Jean Talairach 2668714 224807935 2008-07-10T14:37:23Z AlleborgoBot 3813685 robot Adding: [[it:Jean Talairach]] '''Jean Talairach''' ([[January 15]], [[1911]], [[Perpignan]] – [[March 15]], [[2007]], [[Paris]]) was a [[neurosurgery|neurosurgeon]] who practiced at the Centre Hospitalier Ste. Anne in [[Paris]]. == Talairach atlas and Talairach coordinates== Among his contributions to [[science]] and applied [[medicine]] is the Talairach [[coordinate system]] of the human [[brain]], which is used to describe the location of brain structures independent from individual differences in the size and overall shape of the brain. Another signification contribution is toward construction of brain atlases. The Talairach coordinate system is defined by making two points, the [[anterior commissure]] and [[posterior commissure]], lie on a straight horizontal line. Since these two points lie on the [[midsagittal plane]], the coordinate system is completely defined by requiring this plane to be vertical. Distances in Talairach coordinates are measured from the anterior commissure as origin. Talairach coordinates are sometimes also known as stereotaxic coordinates. By defining standard anatomical landmarks that could be identified on different subjects (the anterior and posterior commissures), it became easier to spatially warp an individual brain image obtained through [[Magnetic Resonance Imaging]] (MRI), [[Positron Emission Tomography]] (PET) and other imaging methods to this 'standard Talairach space'. One can then make inferences about tissue identity at a specific location by referring to the atlas. One disadvantage of the Talairach coordinate atlas is the approximate method of labeling a tissue-specific [[Brodmann area]] based on gross visual inspection rather than [[histological]] examination. Additionally, the brain examined for creation of the atlas was a [[post-mortem]] sample from a woman with a smaller than average [[cranium]]. Indeed, in the foreword to their monograph, Talairach & Tournoux note that "Because of the variability in brain size, specifically at the level of the [[telencephalon]], this method is valid with precision only for the brain under consideration." This means that most individual brains must be considerably warped to fit the small size of the atlas, inducing some error. Nonetheless, the Talairach atlas is an invaluable tool in modern neuroimaging, and paved the way for more representative brain atlases including the MNI atlas from the [[Montreal Neurological Institute]]. The Talairach atlas of anatomy constructed initially for stereotactic and functional neurosurgery is also used in human brain mapping, neuroradiology, medical image analysis, and neuroscience education. An enhanced and extended electronic version of this atlas, fully segmented and labeled, is also constructed [http://www.cerefy.com]. It is available for various applications on five CD-ROMs distributed by [http://www.thieme.com Thieme] (the original publisher of the Talairach atlases 1988 and 1993). The CD-ROMs published in 1997, 2004, and 2005 also contain another atlas built by Talairach: the referentially oriented atlas with brain connections. ==See also== * [[NeuroNames]] ==Literature== J. Talairach and P. Tournoux, "Co-planar Stereotaxic Atlas of the Human Brain: 3-Dimensional Proportional System - an Approach to Cerebral Imaging", Thieme Medical Publishers, New York, 1988 J. Talairach and P. Tournoux, "Referentially Oriented Cerebral MRI Anatomy: An Atlas of Stereotaxic Anatomical Correlations for Gray and White Matter", Thieme Medical Publishers, New York, 1993 '''Electronic Talairach Atlases on CD-ROMs''' W.L. Nowinski, A. Thirunavuukarasuu, A.L. Benabid, "The Cerefy Clinical Brain Atlas: Enhanced Edition with Surgical Planning and Intraoperative Support", Thieme Medical Publishers, New York, 2005 W.L. Nowinski and A. Thirunavuukarasuu, "The Cerefy Clinical Brain Atlas on CD-ROM", Thieme Medical Publishers, New York, 2004 W.L. Nowinski, A. Thirunavuukarasuu, R.N. Bryan, "The Cerefy Atlas of Brain Anatomy: An Introduction to Reading Radiological Scans for Students, Teachers, and Researchers", Thieme Medical Publishers, New York, 2002 W.L. Nowinski, A. Thirunavuukarasuu, D.N. Kennedy, "Brain Atlas for Functional Imaging: Clinical and Research Applications", Thieme, New York, 2000 W.L. Nowinski, R.N. Bryan, R. Raghavan, "The Electronic Clinical Brain Atlas: Multiplanar Navigation of the Human Brain", Thieme Medical Publishers, New York, 1997 (foreword written by Dr. Jean Talairach) ==External links== * [http://www.talairach.org/ Anatomical labels in Talairach space] * [http://www.mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk/Imaging/Common/brodmann_areas.shtml Overview of coordinate system] * [http://www.neurovia.umn.edu/webservice/tal_atlas.html Atlas at neurovia.umn.edu] * [http://www.cerefy.com Cerefy website] * [http://hendrix.imm.dtu.dk/services/jerne/brede/WOROI_334.html Example of Talairach coordinates] == Reference == * {{Cite journal | author = [[Bernard Mazoyer]] | title = Jean Talairach (1911-2007): A life in stereotaxy | journal = [[Human Brain Mapping]] | volume = 29 | issue = 2 | pages = 250–252 | url = http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstract/116837740/ABSTRACT | doi = 10.1002/hbm.20473 | format = abstract | year = 2008 }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Talairach, Jean}} [[Category:French physicians]] [[Category:French psychiatrists]] [[Category:Neurosurgeons]] [[Category:1911 births]] [[Category:2007 deaths]] [[de:Jean Talairach]] [[fr:Jean Talairach]] [[it:Jean Talairach]]