Java 69336 225982785 2008-07-16T09:18:40Z 217.36.224.11 {{two other uses|the island of Java|the programming language|Java (programming language)}} {{Infobox Islands |name = Java |image name = Java Topography.png |image caption = Topography of Java |locator map = JavaLocatie-1-.png |native name = Jawa |native name link = Indonesian language |location = [[Southeast Asia]] |coordinates = {{coor dms|7|30|10|S|111|15|47|E|type:isle_region:ID_scale:8100000}} |archipelago = [[Greater Sunda Islands]] |area = {{km2 to mi2|126700|abbr=yes}} |rank = 13th |highest mount = [[Semeru]] |elevation = {{m to ft|3676|abbrv=yes}} |country = Indonesia |country admin divisions title = Provinces |country admin divisions = [[Banten]],<br>[[Jakarta|Jakarta&nbsp;Special&nbsp;Capital&nbsp;City&nbsp;District]],<br>[[West Java]],<br>[[Central Java]],<br>[[East Java]],<br>[[Yogyakarta|Yogyakarta Special Region]] |country largest city = [[Jakarta]] |country largest city area = 661.52&nbsp;km² |population = 124 million |population as of = 2005 |density = 979 |ethnic groups = [[Sundanese people|Sundanese]], [[Javanese people|Javanese]], [[Tenggerese]], [[Badui]], [[Osing]], [[Bantenese]], [[Cirebonese]], [[Betawi]] }} '''Java''' ([[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]: ''Jawa'') is an [[island]] of [[Indonesia]] and the site of its [[capital]] city, [[Jakarta]]. Once the centre of powerful [[Hindu]] kingdoms and the core of the colonial [[Dutch East Indies]], Java now plays a dominant role in the economic and political life of Indonesia. Housing a population of 130 million in 2006<ref>[http://www.bps.go.id/leaflet/Booklet_indikatorkunci.pdf? Page 6]</ref>, it is the [[List of islands by population|most populous island]] in the world, ahead of [[Honshū]], the main island of [[Japan]]. Java is also one of the most [[Population density|densely populated]] regions on Earth. Formed mostly as the result of volcanic events, Java is the [[List_of_islands_by_area|13th largest island in the world]] and the fifth largest island in Indonesia. A chain of volcanic mountains forms an east-west spine along the island. It has three main languages, and most residents are [[bilingual]], with [[Bahasa Indonesia language|Indonesian]] as their second language. While the majority of Javanese are Muslim, Java has a diverse mixture of religious beliefs and cultures. ==Etymology== The origins of the name 'Java' are not clear. One possibility is that early travellers from India named the island after the [[Panicum italicum|''jáwa-wut'']] plant, which was said to be common in the island during the time, and that prior to Indianization the island had different names.<ref>Raffles, Thomas E. : " The History of Java". Oxford University Press, 1965. Page 2</ref> There are other possible sources: the word ''jaú'' and its variations mean "beyond" or "distant".<ref>Raffles, Thomas E. : "The History of Java". Oxford University Press, 1965. Page 3</ref> And, in [[Sanskrit]] ''yava'' means barley, a plant for which the island was famous.<ref>Raffles, Thomas E. : "The History of Java". Oxford University Press, 1965. Page 3</ref> Other source states that the "java" word is derived from a Proto-[[Austronesian]] root word, meaning 'home'.<ref>Hatley, R., Schiller, J., Lucas, A., Martin-Schiller, B., (1984). "Mapping cultural regions of Java" in: Other Javas away from the kraton. pp. 1-32.</ref> Outsiders often referred to Java and the neighboring islands by the same name, or use names inconsistently for different islands. For example, [[Marco Polo]] refers to neighbouring [[Sumatra]] as "little Java"<ref> The book of Ser Marco Polo, the Venetian, concerning the kingdoms and marvels of the East. Newly tr. and ed. with notes, maps, and other illustrations. By Colonel Henry Yule. London, John Murray, 1875. Page 267</ref> and [[Ptolemy]] refers to Sumatra as ''Jaba-diu''.<ref> Asiatick researches, or, Transactions of the society instituted in Bengal, for inquiring into the history and antiquities, the arts, sciences, and literature, of Asia. London : Printed by T. Maiden, for Vernor, Hood, and Sharpe ; Cuthell and Martin , 1806–1807. Page 38</ref> ==History== {{details|History of Indonesia}} Java is known for several important finds of early [[Hominidae|hominid]] specimens.