Jehovah
4593651
225561486
2008-07-14T09:17:29Z
ClueBot
4928500
Reverting possible vandalism by [[Special:Contributions/82.109.11.18|82.109.11.18]] to version by Jheald. False positive? [[User:ClueBot/FalsePositives|Report it]]. Thanks, [[User:ClueBot]]. (439880) (Bot)
{{Three other uses| reading of the name of God in Hebrew scripture|other renderings of the name|Tetragrammaton|the deity of monotheistic religions|God|other uses of Jehovah|Jehovah (disambiguation)}}
{{See also|Yahweh}}
[[Image:EX 6.4-1671 KJV-3.png|frame|Ex 6.3 displaying Jehovah in 1671 KJV]]
'''Jehovah''' is an English reading of {{hebrew|יְהֹוָה}}, the most frequent form of the [[Tetragrammaton]] {{Hebrew|יהוה}}, the name of God in the [[Hebrew Bible]], in the text with [[niqqud|vowel points]] handed down by the [[Masoretes]].
Although a direct phonetic transliteration, it is arguably based on a misunderstanding. By long tradition, in modern Jewish culture the Tetragrammaton is not pronounced. Instead the above vocalization indicates to the reverent Jewish reader that the term ''[[Adonai]]'' is to be used. In places where the preceding or following word already is ''Adonai'', the reading ''[[Elohim]]'' is used instead, indicated by a different vocalization of the Tetragrammaton.<ref>For example, {{bibleverse||Deuteronomy|3:24|HE}}, {{bibleverse||Deuteronomy|9:26|HE}} (second instance), {{bibleverse||Judges|16:28|HE}} (second instance), {{bibleverse||Genesis|15:2|HE}}</ref> It is generally agreed therefore, in line with Jewish teaching, that {{hebrew|יְהֹוָה}} is a "hybrid form",<ref>R. Laird Harris, "The Pronunciation of the Tetragram," in John H. Skilton (ed.), ''The Law and the Prophets: Old Testament Studies Prepared in Honor of Oswald Thompson Allis'' (Presbyterian and Reformed, 1974), 224.</ref> created when the Masoretes added the [[Niqqud|vowel pointing]] of ''Adonai'' to the consonants of [[YHWH]]. Early English translators, unacquainted with Jewish tradition, read this word as they would any other word, and transcribed it (in very few places, namely those where the Name itself was referred to) as Jehovah.
The form thus achieved wide currency in the translations of the [[Protestant Reformation]],<ref>In the 7th paragraph of "Introduction to the Old Testament of the New English Bible", [http://www.bible-researcher.com/driver1.html Sir Godfry Driver wrote], "The Reformers preferred Jehovah, which first appeared as ''Iehouah'' in 1530 A.D., in Tyndale's translation of the Pentateuch (Exodus 6.3), from which it passed into other Protestant Bibles." By comparison, the Latin [[Vulgate]] of St. Jerome renders the name as ''Adonai'' at {{bibleverse||Exodus|6:3|4}}</ref> and although seriously critiqued by [[John Drusius]] in 1604 A.D.,<ref>See Pages 209-210 of Gerard Gertoux's book: "The name of God Y.EH.OW.AH which is pronounced as it is written I_EH_OU_AH"</ref> and later regarded by both [[Jews]] and Christians as a mispronunciation,<ref>[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?letter=J&artid=206 Jewish Encyclopedia of 1901-1906]</ref> it has nevertheless found a place in Christian liturgical and theological usage. It is the regular English rendition of {{Hebrew|יהוה}} in the [[American Standard Version]],<ref>According to the preface, this is because the translators felt that the "Jewish superstition, which regarded the Divine Name as too sacred to be uttered, ought no longer to dominate in the English or any other version of the Old Testament".</ref>
and occurs four times in the [[King James Version]]. <ref>At Exodus 6:3, Psalm 83:18, Isaiah 12:2 and Isaiah 26:4. ''Strong's Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible'' (Iowa Falls: Word, 1994), 722.</ref> It is also used in Christian [[hymns]] such as "Guide Me, O Thou Great Jehovah".<ref>[http://www.cyberhymnal.org/htm/g/u/guideme.htm Guide Me, O Thou Great Jehovah]</ref>
The [[Catholic Encyclopedia]], Volume 8, 1910 edition, page 329, states: “Jehovah, the proper name of God in the Old Testament."
