Jatropha 892341 226122572 2008-07-16T22:29:36Z Ronz 7862 [[WP:UNDO|Undid]] revision 226100279 by [[Special:Contributions/76.185.229.173|76.185.229.173]] ([[User talk:76.185.229.173|talk]]) off topic {{Taxobox | name = ''Jatropha'' | image = Belize3.jpg | image_width = 250px | image_caption = [[Spicy jatropha]] (''Jatropha integerrima'') | regnum = [[Plant]]ae | divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]] | classis = [[Magnoliopsida]] | ordo = [[Malpighiales]] | familia = [[Euphorbiaceae]] | subfamilia = [[Crotonoideae]] | tribus = [[Jatropheae]] | genus = '''''Jatropha''''' | subdivision_ranks = [[Species]] | subdivision = Approximately 175, see [[Jatropha#Species|Section Species]]. }} '''''Jatropha''''' is a [[genus]] of approximately 175 [[succulent plant]]s, [[shrub]]s and [[tree]]s (some are [[deciduous]], like ''[[Jatropha curcas]]'' L.), from the family [[Euphorbiaceae]]. The name is derived from ([[Greek language|Greek ]] '''''iatros''''' = physician and '''''trophe''''' = nutrition), hence the common name '''physic nut'''. ''Jatropha'' is native to Central America<ref name="Fairless ">{{cite journal|author=Fairless D.|year= 2007|title=Biofuel: The little shrub that could - maybe| journal=Nature|volume=449|pages=652–655|doi=10.1038/449652a}}</ref> and has become [[Naturalisation (biology)|naturalized]] in many tropical and subtropical areas, including [[India]], [[Africa]], and [[North America]]. Originating in the [[Caribbean]], ''Jatropha'' was spread as a valuable [[hedge]] plant to Africa and [[Asia]] by [[Portugal|Portuguese]] traders. The mature small trees bear [[monoecious|separate]] male and female flowers, and do not grow very tall. As with many members of the family [[Euphorbiaceae]], ''Jatropha'' contains compounds that are highly toxic. The hardy ''Jatropha'' is resistant to [[drought]] and [[pest]]s, and produces [[seed]]s containing up to 40% [[Jatropha oil|oil]]. When the seeds are crushed and processed, the resulting oil can be used in a standard [[diesel engine]], while the residue can also be processed into [[biomass]] to power electricity plants.<ref name=times>{{cite web |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article2155351.ece |title=Poison plant could help to cure the planet |publisher=[[The Times]] |date=2007-07-08 |accessdate=2008-06-09}}</ref> [[Goldman Sachs]] recently cited ''[[Jatropha curcas]]'' as one of the best candidates for future [[biodiesel]] production.<ref>[http://online.wsj.com/article/SB118788662080906716.html?mod=googlenews_wsj Jatropha Plant Gains Steam In Global Race for Biofuels]</ref> However, despite its abundance and use as an oil and [[Land reclamation|reclamation]] plant, none of the ''Jatropha'' species have been properly [[domestication|domesticated]] and, as a result, its productivity is variable, and the long-term impact of its large-scale use on soil quality and the environment is unknown.<ref name="Fairless"/> == Vegoil and biodiesel == {{Main|Jatropha oil}} [[Image:071027-07.jpg|thumb|''Jatropha curcas'' seedlings in a greenhouse in Nicaragua]] Currently the oil from ''[[Jatropha curcas]]'' [[seed]]s is used for making [[biodiesel]] fuel in [[Philippines]], promoted by a law authored by Philippine senators Miriam Defensor-Santiago and Miguel Zubiri. Likewise, [[jatropha oil]] is being promoted as an easily grown biofuel crop in hundreds of projects throughout India and other developing countries.<ref name="Fairless"/><ref>[http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/news/default.asp?NewsID=75F25096-4E40-4437-B445-37AD534D033F World Agroforestry Centre<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The rail line between [[Mumbai]] and [[Delhi]] is planted with ''Jatropha'' and the train itself runs on 15-20% [[biodiesel]].<ref name="Fairless"/> In Africa, cultivation of ''Jatropha'' is being promoted and is grown successfully in countries such as Mali.<ref>{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Mali’s Farmers Discover a Weed’s Potential Power |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/09/world/africa/09biofuel.html?em&ex=1189483200&en=b8f0eb75c65f04f3&ei=5087%0A |quote=But now that a plant called jatropha is being hailed by scientists and policy makers as a potentially ideal source of biofuel, a plant that can grow in marginal soil or beside food crops, that does not require a lot of fertilizer and yields many times as much biofuel per acre planted as corn and many other potential biofuels. By planting a row of jatropha for every seven rows of regular crops, Mr. Banani could double his income on the field in the first year and lose none of his usual yield from his field. |publisher=[[New York Times]] |date=[[September 9]], [[2007]] |accessdate=2007-08-21 }}</ref> Estimates of ''Jatropha'' seed yield vary widely, due to a lack of research data, the genetic diversity of the crop, the range of environments in which it is grown, and ''Jatropha'''s perennial life cycle. Seed yields under cultivation can range from 1,500 to 2,000 kilograms per hectare, corresponding to extractable oil yields of 540 to 680 liters per hectare.