<ref>[http://countrystudies.us/indonesia/3.htm Indonesia – Early History] Country Studies US. Retrieved [[26 July]] [[2006]] </ref> In particular, the 1891 discovery of [[cranium|cranial]] [[fossil]] remains commonly known as "[[Java man]]" (now designated as [[Trinil 2]], after the [[Trinil]] site on the [[Bengawan Solo River]]) is notable as the first early hominid specimen found outside Europe. In the following course of human history, several [[monarchy|kingdoms]] existed on Java. The first kingdoms ruled there were [[Indianized kingdom]]s like [[Tarumanagara]] and [[Sunda Kingdom|Sunda]], influenced by [[Hinduism]] and [[Buddhism]]. [[Sailendra]] (8&ndash;9th century), [[Mataram Kingdom|Mataram]] (752&ndash;1045), [[Kediri (historical kingdom)|Kediri]] (1045&ndash;1221), [[Singhasari]] (1222&ndash;1292) and [[Majapahit]] (1293&ndash;1500) were among them, leaving evidence of their existence throughout Java. Among many other [[Candi of Indonesia#Candi of Java|temples in Java]], [[Borobudur]] (a Buddhist temple) and [[Prambanan]] (a Hindu temple) are the most famous relics of the old Javanese kingdoms, both of which are listed in the [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO world heritage site]]. [[Islam]] spread into the Indonesian archipelago, including Java, in the thirteenth century. At the time, the [[Wali Songo]] (the "nine ambassadors") were the most prominent Muslim evangelists in the region. [[The spread of Islam in Indonesia (1200 to 1600)|The spread of Islam]] (1200&ndash;1600) took place first in coastal cities, which developed into Muslim states, such as [[Sultanate of Demak]] (1475&ndash;1518) and [[Mataram Sultanate]] (1500s&ndash;1700s). [[Image:Java-Map.jpg|thumb|350px|Early 18th century Dutch map; only the north coastal ports of Java are well known.]] In [[1602]], the [[Dutch East India Company]] (VOC) arrived in the archipelago and subsequently occupied and maintained control of trade and power for more than 300 years. VOC established Batavia (present-day [[Jakarta]]) on the northern coast of Java as its trading center and administrative headquarters. Other north coastal cities, such as [[Semarang]] and [[Surabaya]], developed into major trading harbors. The Dutch also developed [[Bandung]] in the inner mountainous region of West Java to which they had planned to move the capital from Batavia. Java was briefly governed by the [[British East India Company]] (1811&ndash;1816) under the appointed Lieutenant [[Governor-General|Governor General]] [[Stamford Raffles|Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles]], while Holland was occupied by France during the Napoleonic wars. During Raffles' administration he introduced partial self-government, a land-tenure system, and abolished the slave trade. Besides that, Raffles developed a strong interest in Javanese culture and restored several temples, including Borobudur. Raffles also wrote the famous book of "The History of Java", the first book that described Java's civilization and culture to the outside world. After [[Indonesian independence]] in [[1945]] Jakarta remained as the capital, while Java itself has grown into the most crowded area in Indonesia. Although parts of rural Java are still underdeveloped, the urban areas are the wealthiest and most developed parts of Indonesia. ==Geography== [[Image:Semeru Bromo Temple.JPG|thumb|right|[[Mount Semeru]] and [[Mount Bromo]] in [[East Java]]]] Java lies between [[Sumatra]] to the northwest and [[Bali]] to the east. [[Borneo]] lies to the north and [[Christmas Island]] to the south. It is the [[List of islands by area|world's 13th largest island]]. Java is almost entirely of [[volcanic]] origin; it contains no fewer than thirty-eight mountains forming an east-west spine which have at one time or another been active [[volcanoes]]. The highest volcano in Java is Mount [[Semeru]] (3,676 m). The most active volcano in Java and also in Indonesia is Mount [[Merapi]] (2,914 m). ''See [[Volcanoes of Java]].'' Further mountains and highlands help to split the interior into a series of relatively isolated regions suitable for [[wet-rice]] cultivation; the rice lands of Java are among the richest in the world.