Popularly, the name Jehovah is perhaps particularly associated with [[Jehovah's Witnesses]]. They give the following position (as expressed in the Watchtower):
<blockquote>
The truth is, nobody knows for sure how the name of God was originally pronounced. Nevertheless, many prefer the pronunciation Jehovah. Why? Because it has a currency and familiarity that Yahweh does not have.
Would it not, though, be better to use the form that might be closer to the original pronunciation? Not really, for that is not the custom with Bible names.
To take the most prominent example, consider the name of Jesus. Do you know how Jesus' family and friends addressed him [...]? The truth is, no human knows for certain, although it may have been something like Yeshua (or perhaps Yehoshua). It certainly was not Jesus.[http://www.watchtower.org/e/na/diagram_01.htm], [http://www.watchtower.org/e/na/article_02.htm])
</blockquote>
Some however question the received view that the vowels of Jehovah originate with the word ''Adonai'' rather than an ancient pronunciation of YHWH. They note that details of vocalization differ between the various early extant manuscripts of the Hebrew Bible, and note that the vowel points of Jehovah and ''Adonai'' are not precisely the same, and that scholars are not in total agreement as to why this should be.
==The pronunciation Jehovah==
[[Image:BASILICA OF ST LOUIS KING OF FRANCE MISSOURI USA Near the Gateway Arch TETRAGRAMMATON.jpg|thumb|200px|Front side of the Roman-Catholic [[Basilica of St. Louis, King of France]], or the ''Old Cathedral'', built at [[1834]] and located in downtown [[St. Louis, Missouri]] near the [[Gateway Arch]]. The Tetragrammaton is seen at the top of the front arch.]]
This pronunciation "Jehovah" is grammatically impossible; it arose through pronouncing the vowels of the "kere" (marginal reading of the [[Masorites]]: {{hebrew|אֲדֹנָי}} = "Adonay") with the consonants of the "ketib" (text-reading: {{hebrew|יהוה}} = "Yhwh")—"Adonay" (the Lord) being substituted with one exception wherever Yhwh occurs in the Biblical and [[liturgical book]]s.<ref>[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?letter=J&artid=206 Jewish Encyclopedia of 1901-1906]</ref>
"Adonay" presents the vowels "shewa" the composite ( '''{{hebrew| ֲ}}''' ) under the guttural {{hebrew|א}} becomes simple ( '''{{hebrew|ְ}}''' ) under the ( {{hebrew|י}} ), "holem," and "kamez," and these give the reading ( {{hebrew|יְהֹוָה}} ) (= "Jehovah").
::Sometimes, when the two names ( {{hebrew|יהוה}} ) and ( {{hebrew|אדני}} ) occur together, the former is pointed with "hatef segol" ( '''{{Hebrew|ֱ}}''' ) under the ( {{hebrew|י}} )— thus, {{hebrew|יֱהֹוִה}} (="Jehovah")—to indicate that in this combination it is to be pronounced "Elohim" ( {{hebrew|אֱלֹהִים}} ).
These substitutions of "Adonay"and "Elohim" for Yhwh were devised to avoid the profanation of the Ineffable Name ( hence {{hebrew|יהוה}} is also written ’{{hebrew|ה}}, or even ’{{hebrew|ד}}, and read "ha-Shem" = "the Name ").
==The vowel points of Jehovah==
Jewish tradition teaches that {{hebrew|יְהֹוָה}} has the [[niqqud|vowel points]] of {{hebrew|אֲדֹנָי}} (''Adonai''), but the vowel points of these two words are not precisely the same, and scholars are not in total agreement as to why {{hebrew|יְהֹוָה}} does not have the precise same vowel points as ''Adonai'' has.
The use of the composite "shewa" "hatef segol" ( '''{{hebrew|ֱ}}''' ) in cases where "Elohim" is to be read has led to the opinion that the composite "shewa" "hatef patah" ( '''{{hebrew|ֲ}}''' ) ought to have been used to indicate the reading "Adonay."<ref>[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?letter=J&artid=206 Jewish Encyclopedia of 1901-1906]</ref>
It has been argued in reply that the disuse of the "patah" is in keeping with the Babylonian system, in which the composite "shewa" is not usual. But the reason why the "patah" is dropped is the non-guttural character of the "yod"; to indicate the reading "Elohim," however, the "segol" (and "hirek" under the last syllable, ''i.e.'', {{hebrew|יֱהֹוִה}} ) had to appear in order that a mistake might not be made and "Adonay" be repeated.<ref>[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?letter=J&artid=206 Jewish Encyclopedia of 1901-1906]</ref>
Early English translators, unacquainted with or in opposition to Jewish tradition, read this word as they would any other word, and transcribed "Iehouah" (1530 A.D.), "Iehovah" (1611 A.D.), or "Jehovah" (1671 A.D.).
