Jean-Martin Charcot
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2008-07-16T02:36:16Z
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{{Unreferenced|date=September 2007}}
{{Infobox_Scientist
| name = Jean-Martin Charcot
| image =Jean-Martin Charcot.jpg
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| birth_date = {{birth date|1825|11|29|mf=y}}
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| death_date = {{death date|1893|8|16|mf=y}}
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| residence = [[France]]
| nationality = [[France|French]]
| field = [[Neurologist]] and [[professor]] of [[anatomical pathology]]
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'''Jean-Martin Charcot''' ([[29 November]] [[1825]] – [[16 August]] [[1893]]) was a [[France|French]] [[neurologist]] and professor of [[anatomical pathology]]. His work greatly influenced the developing fields of [[neurology]] and [[psychology]]. He was called "the Napoleon of the [[neuroses]]."
== Life ==
[[Image:Pr Charcot DSC09405.jpg|left|thumb|Charcot ''(left)'' demonstrates [[hypnosis]] on a "[[hysteria|hysterical]]" ''[[Salpêtrière]]'' patient, "Blanche" (Marie Wittman), who is supported by Dr. [[Joseph Babiński]] ''(rear)''.]]
Born in [[Paris]], Charcot worked and taught at the famous [[Salpêtrière]] Hospital for thirty three years. His reputation as an instructor drew students from all over Europe. In 1882, he established a neurology clinic at Salpêtrière, which was the first of its kind in Europe.
Charcot's primary focus was [[neurology]]. He named and was the first to describe [[multiple sclerosis]]. He was also the first to describe a disorder known as [[Charcot joint]] or Charcot arthropathy, a degeneration of joint surfaces resulting from loss of [[proprioception]]. He researched the functions of different parts of the brain and the role of arteries in [[cerebral hemorrhage]].
He was also one of the first to describe [[Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease]] (CMT). The announcement was made simultaneously with [[Pierre Marie]] of France (his resident) and [[Howard Henry Tooth]] of England. The disease is also sometimes called peroneal muscular atrophy.
In 1861 and 1862, Jean-Martin Charcot, with [[Alfred Vulpian]], added more symptoms to [[James Parkinson]]'s clinical description and then subsequently attached the name [[Parkinson's disease]] to the syndrome.
But Charcot's most enduring work is that on [[hypnosis]] and [[hysteria]]. Charcot believed that hysteria was a neurological disorder caused by hereditary problems in the nervous system. He used hypnosis to induce a state of hysteria in patients and studied the results, and was single-handedly responsible for changing the French medical community's opinion about the validity of hypnosis (it was previously rejected as [[Mesmerism]]).
His works about hypnosis and his public demonstrations of "hypnotized" persons in an auditorium were sharply criticized by [[Hippolyte Bernheim]], a leading neurologist of the time, and by Charcot's former scientific assistant [[Axel Munthe]] in his famous memoirs ''[[The Story of San Michele]]''.
==Eponyms==
*Charcot's artery ([[lenticulostriate artery]])
*Charcot's joint (diabetic [[arthropathy]])
*Charcot's disease ([[amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]])
*[[Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease]] (peroneal muscular [[atrophy]])
*Charcot Wilbrand syndrome ([[visual agnosia]] & loss of ability to revisualise images)
*Charcot's intermittent hepatic fever (intermittent pain, intermittent fever, intermittent jaundice & loss of weight)
*[[Charcot-Bouchard aneurysm]]s (tiny [[aneurysms]] of the penetrating branches of middle cerebral artery in hypertensives)
== Students ==
Charcot is just as famous for his students: [[Sigmund Freud]], [[Joseph Babinski]], [[Pierre Janet]], [[William James]], [[Albert Londe]], [[Charles-Joseph Bouchard]], [[Georges Gilles de la Tourette]], [[Axel Munthe]] and [[Alfred Binet]]. Charcot bestowed the [[eponym]] for [[Tourette syndrome]] in honor of his student, Georges Gilles de la Tourette.
==Fiction==
Charcot appears, along with [[Maria Skłodowska-Curie]] (Madame Curie) and Charcot's patient "Blanche" (Marie Wittman), in [[Per Olov Enquist]]'s 2004 novel, ''The Book about Blanche and Marie'' (English translation, 2006, ISBN 1-58567-668-3).
== See also ==
* [[Charcot's triad]]
==External links==
{{commons|Jean-Martin Charcot|Jean-Martin Charcot}}
*{{cite web|author=DesGroseillers, R.|title=Jean-Martin Charcot, in Sigmund Freud - Life and Work|url=http://www.freudfile.org/charcot.html|date=1998-2006|publisher=The Romanian Association for Psychoanalysis Promotion (AROPA)|accessdate=2007-09-09}}
*{{cite web|author=|title=Jean-Martin Charcot, in A Science Odyssey: People and Discoveries|url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/bhchar.html|date=1998|publisher=WGBH via Public Broadcasting Service (PBS)|accessdate=2007-09-09}}
*{{cite web|author=Conceived by Ildiko Lujza Nemeth and Jessica Sofia Mitrani|title=Some Historic/Some Hysteric|publisher=The New Stage Theatre Company|url=http://www.newstagetheatre.org/performances/some_history_2006.shtml|date=|accessdate=2007-09-09}}
{{Topics related to Tourette syndrome}}
[[Category:French physicians|Charcot, Jean-Martin]]
[[Category:History of medicine|Charcot, Jean-Martin]]
[[Category:Hypnosis|Charcot, Jean-Martin]]
[[Category:French neurologists|Charcot, Jean-Martin]]
[[Category:Neuroscientists|Charcot, Jean-Martin]]
[[Category:People from Paris|Charcot, Jean-Martin]]
[[Category:Tourette syndrome|Charcot, Jean-Martin]]
[[Category:1825 births|Charcot]]
[[Category:1893 deaths|Charcot]]
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