<ref name="RICKLEFS_p15">{{cite book | last =Ricklefs| first =M.C. | authorlink = | coauthors = | title =A History of Modern Indonesia since c.1300 (2nd edition)| publisher =MacMillan| date =1991 | location =London | pages =page 15 | url = | doi = | id = ISBN 0-333-57690-X }}</ref> The area of Java is approximately 132,000km<sup>2</sup>.<ref name="MONK_7">{{cite book |last=Monk, |first=K.A. |coauthors=Fretes, Y., Reksodiharjo-Lilley, G. |title=The Ecology of Nusa Tenggara and Maluku |publisher=Periplus Editions Ltd. |date=1996 |page=page 7|location=Hong Kong |id=ISBN 962-593-076-0}}</ref> The island's longest [[river]] is the 600 [[kilometre|km]] long [[Bengawan Solo River]].<ref>[http://www.jasatirta1.go.id/english/3WorkArea/20BengawanSolo.htm Management of Bengawan Solo River Area] Jasa Tirta I Corporation 2004. Retrieved [[26 July]] [[2006]]</ref> The river rises from its source in central Java at the [[Lawu]] volcano, the flows north and eastwards to its mouth in the [[Java Sea]] near the city of [[Surabaya]]. The island is administratively divided into four [[Provinces of Indonesia|provinces]] ([[Banten]], [[West Java]], [[Central Java]], and [[East Java]]), one special region ([[Yogyakarta]]), and one special capital district ([[Jakarta]]). Popular tourist destinations include the city of [[Yogyakarta (city)|Yogyakarta]], the huge [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] stupa complex of [[Borobudur]], the [[Hindu]] temples at [[Prambanan]], and [[Mount Bromo]] in East Java. ==Demographics== [[Image:Central Jakarta.JPG|thumb|right|Central [[Jakarta]]]] Java is by far the most populous island in Indonesia, with approximately 62% of the country's [[population]],<ref>[http://www.indonesia-ottawa.org/page.php?s=1000people Embassy of Indonesia, Ottawa]</ref> and is the most populous island in the world. With 130 million inhabitants at 1026 people per km², it is also one of the most densely-populated parts of the world. If it were a country, it would be the second-most densely-populated country of the world after [[Bangladesh]], if very small city-states are excluded.<ref>{{cite web | last = Calder | first = Joshua | title = Most Populous Islands | publisher = World Island Information | date = [[3 May]] [[2006]] | url = http://www.worldislandinfo.com/POPULATV2.htm | accessdate = 2006-09-26 }}</ref> Approximately 45% of the population of Indonesia is ethnically Javanese.<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/id.html CIA factbook]</ref> Since the 1970s the Indonesian government has run [[Transmigration Program|transmigration program]]s aimed at resettling the population of Java on other less-populated islands of Indonesia. This program has met with mixed results; sometimes causing conflicts between the locals and the recently arrived [[settlers]]. ==Ethnicity and culture== {{seealso|Culture of Indonesia}} Despite its large population and in contrast to the other larger islands of Indonesia, Java is comparatively homogeneous in ethnic composition. Only two ethnic groups are native to the island - the [[Javanese people|Javanese]] and [[Sundanese people|Sundanese]]. A third group is the [[Madurese people|Madurese]], who inhabit the island of [[Madura]] off the north east coast of Java, and have immigrated to [[East Java]] in large numbers since the 18th century.<ref name=Periplus58>{{cite book | last = Hefner | first = Robert | title = Java | publisher = Periplus Editions | date = 1997 | location = Singapore | pages = page 58 | isbn = ISBN 962-593-244-5}}</ref> The Javanese comprise about two-thirds of the island's population, while the Sundanese and Madurese account for 20% and 10% respectively.