In Strong's Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible (1890 A.D.), James Strong transliterated {{hebrew|יְהֹוָה}} as Y<sup>e</sup>hovah.<ref>http://img.villagephotos.com/p/2003-7/264290/bdbandstrong290.jpg</ref> {{See also|Yahweh}}
==Modern usage of the rendering Jehovah==
The following works, either always or sometimes render the Tetragrammaton as Jehovah:
* William [[Tyndale]], in his 1530 translation of the first five books of the English Bible, at Exodus 6:3 renders the divine name as Iehovah. In his note to this edition he wrote: "Iehovah is God's name...Moreover, as oft as thou seeist LORD in great letters (except there be any error in the printing) it is in Hebrew Iehovah."
* The King James (Authorized) Version, 1611: four times as the personal name of God (in all capital letters): Exodus 6:3; Psalm 83:18; Isaiah 12:2; Isaiah 26:4; and three times in place names: Genesis 22:14; Exodus 17:15; and Judges 6:24.
* [[Young's Literal Translation| Young's Literal Translation of the Holy Bible by J.N. Young, 1862, 1898]] renders the Tetragrammaton as Jehovah 6831 times.
* [[Darby Bible|A literal translation of the Old Testament (1890) and the New Testament (1884)]], by John Nelson Darby, renders the Tetragrammaton as Jehovah 6810 times in the main text.
* The [[American Standard Version]], 1901 edition, consistently renders the Tetragrammaton as Je-ho’vah in all 6,823 places where it occurs in the Old Testament.
* The Modern Reader's Bible, 1914, by Richard Moulton, uses Jehovah at Ps.83:18; Ex.6:2-9; Ex.22:14; Ps.68:4; Jerm.16:20; Isa.12:2 & Isa. 26:4
* The [[New English Bible]], published by Oxford University Press, 1970, e.g. Gen 22:14; Exodus 3:15,16; 6:3; 17:15; Judges 6:24
* The [[Green's Literal Translation| Literal Translation of the Holy Bible]] copyright © 1976-2000 by Jay P. Green, Sr., renders the Tetragrammaton as Jehovah 6,866 times.
* The [[Living Bible]], published by Tyndale House Publishers, Illinois 1971, e.g. Gen 22:14, Exodus 3:15; 4:1-27; 17:15; Lev 19:1-36; Deut 4: 29, 39; 5:5, 6; Judges 6:16, 24; Ps 83:18; 110:1; Isaiah 45:1, 18; Amos 5:8; 6:8; 9:6
* The [[New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures]], published by [[Watchtower Bible and Tract Society]] of New York, Inc., Brooklyn, NY 1961 and last revised in 1984: 'Jehovah' appears in the bible text 7,210 times, i.e. 6,973 in the Hebrew scriptures (OT), 237 times in the Christian Greek scriptures (NT).
* The Bible in Today's English (Good News Bible), published by the American Bible Society, 1976, in its preface states, 'the distinctive Hebrew name for God (usually transliterated Jehovah or Yahweh) is in this translation represented by "The Lord."' In the footnote to Exodus 6:3 they refer to their footnote for Exodus 3:14 which says of the '...name Yahweh, traditionally transliterated as Jehovah."
* In The Emphatic Diaglott, by Benjamin Wilson, the name Jehovah is found at Matthew 21:9 and in 17 other places in this translation of the Christian Greek Scriptures (NT).
In Italian, the divine name of God is rendered as ''Jeova'', or ''Geova'' (soft 'G'), and some Catholic churches in Italy bear the name in this form in their architecture.<br />
The [[Coat of Arms]] of Plymouth [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth#City_Council] (UK) City Council bears the Latin inscription, "TURRIS FORTISSIMA EST NOMEN JEHOVA".<ref>See Civic Heraldry http://www.civicheraldry.co.uk/devon.html#plymouth%20city</ref> (See <ref>http://www.civicheraldry.co.uk/plymouth.JPG</ref>, <ref>Civic Heraldry of the United Kingdom http://www.ngw.nl/int/gbr/p/plymouth.htm</ref>) being the Latin translation of the first part of the Hebrew bible 'proverb' at [[Book of Proverbs|Proverbs]] 18:10, ([[Old Testament|OT]]).