<ref>{{cite news | last = Dar | first = William D. | title = Research needed to cut risks to biofuel farmers | language = English | publisher = Science and Development Network | date = 6 December 2007 | url = http://www.scidev.net/content/opinions/eng/research-needed-to-cut-risks-to-biofuel-farmers.cfm | accessdate = 2007-12-26 }} </ref> ''Jatropha'' can also be [[intercropping|intercropped]] with other cash crops such as coffee, sugar, fruits and vegetables.<ref name=reuk>[http://www.reuk.co.uk/Jatropha-for-Biodiesel-Figures.htm Jatropha for biodiesel]</ref> [[Air New Zealand]] is planning a [[747]] jumbo jet flight from Auckland in the fall of 2008 with one of the four engines being powered by fuel refined from the seed of a fast-growing plant. The three-hour test flight could mark one of the more promising -- and more unusual -- steps by the financially strapped airline industry to find cheaper and more environmentally friendly alternatives to fossil fuel. The airline announced plans to use the new fuel for 10% of its needs by 2013. The jatropha oil is also significantly cheaper than crude oil. It could cost an estimated $43 a barrel, or about one-third of [[June 4]], [[2008]] closing price of $122.30 for a barrel of crude oil.<ref> {{cite web |url=http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-newfuel5-2008jun05,0,5339412.story |title=Jatropha plant's oil studied as jet fuel - Los Angeles Times |publisher=www.latimes.com |accessdate=2008-06-05 |last=Pae |first=Peter }} </ref> == Other uses == See in the article on ''[[Jatropha curcas]]''. ==Toxicity== Characteristic of many members of the family [[Euphorbiaceae]], ''Jatropha'' plants contain several toxic compounds, including [[lectin]], [[saponin]], carcinogenic [[phorbol]], and a [[trypsin inhibitor]]. Despite this, the seeds are occasionally eaten after roasting, which reduces some of the toxicity. Its sap is a skin irritant, and ingesting as few as three untreated seeds can be fatal to humans. In 2005 Western Australia banned ''[[Jatropha gossypifolia]]'' as invasive and highly toxic to people and animals.<ref name=times/> Ingesting even small amounts of ''Jatropha'' can induce vomiting, and common names for ''[[Jatropha curcas]]'' include purging nut, big purging nut, American purging nut, and black vomit nut. ==Species== [[Image:Jatropha4.jpg|thumb|right|250px|''Jatropha multifida'']] Species of ''Jatropha'' include: * ''[[Jatropha cuneata]]'' '''limberbush''', whose stems are used for basketmaking by the [[Seri people]] in [[Sonora]], [[Mexico]], who call it '''haat''' {{IPA|[ʔaat]}}. The stems are roasted, split and soaked through an elaborate process. The reddish color dye that is often used is made from the root of another plant species, ''Krameria grayi''. * ''[[Jatropha curcas]]'', also known as '''physic nut''', '''piñoncillo''' and '''Habb-El-Melúk''', is used to produce the non-edible [[Jatropha oil]], for making candles and [[soap]], and as a feedstock for producing [[biodiesel]]. Prior to pressing, the seed can be shelled with the [[Universal Nut Sheller]] which reduces the arduous task of removing the seeds from the shell by hand. Once the seeds have been pressed, the remaining cake can be used as feed in [[digester]]s and gasifiers to produce biogas for cooking and in engines, or be used for fertilizing, and sometimes even as animal [[fodder]]. The whole seed (with oil) can also be used in digesters to produce biogas. Large plantings and nurseries have been undertaken in [[India]] by many research institutions, and by women's [[self-help]] groups who use a system of [[microcredit]] to ease poverty among semi-literate Indian women. * ''[[Jatropha gossypifolia]]'', also called '''bellyache bush''': its fruits and foliage are toxic to humans and animals. It is a major weed in [[Australia]]. * ''[[Jatropha integerrima]]'' [[Nicolaus Joseph von Jacquin|Jacq.]], or '''spicy jatropha''': ornamental in the tropics, continuously [[crimson]], flowers almost all year. * ''[[Jatropha multifida]]'' [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]], or '''coral plant''': bright red flowers, like red coral, charactertised by strongly