<ref name=Periplus58/> Four major cultural areas exist on the island: the ''[[kejawen]]'' or the Javanese heartland, the north coast of the ''pasisir'' region, the [[Sunda]] lands of West Java, and the eastern salient, also known as [[Blambangan]]. Madura makes up a fifth area having close cultural ties with coastal Java.<ref name=Periplus58/> In the southwestern part of Central Java, usually named the [[Banyumasan]] region, a cultural mingling occurred; bringing together Javanese culture and Sundanese culture to create the [[Banyumasan]] culture. In the central Javanese court cities of [[Yogyakarta (city)|Yogyakarta]] and [[Surakarta]], contemporary kings trace their lineages back to the pre-colonial Islamic kingdoms that ruled the region, making those places especially strong repositories of classical Javanese culture. Classic arts of Java include [[gamelan]] music and [[wayang]] puppet shows. Java was the site of many influential kingdoms in the Southeast Asian region, and as a result, many literary works have been written by Javanese authors. These include ''[[Ken Arok]] and [[Ken Dedes]]'', the story of the orphan who usurped his king, and married the queen of the ancient Javanese kingdom; and translations of ''[[Ramayana]]'' and ''[[Mahabarata]]''. [[Pramoedya Ananta Toer]] is a famous contemporary Indonesian author, who has written many stories based on his own experiences of having grown up in Java, and takes many elements from Javanese folklore and historical legends. ==Languages== [[Image:Java languages.JPG|thumb|250px|Languages spoken in Java (Javanese is shown in white)]] The three major languages spoken on Java are [[Javanese language|Javanese]], [[Sundanese language|Sundanese]] and [[Madurese language|Madurese]]. Other languages spoken include [[Betawi language|Betawi]] (a [[Malay language|Malay]] dialect local to the Jakarta region), [[Osing]] and [[Tenggerese]] (closely related to Javanese), [[Badui]] (closely related to Sundanese), [[Kangean]]ese (closely related to Madurese), and [[Balinese language|Balinese]].<ref>[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=Indonesia+(Java+and+Bali) Languages of Java and Bali] – Ethnologue. Other sources may list some of these as dialects rather than languages.</ref> The vast majority of the population also speaks [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]], generally as a second language. ==Religion== More than 90 percent of [[Javanese people|Javanese]] are Muslims, on a broad continuum between ''[[abangan]]'' (more nominal or syncretic) and ''[[santri]]'' (more orthodox). Small [[Hindu]] enclaves are scattered throughout Java, but there is a large [[Hindu]] population along the eastern coast nearest [[Bali]], especially around the town of [[Banyuwangi]]. There are also [[Christian]] communities, mostly in the larger cities, though some rural areas of south-central Java are strongly [[Roman Catholic]]. [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] communities also exist in the major cities, primarily among the [[Chinese Indonesian]]. The Indonesian constitution recognises six official religions. (See [[Religion in Indonesia]].) Java has been a melting pot of religions and cultures, which has created a broad range of religious belief. [[Indian subcontinent|Indian]] influences came first with [[Shivaism]] and [[Buddhism]] penetrating deeply into society, blending with indigenous tradition and culture.<ref name="kroef1961">{{cite journal|first=Justus M.|last=van der Kroef|title=New Religious Sects in Java|journal=Far Eastern Survey|volume=30|issue=2|date=1961|pages=18–15|url=http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0362-8949%28196102%2930%3A2%3C18%3ANRSIJ%3E2.0.CO%3B2-P|doi=10.1525/as.1961.30.2.01p1432u}}</ref> One conduit for this were the [[ascetic]]s, called ''resi'', who taught mystical practices. A ''resi'' lived surrounded by students, who took care of their master's daily needs. Resi's authorities were merely ceremonial. At the courts, [[Brahmin]] clerics and ''pudjangga'' (sacred literati) legitimised rulers and linked [[Hinduism|Hindu]] cosmology to their political needs.