Although the original pronunciation of {{Hebrew|יהוה}} has become lost, for many centuries the popular English word for the personal name of God has been “Jehovah”. This is why some religious groups, notably [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] and the [[King-James-Only Movement]], make prominent use, in English speaking countries, of the pronunciation, "Jehovah." Among Jehovah's Witnesses, the name varies according to the common pronunciation in the language spoken, and terms definitively referencing the Hebrew Tetragrammaton, such as Yahweh, are considered equally useful.
Similarly well-established English substitutions for Hebrew personal names include [[Joshua]], Isaiah, [[Jesus]], and others, the precise pronunciations for many of which have also been lost.
==History==
[[Image:Tetragrammaton Lat JOVA Hexapla Prov 3 19.JPG|thumb|360px|A Latin rendering of the Tetragrammaton has been the form "Jova", sounding very similar to "Jehovah". <small>''Origenis Hexaplorum'', edited by Frederick Field, 1875.</small>]]
Under the heading "{{hebrew|יהוה}} c. 6823", the editors of the Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon write that {{hebrew|יְהֹוָה}} occurs 6518 times in the [[Masoretic Text]]. <ref>Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon [http://img.villagephotos.com/p/2003-7/264290/BDBYahwehtrimmed.jpg]</ref>
===Early transcriptions of {{hebrew|יהוה}} similar to "Jehovah"===
* Ιεωα: (Ieōa, {{IPA|/ˈj:oʊɐ/}}) in [[Hellenistic]] magical texts #
'#' marks forms listed by [http://www.bible-researcher.com/driver1.html Sir Godfrey Driver].
===Early transcriptions of {{hebrew|יְהֹוָה}} similar to "Jehovah"===
[[Image:JEHOVA Raymundus Pugio Fidei 1270 a.png|thumb|360px|right|Excerpts from [[Raymond Martin]]'s ''Pugio Fidei adversus Mauros et Judaeos'' of 1270 CE (page 559).<br>(The text in the image reads: "Jehova, or [rather] Adonay".)]]
[[Image:JEHOVAH at RomanCatholic Church Martinskirche Olten Switzerland Detail.JPG|thumb|200px|right|The word Jehovah displayed at the [[Roman Catholic]] Church named St. Martinskirche, [[Olten]], [[Switzerland]], 1521.]]
[[Image:sorfron iehova.jpg|thumb|right|170px|Graven image of the divine name as it is written on the wall of a Norwegian church. (Source: [http://www.divinename.no/sorfron.htm The Divine Name in Norway])]]
Transcriptions of {{hebrew|יְהֹוָה}} similar to<br>"Jehovah" occurred as early as the<br>13th century.
*1278: ''Jehova/Yohoua'': in the work ''Pugio fidei'' by the Spanish monk [[Raymond Martin]] (Raymundus Martini).<ref>On page 152 of Gerard Gertoux's book: "The name of God Y.EH.OW.AH which is pronounced as it is written I_EH_OU_AH" is a photo of [[bilingual]] Latin (or Spanish) text and Hebrew text [side by side] written by Raymond Martin in 1278 A.D, with in its last sentence "{{hebrew|יְהוָֹה}}" opposite "yohoua".</ref>
*1303: ''Yohouah'': in the book ''Porchetus' Victory Against the Ungodly Hebrews.'' by Porchetus de Salvaticis.<ref> Page 153 of Gerard Gertoux's book: "The name of God Y.EH.OW.AH which is pronounced as it is written I_EH_OU_AH"</ref>.[http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=1062-0516%28191110%2928%3A1%3C56%3ANOTN%5B%3E2.0.CO%3B2-P&size=LARGE&origin=JSTOR-enlargePage]
*1518: ''Iehoua'': in ''De Arcanis<br>Catholicæ Veritatis'',1518, folio<br>xliii by [[Pope Leo X]]'s [[confessor]]<br>[[Peter Galatin]] (Galatinus)
*1530: ''Iehouah'': Tyndale's Pentateuch
*1611: ''Iehovah'': King James Bible of 1611
*1671: ''Jehovah'': 1671 [OT] / 1669 [NT] edition of the King James Bible
The editors of the Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon write that the pronunciation "Jehovah" was unknown until 1520 when it was introduced by [[Galatinus]]; but it was contested by [[Le Mercier]], J. [[Drusius]], and L. [[Capellus]], as against grammatical and historical propriety.
