay]] approx. 2 1/2 miles short of San Francisco International Airport on November 22, 1968. The [[Douglas DC-8|McDonnell Douglas DC-8-62]] aircraft was recovered after being in the water for 55 hours. There were no injuries to the crew nor to any passengers. [http://www.fss.aero/accident-reports/look.php?report_key=1355] Pilot Kohhei Asoh said that he mistakenly believed that he was landing on the runway when in fact the plane hit the water several hundred yards away.<ref>"[http://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl?id=1985_30703 JAL pilots cited in other crashes]." ''[[Houston Chronicle]]''.</ref>
*[[Japan Airlines Flight 351]] was [[aircraft hijacking|hijacked]] by the [[Japanese Red Army]] on [[March 31]], [[1970]] while en route to [[Fukuoka, Fukuoka|Fukuoka]] from [[Tokyo]]. The nine hijackers released all the passengers and crew at [[Fukuoka Airport]] and [[Seoul]]'s [[Gimpo Airport]] before proceeding to [[Pyongyang]], where they received [[right of asylum|political asylum]].<ref name=NPA>{{cite paper|url=http://www.npa.go.jp/keibi/kokutero1/english/pdf/sec03.pdf|format=PDF|date=2003|title=Movements of the Japanese Red Army and the "Yodo-go" Group"|publisher=National Police Agency, Japan|accessdate=2007-03-15}}</ref>
*Japan Airlines Flight 471, on [[June 14]], [[1972]], crashed outside of [[New Delhi]]'s [[Param International Airport]], killing 82 of 87 occupants (all 11 crew members and 71 of 76 passengers died [http://www.airsafe.com/events/airlines/jal.htm]) and four people on the ground [http://www.airdisaster.com/cgi-bin/view_details.cgi?date=06141972®=JA8012&airline=Japan+Air+Lines] [http://www.newspaperarchive.com/freepdfviewer.aspx?img=17802041].
*[[Japan Airlines Flight 472]] was [[aircraft hijacking|hijacked]] by the [[Japanese Red Army]] on [[September 28]], [[1977]]. The [[Douglas DC-8]], en route from [[Paris]] to [[Tokyo International Airport|Haneda Airport]] in [[Tokyo]] with 156 people on board, stopped in [[Mumbai]], [[India]]. Shortly after taking off from Mumbai, five armed JRA members hijacked the aircraft and ordered it flown to [[Dhaka]], [[Bangladesh]]. At Dhaka, the hijackers took the passengers and crew hostage, demanding $6 million and the release of 9 imprisoned JRA members. A chartered JAL flight carried the money and 6 of the 9 imprisoned JRA members to Dhaka, where the exchange took place on [[October 2]]. The hijackers released 118 passengers and crewmembers, and all remaining hostages were freed later.
*Japan Airlines Flight 715, a DC-8, crashed into a hill in bad weather while attempting to land at the Kuala Lumpur Subang Airport, on [[27 September]] [[1977]]. 34 people, including 8 of the 10 crew members and 26 of the 69 passengers [http://www.airsafe.com/events/airlines/jal.htm], were killed when the aircraft broke on impact. [http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19770927-0&lang=en]
*[[Japan Airlines Flight 350]] was a [[Douglas DC-8|McDonnell Douglas DC-8-61]], [[aircraft registration]] {{airreg|JA|8061}}, on a domestic scheduled passenger flight from [[Fukuoka, Fukuoka|Fukuoka]], [[Japan]], to [[Tokyo]]. The airplane crashed [[9 February]] [[1982]] on approach to [[Tokyo International Airport]] (Haneda). Among the 166 passengers and 8 crew, 24 passengers were killed, with no losses among the crew [http://www.airsafe.com/events/airlines/jal.htm].
*On [[August 12]], [[1985]], [[Japan Airlines Flight 123|Flight 123]], a Boeing 747SR bound for [[Osaka International Airport]], [[Itami]]/[[Toyonaka]], lost all its hydraulic systems shortly after takeoff from [[Tokyo International Airport]] and, after attempting to limp back to Tokyo, crashed into Mount Takamagahara near Gunma Prefecture; it was the worst single-aircraft disaster in history (and the third deadliest air disaster in history, after the [[9/11]] hijackings and the [[Tenerife Disaster|KLM-Pan Am Tenerife collision]]); 520 out of 524 people on board died.