<ref name="kroef1961"/> [[Islam]], which came after Hinduism, strengthened the status structure of this traditional religious pattern. The Muslim scholar of the writ (''[[Kyai]]'') became the new religious elite as Hindu influences receded. Islam recognises no hierarchy of religious leaders nor a formal [[priesthood]], but the [[Dutch East Indies Company|Dutch colonial government]] established an elaborate rank order for mosque and other Islamic preaching schools. In Javanese ''[[pesantren]]'' (Islamic schools), The ''Kyai'' perpetuated the tradition of the ''resi''. Students around him provided his needs, even [[peasant]]s around the school.<ref name="kroef1961"/> Pre-Islamic Javanese traditions have encouraged Islam in a mystical direction. There emerged in Java a loosely structured society of religious leadership, revolving around ''kyais'', possessing various degrees of proficiency in pre-Islamic and Islamic [[lore]], [[dogma]] and practice.<ref name="kroef1961"/> The kyais are the principal intermediaries between the villages masses and the realm of the [[supernatural]]. However, this very looseneess of kyai leadership structure has promoted [[schism (religion)|schism]]. There were often sharp divisions between orthodox kyais, who merely instructed in Islamic law, with those who taught [[mysticism]] and those who sought reformed Islam with modern scientific concepts. As a result, there is a division between ''santri'', who believe that they are more orthodox in their Islamic belief and practice, with ''[[abangan]]'', who has mixed pre-Islamic [[animistic]] and Hindu-Indian concepts with a superficial acceptance of Islamic dogma.<ref name="kroef1961"/> A wider effect of this division is the number of sects. In the middle of 1956, the Department of Religious Affairs in [[Yogyakarta]] reported 63 religious sects in Java other than the official Indonesian religions. Of these, 35 were in [[Central Java]], 22 in [[West Java]] and 6 in [[East Java]].<ref name="kroef1961"/> These include [[Kejawen]], [[Sumarah]], [[Subud]], etc. Their total membership is difficult to estimate as many of their adherents identify themselves with one of the official religions.<ref name="Beatty">Beatty, Andrew, ''Varieties of Javanese Religion: An Anthropological Account'', Cambridge University Press 1999, ISBN 0-521-62473-8</ref> ==Further reading== * {{cite book |last=Cribb |first=Robert |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Historical Atlas of Indonesia |publisher=RoutledgeCurzon Press, University of Hawaii Press|date=2000 |location= London and Honolulu|pages= |url= |doi= |id=ISBN 0-8248-2111-4}} ==See also== * [[2005 Java-Bali Blackout]] * [[2007 Java earthquake]] * [[May 2006 Java earthquake]] * [[July 2006 Java earthquake]] ==References== <!-- ---------------------------------------------------------- See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes for a discussion of different citation methods and how to generate footnotes using the <ref>, </ref> and <reference /> tags ----------------------------------------------------------- --> <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;"> <references /> </div> ==External links== {{portal|Indonesia}} {{commons|Java}} * {{wikitravelpar|Java}} {{Indonesia}} [[Category:Java| ]] [[Category:Islands of Indonesia]] [[af:Java (eiland)]] [[ar:جاوة]] [[bn:জাভা দ্বীপ]] [[zh-min-nan:Java-tó]] [[bs:Java (ostrvo)]] [[bg:Ява]] [[ca:Illa de Java]] [[cs:Jáva]] [[cy:Jawa]] [[da:Java (ø)]] [[de:Java (Insel)]] [[et:Jaava]] [[el:Ιάβα]] [[es:Java (isla)]] [[eo:Javo]] [[eu:Java (uhartea)]] [[fa:جاوه]] [[fr:Java (île)]] [[ga:Iáva]] [[gl:Xava (illa)]] [[ko:자와 섬]] [[hi:जावा द्वीप]] [[hr:Java (otok)]] [[io:Java (insulo)]] [[id:Pulau Jawa]] [[is:Java]] [[it:Giava]] [[he:ג'אווה]] [[jv:Jawa]] [[ku:Cava (erdnîgarî)]] [[la:Iava]] [[lt:Java (sala)]] [[hu:Jáva (sziget)]] [[mk:Јава]] [[ms:Jawa]] [[nl:Java (eiland)]] [[ja:ジャワ島]] [[no:Java (øy)]] [[km:កោះជ្វា]] [[pl:Jawa]] [[pt:Java]] [[ru:Ява]] [[scn:Giava]] [[simple:Java]] [[sk:Jáva]] [[sl:Java]] [[sr:Јава]] [[su:Pulo Jawa]] [[fi:Jaava]] [[sv:Java]] [[tl:Java (pulo)]] [[ta:ஜாவா (தீவு)]] [[th:เกาะชวา]] [[vi:Java]] [[tr:Cava Adası]] [[uk:Ява (острів)]] [[zh:爪哇岛]]