incised leaves. * ''[[Jatropha podagrica]]'' or '''buddha belly plant''' or '''bottleplant shrub''' was used to [[tanning|tan]] [[leather]] and produce a red [[dye]] in Mexico and the Southwestern [[United States]]. It is also used as a house plant. ==Gallery of Buddha Belly plant (''Jatropha podagrica'')== <gallery> Image:Trunk_I_IMG_9718.jpg|Trunk at Kolkata, West Bengal, India Image:Leaves & flowers I IMG 9716.jpg|Leaves & flowers at Kolkata, West Bengal, India Image:Fruit I IMG 9792.jpg|Fruit at Kolkata, West Bengal, India Image:Flowers I IMG 9716.jpg|Flowers at Kolkata, West Bengal, India </gallery> ==Gallery of [[Lepidoptera]] species on ''Jatropha panduraefolia'' == <gallery> Image:Common Emigrant (Catopsilia pomona) on Jatropha panduraefolia at Kolkata Iws IMG 0229.jpg| Common Emigrant ''Catopsilia pomona'' in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. Image:Common Indian Crow (Euploea core) on Jatropha panduraefolia in Kolkata Iws IMG 0227 .jpg| Common Indian Crow ''Euploea core'' in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. Image:Common Mime - Papilio clytia (dissimilis form) on Jatropha panduraefolia in Kolkata Iws IMG 0252.jpg| Common Mime ''Papilio clytia'' (''dissimilis form'') in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. Image:Common Mime - Papilio clytia (dissimilis form) on Jatropha panduraefolia in Kolkata Iws IMG 0249.jpg| Common Mime ''Papilio clytia'' (''dissimilis form'') in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. Image:Common Mime - Papilio clytia (dissimilis form) on Jatropha panduraefolia in Kolkata Iws IMG 0248.jpg| Common Mime ''Papilio clytia'' (''dissimilis form'') in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. Image:Common Mime - Papilio clytia (dissimilis form) on Jatropha panduraefolia in Kolkata Iws IMG 0246.jpg| Common Mime ''Papilio clytia'' (''dissimilis form'') in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. Image:Common Mime - Papilio clytia (dissimilis form) on Jatropha panduraefolia in Kolkata Iws IMG 0244.jpg| Common Mime ''Papilio clytia'' (''dissimilis form'') in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. Image:Common Mime - Papilio clytia (dissimilis form) on Jatropha panduraefolia in Kolkata Iws IMG 0243.jpg| Common Mime ''Papilio clytia'' (''dissimilis form'') in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. Image:Common Mime - Papilio clytia (dissimilis form) on Jatropha panduraefolia in Kolkata Iws IMG 0217.jpg| Common Mime ''Papilio clytia'' (''dissimilis form'') in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. Image:Common Emigrant (Catopsilia pomona)- Male on Jatropha panduraefolia in Kolkata Iws IMG 0225.jpg| Common Emigrant ''Catopsilia pomona'' (Male) in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. Image:Common Emigrant (Catopsilia pomona)- Female on Jatropha panduraefolia in Kolkata Iws IMG 0211.jpg| Common Emigrant ''Catopsilia pomona'' (Female) in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. Image:Common Emigrant (Catopsilia pomona)- Female on Jatropha panduraefolia at Kolkata Iws IMG 0209.jpg| Common Emigrant ''Catopsilia pomona'' (Female) in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. </gallery> == Synonyms == This genus is also known as: * ''Adenorhopium'' <small>[[Rchb.]]</small> * ''Adenoropium'' <small>[[Pohl]]</small> * ''Aamanakku / Kaattaamanakku'' <small>[[Tamil, India]]</small> * ''Castiglionia'' <small>[[Ruiz]] & [[Pav.]]</small> * ''Collenucia'' <small>[[Chiov.]]</small> * ''Curcas'' <small>[[Adans.]]</small> * ''Jatropa'' <small>[[Scop.]]</small>, orth. var. * ''Loureira'' <small>[[Cav.]]</small> * ''Mesandrinia'' <small>[[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque-Schmaltz|Raf.]]</small> * ''Mesandrinia'' <small>Ortega</small> * ''Tempate'' <small>[[El Salvador]]; [[Nicaragua]]</small> * ''Zimapania'' <small>[[Adolf Engler|Engl.]] & [[Ferdinand Albin Pax|Pax]]</small> * ''Nkran Dedua''<small> [[jatropha]]|Engl.]][[ www.jatrophaafrica.com]]</small> Ghana * ''Pourghère'' <small>[[French term]]</small> == See also == {{EnergyPortal}} *[[Jatropha In India]] ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== {{Commons|Jatropha}} *[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/6278140.stm BBC News website article re. Jatropha and biofuels] *[http://www.renewableenergyaccess.com/rea/news/story?id=49611 Brazil Opens its First Commercial Jatropha Biodiesel Facility] [[Category:Jatropha| ]] [[Category:Biodiesel crops]] [[Category:Medicinal plants]] [[am:ጃትሮፋ]] [[ar:جاتروفا]] [[de:Jatropha]] [[es:Jatropha]] [[fr:Jatropha]] [[it:Jatropha]] [[pam:Jatropha]] [[pt:Jatropha]]