The English transcription "Jehovah" appears in King James Versions as early as the 1670s and in subsequent versions. The critique of the English transcription Jehovah, as well as the critique of Galatinus's Latin Transcription ''Iehoua'', and the earlier English transcriptions ''Iehouah'' and ''Iehovah'', is based on the belief of scholars that the vowel points of {{hebrew|יְהֹוָה}} are not the actual vowel points of God's name.
Thus while most scholarly sources say that scholars are critiquing the name "Jehovah", Galatinus's Latin Transcription ''Iehoua'' and the earlier English transcriptions ''Iehouah'' [1530 A.D.] and ''Iehovah'' [1611 A.D.] were being critiqued before the English transcription "Jehovah" [1671] ever started to appear. From a pronunciation standpoint in English, ''Iehouah'' has the same pronunciation and sounds identical to ''Jehovah''.
All three transcriptions have the vowels "e" and "o" and "a", and scholars believe that those vowels are from another word [i.e. ''Adonay'' / ''Adonai''], but as noted in the introduction of this article, the vowel points of {{hebrew|יְהֹוָה}} and the vowel points of ''Adonay / Adonai'' are not precisely the same. [See Section 3 and Section 3.1 for more information]
==Kethib and Qere and Qere perpetuum==
The original consonantal text of the Hebrew Bible was provided with vowel marks by the [[Masoretes]] to assist reading. In places where the consonants of the text to be read (the ''[[Qere]]'') differed from the consonants of the written text (the ''[[Kethib]]''), they wrote the ''Qere'' in the margin as a note showing what was to be read. In such a case the vowels of the ''Qere'' were written on the ''Kethib''. For a few very frequent words the marginal note was omitted: this is called ''[[Q're perpetuum]]''.
One of these frequent cases was God's name, that should not be pronounced, but read as ''adonai'' ("My Lord [plural of majesty]"), or, if the previous or next word already was ''adonai'', or ''adoni'', as ''elohim'' (God). This combination produces {{hebrew|יְהֹוָה}} and {{hebrew|יֱהֹוִה}} respectively, [[ghost word|non-words]] that would spell "yehovah" and "yehovih" respectively.
The first [[Early Modern English Bible translations|early modern English Bible translators]] to transcribe God's name into English did not contact Jewish scholars, and did not know of the ''[[Q're perpetuum]]'' custom, but transcribed "{{hebrew|יְהֹוָה}}" into English as they saw it. It therefore became ''Iehouah'' in 1530 ([[Tyndale]]'s translation of the [[Pentateuch]]), ''Iehovah'' in 1611, and ''Jehovah'' in editions of the King James Bible dated 1670 or so.
The spelling gradually settling down as Roman alphabet [[J]] and [[V]] became distinct letters from [[I]] and [[U]]. The transcription ''Iehouah'' was used in the 16th century by many authors [[Roman Catholic]] and [[Protestant]], but not [[Coverdale]]'s Bible translation in 1535. <ref>In the 7th paragraph of "Introduction to the Old Testament of the New English Bible", [http://www.bible-researcher.com/driver1.html Sir Godfry Driver wrote], "The Reformers preferred Jehovah, which first appeared as ''Iehouah'' in 1530 A.D., in Tyndale's translation of the Pentateuch (Exodus 6.3), from which it passed into other Protestant Bibles."</ref>
===Examining the vowel points of {{hebrew|יְהֹוָה}} and {{hebrew|אֲדֹנָי}}===
[[Image:Tetragrammaton-related-Masoretic-vowel-points.png|thumb|right|220px|The spelling of the Tetragrammaton and connected forms in the Hebrew Masoretic text of the Bible, with [[Niqqud|vowel points]] shown in red.]]