* On [[June 8]], [[1997]], Japan Airlines [[Flight 706]] from [[Hong Kong]] to [[Nagoya]], using an [[McDonnell Douglas MD-11]], experienced abrupt "abnormal" altitude changes before landing in Nagoya.<ref>"[http://www.jalcrew.jp/jca/706/706%20Accident%20Investigation%20Report%20TST(Body).pdf Japan Airlines 706 Accident Investigation Report]"</ref> Eight people were injured and one, a cabin attendant, died 20 months after the incident. The Japanese authorities indicted the captain, Koichi Takamoto, but he was acquitted.<ref>"[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/summary_0199-1682628_ITM JAL captain indicted for alleged 1997 midair error.]"</ref><ref>"[http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20040731a4.html JAL pilot found not guilty of negligence]"</ref>
* On [[January 31]], [[2001]], two Japan Airlines aircraft, a [[Boeing 747-400]] and a [[Douglas DC-10]], nearly collided. See: [[2001 Japan Airlines mid-air incident]]
* On [[August 12]], [[2005]] metal fragments fell in a Fukuoka residential area from a JALways' flight bound for [[Honolulu]] after an engine briefly caught fire. A boy and a man were injured by fragments. The incident also happened exactly 20 years after Japan Airlines Flight 123. The plane was forced to return to [[Fukuoka Airport]]. The sight of flames coming from the engine was captured by a [[NHK]] TV news crew which happened to be recording because the service to Hawaii was about to be withdrawn as it was unprofitable. [http://mdn.mainichi-msn.co.jp/national/news/20050812p2a00m0na026000c.html]
* On [[April 2]], [[2007]], Japan Airlines [[Flight 329]], a [[Boeing 777]], carrying 259 people on board including Finance Minister [[Koji Omi]] made a safe emergency landing in [[Fukuoka Airport|Fukuoka]], in south [[Japan]] after the plane's right engine had to be shut down due to overheating. There were no injuries.
==Livery==
[[Image:JapanAirlinesMD81JA8554.jpg|thumb|A Japan Airlines [[McDonnell-Douglas MD-81]] in current "Arc of the Sun" livery and with a [[Unicef]] logo]]
The JAL livery is called the "Arc of the Sun." The livery features the motif of a rising sun on a creamy parchment colored background. JAL is a strong supporter of [[UNICEF]] and expresses its support by having a "We Support UNICEF" logo on each of the airline's aircraft.
JAL is known for adopting special liveries. 747 registration JA8908 carries an [[Adidas]] [[soccer]] livery. 747 registration JA8907 is the ''Matsui Jet'', featuring the famous Japanese baseball player [[Hideki Matsui]]. The airline's [[Boeing 767-300]], registration JA8253, is the ''[[Expo 2005]]'' aircraft. Various aircraft in the JAL fleet carry a ''[[Japan National Tourist Organization|Yokoso Japan]]'' logo supporting the Visit Japan campaign. During late 2005, Japan Airlines began using a Boeing 777 (registration JA8941), featuring Japanese actor [[Shingo Katori]] on one side, and [[television]] series ''[[Saiyuki (manga)|Saiyuki]]'', along with its main character "[[List of main characters from Saiyuki|Goku]]" on the other side [http://www.airliners.net/search/photo.search?id=986041,986040,986109,986121&engine_version=6.0|1]
JALways, whose fleet is entirely made of Boeing 747 aircraft, has painted all of its aircraft with tropical-influenced liveries along with "Reso'cha" titles. These aircraft are used on charter flights to holiday destinations in the Pacific, such as [[Hawaii]]. Reso'cha is a marketing abbreviation for Resort Charter. Reso'cha planes were formerly known as JAL Super Resort Express.
JAL repainted all its aircraft with the new livery. The last flight in the old (''tsurumaru'') livery took place on [[May 31]], [[2008]].<ref>[http://www.jal.co.jp/tsurumaru/ JAL - さよなら「鶴丸」] (''Sayonara Tsurumaru''), JAL official web site, retrieved [[June 1]], [[2008]]</ref>
JAL is also known for its liveries featuring [[Tokyo Disneyland]] and [[Tokyo DisneySea]], as it is the official airline of the Tokyo Disney Resort. They sponsor the attraction Star Jets (not related to past Star Jets fleet with the old Red Crane livery), which feature a variation of the current livery on the ride vehicles. At one time there were more than six widebody aircraft painted with the special liveries.
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
==External links==
{{commons|Japan Airlines}}
* [http://www.jal.co.jp/en/ Airline website for Japan] ([http://www.jal.co.jp/ Japanese])
* [http://www.ar.jal.com/en/ Airline website for the Americas] ([http://www.ar.jal.com/ja/ Japanese])
* [http://www.jal.com/en/ Corporate website] ([http://www.jal.com/ja/ Japanese])
{{Template group
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{{JAL Group}}
{{Oneworld}}
{{Airlines of Japan}}
{{IATA members|asia}}
{{Association of Asia Pacific Airlines}}
{{Nikkei 225}}
}}
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