Jean-Martin Charcot 932831 225935877 2008-07-16T02:36:16Z 74.232.180.159 /* Students */ {{Unreferenced|date=September 2007}} {{Infobox_Scientist | name = Jean-Martin Charcot | image =Jean-Martin Charcot.jpg | image_width = | caption = | birth_date = {{birth date|1825|11|29|mf=y}} | birth_place = | death_date = {{death date|1893|8|16|mf=y}} | death_place = | residence = [[France]] | nationality = [[France|French]] | field = [[Neurologist]] and [[professor]] of [[anatomical pathology]] | work_institution = | alma_mater = | doctoral_advisor = | doctoral_students = | known_for = | prizes = | religion = | footnotes = }} '''Jean-Martin Charcot''' ([[29 November]] [[1825]] – [[16 August]] [[1893]]) was a [[France|French]] [[neurologist]] and professor of [[anatomical pathology]]. His work greatly influenced the developing fields of [[neurology]] and [[psychology]]. He was called "the Napoleon of the [[neuroses]]." == Life == [[Image:Pr Charcot DSC09405.jpg|left|thumb|Charcot ''(left)'' demonstrates [[hypnosis]] on a "[[hysteria|hysterical]]" ''[[Salpêtrière]]'' patient, "Blanche" (Marie Wittman), who is supported by Dr. [[Joseph Babiński]] ''(rear)''.]] Born in [[Paris]], Charcot worked and taught at the famous [[Salpêtrière]] Hospital for thirty three years. His reputation as an instructor drew students from all over Europe. In 1882, he established a neurology clinic at Salpêtrière, which was the first of its kind in Europe. Charcot's primary focus was [[neurology]]. He named and was the first to describe [[multiple sclerosis]]. He was also the first to describe a disorder known as [[Charcot joint]] or Charcot arthropathy, a degeneration of joint surfaces resulting from loss of [[proprioception]]. He researched the functions of different parts of the brain and the role of arteries in [[cerebral hemorrhage]]. He was also one of the first to describe [[Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease]] (CMT). The announcement was made simultaneously with [[Pierre Marie]] of France (his resident) and [[Howard Henry Tooth]] of England. The disease is also sometimes called peroneal muscular atrophy. In 1861 and 1862, Jean-Martin Charcot, with [[Alfred Vulpian]], added more symptoms to [[James Parkinson]]'s clinical description and then subsequently attached the name [[Parkinson's disease]] to the syndrome. But Charcot's most enduring work is that on [[hypnosis]] and [[hysteria]]. Charcot believed that hysteria was a neurological disorder caused by hereditary problems in the nervous system. He used hypnosis to induce a state of hysteria in patients and studied the results, and was single-handedly responsible for changing the French medical community's opinion about the validity of hypnosis (it was previously rejected as [[Mesmerism]]). His works about hypnosis and his public demonstrations of "hypnotized" persons in an auditorium were sharply criticized by [[Hippolyte Bernheim]], a leading neurologist of the time, and by Charcot's former scientific assistant [[Axel Munthe]] in his famous memoirs ''[[The Story of San Michele]]''. ==Eponyms== *Charcot's artery ([[lenticulostriate artery]]) *Charcot's joint (diabetic [[arthropathy]]) *Charcot's disease ([[amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]]) *[[Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease]] (peroneal muscular [[atrophy]]) *Charcot Wilbrand syndrome ([[visual agnosia]] & loss of ability to revisualise images) *Charcot's intermittent hepatic fever (intermittent pain, intermittent fever, intermittent jaundice & loss of weight) *[[Charcot-Bouchard aneurysm]]s (tiny [[aneurysms]] of the penetrating branches of middle cerebral artery in hypertensives) == Students == Charcot is just as famous for his students: [[Sigmund Freud]], [[Joseph Babinski]], [[Pierre Janet]], [[William James]], [[Albert Londe]], [[Charles-Joseph Bouchard]], [[Georges Gilles de la Tourette]], [[Axel Munthe]] and [[Alfred Binet]]. Charcot bestowed the [[eponym]] for [[Tourette syndrome]] in honor of his student, Georges Gilles de la Tourette. ==Fiction== Charcot appears, along with [[Maria Skłodowska-Curie]] (Madame Curie) and Charcot's patient "Blanche" (Marie Wittman), in [[Per Olov Enquist]]'s 2004 novel, ''The Book about Blanche and Marie'' (English translation, 2006, ISBN 1-58567-668-3). == See also == * [[Charcot's triad]] ==External links== {{commons|Jean-Martin Charcot|Jean-Martin Charcot}} *{{cite web|author=DesGroseillers, R.|title=Jean-Martin Charcot, in Sigmund Freud - Life and Work|url=http://www.freudfile.org/charcot.html|date=1998-2006|publisher=The Romanian Association for Psychoanalysis Promotion (AROPA)|accessdate=2007-09-09}} *{{cite web|author=|title=Jean-Martin Charcot, in A Science Odyssey: People and Discoveries|url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/bhchar.html|date=1998|publisher=WGBH via Public Broadcasting Service (PBS)|accessdate=2007-09-09}} *{{cite web|author=Conceived by Ildiko Lujza Nemeth and Jessica Sofia Mitrani|title=Some Historic/Some Hysteric|publisher=The New Stage Theatre Company|url=http://www.newstagetheatre.org/performances/some_history_2006.shtml|date=|accessdate=2007-09-09}} {{Topics related to Tourette syndrome}} [[Category:French physicians|Charcot, Jean-Martin]] [[Category:History of medicine|Charcot, Jean-Martin]] [[Category:Hypnosis|Charcot, Jean-Martin]] [[Category:French neurologists|Charcot, Jean-Martin]] [[Category:Neuroscientists|Charcot, Jean-Martin]] [[Category:People from Paris|Charcot, Jean-Martin]] [[Category:Tourette syndrome|Charcot, Jean-Martin]] [[Category:1825 births|Charcot]] [[Category:1893 deaths|Charcot]] [[ca:Jean-Martin Charcot]] [[cs:Jean-Martin Charcot]] [[de:Jean-Martin Charcot]] [[es:Jean-Martin Charcot]] [[fr:Jean-Martin Charcot]] [[it:Jean-Martin Charcot]] [[he:ז'אן-מרטן שארקו]] [[ka:ჟან მარტენ შარკო]] [[ku:Jean-Martin Charcot]] [[nl:Jean-Martin Charcot]] [[ja:ジャン=マルタン・シャルコー]] [[no:Jean-Martin Charcot]] [[pl:Jean-Martin Charcot]] [[pt:Jean-Martin Charcot]] [[ro:Jean-Martin Charcot]] [[ru:Шарко, Жан Мартен]] [[fi:Jean-Martin Charcot]] [[sv:Jean Martin Charcot]] [[zh:让-马丁·沙可]]