In the table below, ''Yehovah'' and ''Adonay'' are dissected
{| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"
!colspan="3"|Hebrew Word #3068<br>YEHOVAH<br>{{hebrew|יְהֹוָה}}
!colspan="3"|Hebrew Word #136<br>ADONAY<br>{{hebrew|אֲדֹנָי}}
|-
| {{hebrew|י}} ||Yod||Y|| {{hebrew|א}} ||Aleph||[[glottal stop]]
|-
| {{hebrew|ְ}} ||.Simple Shewa||E|| {{hebrew|ֲ}} ||Hatef Patah||A
|-
| {{hebrew|ה}} ||Heh||H|| {{hebrew|ד}} ||Daleth||D
|-
| {{hebrew|ֹ}} ||Holem||O|| {{hebrew|ֹ}} ||Holem||O
|-
| {{hebrew|ו}} ||Vav||V|| {{hebrew|נ}} ||Nun||N
|-
| {{hebrew|ָ}} ||Qamets||A|| {{hebrew|ָ}} ||Qamets||A
|-
| {{hebrew|ה}} ||Heh||H|| {{hebrew|י}} ||Yod||Y
|}
Note in the table directly above that the "simple shewa" in ''Yehovah'' and the ''hatef patah'' in ''Adonay'' are not the same points. The same information is displayed in the table above and to the right where "''YHWH'' intended to be pronounced as ''Adonai''" and "''Adonai'', with its slightly different vowel points" are shown to have different vowel points.
The difference between the vowel points of ''’ǎdônây'' and YHWH is explained by the rules of Hebrew [[morphology (linguistics)|morphology]] and [[phonetics]]. ''Shva'' and ''hataf-patah'' were [[allophone]]s of the same [[phoneme]] used in different situations: ''hataf-patah'' on glottal consonants including ''aleph'' (such as the first letter in ''Adonai''), and simple ''shva'' on other consonants (such as the 'y' in YHWH).
==Critique of the transcription Jehovah in the 17th century==
The transcription Jehovah [''Iehouah''] was used in the 16th century by many authors, both Catholic and Protestant. A publication by [[John Drusius]] in 1604 was the start of a bitter debate that lasted for a century. Fuller, [[Thomas Gataker]], and [[Johann Leusden]] wrote five discourses defending the transcription "Jehovah" [or Iehouah, Iehovah] against the five discourses written by Drusius, [[Amama]], [[Cappellus]], Buxtorf, and [[Altingius]] which opposed the transcription Jehovah.
[[Adrian Reland|Hadrian Reland]] collected and published these ten discourses in 1707. [http://img.villagephotos.com/p/2003-7/264290/Smithspage953Reland190pixels.JPG]
{| cellspacing="0" border="1" bgcolor="white"
|-
|colspan="4"|<center>Five Discourses in Opposition to the Transcription Jehovah </center>
|-
|<center>Author and Discourse</center>||<center>Comments<center>
|-
|John [[Drusius]] [1550 -1616] ''Tetragrammaton, sive de Nomine Die proprio, quod Tetragrammaton vocant'' (1604)||John [[Drusius]] (= Johannes Van den Driesche) noting that the reading "Jehovah" is contrary to Jewish tradition, wrote about the 1518 form: "''Primus in hunc errorem nos induxit Galatinus ... ante qui sic legerit, neminem novi''" ("Galatinus first led us to this mistake ... I know [of] nobody who read [it] thus earlier..").[http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=1550-3283%28190801%2912%3A1%3C34%3ANOTNY%3E2.0.CO%3B2-V&size=LARGE] An editor of Drusius in 1698 knows of an earlier reading in Porchetus de Salvaticis however.[http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=1062-0516%28191110%2928%3A1%3C56%3ANOTN%5B%3E2.0.CO%3B2-P&size=LARGE&origin=JSTOR-enlargePage]<br>According to [http://img.villagephotos.com/p/2003-7/264290/BDBYahwehtrimmed.jpg the Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon], {{hebrew|יְהֹוָה}} (Qr {{hebrew|אֲדֹנָי}}) occurs 6518 times, and {{hebrew|יֱהֹוִה}} (Qr {{hebrew|אֱלֹהִים}}) occurs 305 times in the Masoretic Text. John Drusius wrote that neither {{hebrew|יְהֹוָה}} nor {{hebrew|יֱהֹוִה}} accurately represented God's name.<ref>See Pages 209-210 of Gerard Gertoux's book: "The name of God Y.EH.OW.AH which is pronounced as it is written I_EH_OU_AH"</ref>
|-
|[[Sixtinus Amama]] [1593-1659]<ref>See page 8 [http://members.lycos.nl/breukelm/Latijnsebijbelvertalingen16deeeuw.pdf</ref> ''De nomine tetragrammato'' (1628) [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=1550-3283%28190801%2912%3A1%3C34%3ANOTNY%3E2.0.CO%3B2-V&size=LARGE]||Sixtinus Amama, was a Professor of Hebrew in the University of Franeker. He was also a pious pupil of Drusius. [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=1550-3283%28190801%2912%3A1%3C34%3ANOTNY%3E2.0.CO%3B2-V&size=LARGE]
|-
|[[Louis Cappel]] [1585-1658] ''De nomine tetragrammato'', (1624)||Lewis Cappel reached the conclusion that Hebrew vowel points were not part of the original Hebrew language. This view was strongly contested by John Buxtorff the elder, as well as by his son.
|-
|[[Johannes Buxtorff|John Buxtorff]] [1564-1629 ] ''Disserto de nomine JHVH''||John Buxtorf the elder [http://www.mhs.ox.ac.uk/gatt/criticism/catalog.asp?CN=74] controverted the views of Elias Levita regarding the late origin of the Hebrew vowel points, a subject which gave rise to the controversy between Louis Cappel and his (e.g. John Buxtorff the elder's) son, John Buxtorff the younger.
|-
|[[James Altingius]] [1618-1679] [http://books.google.com/books?id=oKsAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA10&lpg=PA10&dq=james+altingius&source=web&ots=SFp-k1W5sW&sig=jl5uWSLgraEBzL_fap1YuHQlKy8] ''Exercitatio grammatica de punctis ac pronunciatione tetragrammati''||James Altingius was a learned German divine. [http://books.google.com/books?id=oKsAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA10&lpg=PA10&dq=james+altingius&source=web&ots=SFp-k1W5sW&sig=jl5uWSLgraEBzL_fap1YuHQlKy8]|
|}
Note that while Louis Cappel and John Buxtorf are both listed as authors who opposed the transcription Jehovah, they each were involved in serious controversy with each other concerning the origin of the Hebrew vowel points.
{| cellspacing="0" border="1" bgcolor="white"
|-
|colspan="4"|<center>Five Discourses in Defense of the Transcription Jehovah </center>
|-
|<center>Author and Discourse</center>||<center>Comments<center>
|-
|[[Nicholas Fuller]] [1557-1626]||Nicholas was a Hebraist and a theologian. [http://www.oxforddnb.com/index/101010234/]
|-
|[[Thomas Gataker]] [1574-1654][http://members.aol.com/EvertonP3/thomasgataker.htm]<br>''De Nomine Tetragrammato<br>Dissertaio'' (1645) [http://www.apuritansmind.com/MemoirsPuritans/MemoirsPuritansThomasGataker.htm]||For further information, see:<br>[http://www.apuritansmind.com/MemoirsPuritans/MemoirsPuritansThomasGataker.htm Memoirs of the Puritans Thomas Gataker].
|-
|[[John Leusden]] [1624-1699]<br>''Dissertationes tres, de vera<br>lectione nominis Jehova''|| John Leusden wrote ''three'' discourses in defense of the name Jehovah. [http://www.apuritansmind.com/MemoirsPuritans/MemoirsPuritansThomasGataker.htm]
|}
==Summary of the criticism of the transcription Jehovah==
The following text is found in [http://img.villagephotos.com/p/2003-7/264290/Smithspage953Reland190pixels.JPG William Smith's 1863 "A Dictionary of the Bible"]. William Smith gives his summary of the results of the ten discourses mentioned in the previous section:
<blockquote>
*In the decade of dissertations collected by Reland, Fuller, Gataker, and Leusden do battle for the pronunciation Jehovah, against such formidable antagonists as Drusius, Amama, Cappellus, Buxtorf, and Altingius, who, it is scarcely necessary to say, fairly beat their opponents out of the field; "the only argument of any weight, which is employed by the advocates of the pronunciation of the word as it is written being that derived from the form in which it appears in proper names, such as Jehoshaphat, Jehoram, &c."
*"Their antagonists make a strong point of the fact that, as has been noticed above, two different sets of vowel points are applied to the same consonants under certain circumstances. To this Leusden, of all the champions on his side, but feebly replies."
*The same may be said of the argument derived from the fact that the letters {{hebrew|מוכלב}}, when prefixed to {{hebrew|יהוה}}, take, not the vowels which they would regularly receive were the present pronunciation true, but those with which they would be written if {{hebrew|אֲדֹנָי}}, ''adonai'', were the reading; and that the letters ordinarily taking ''dagesh lene'' when following {{hebrew|יהוה}} would, according to the rules of the Hebrew points, be written without dagesh, whereas it is uniformly inserted.
</blockquote>
William Smith concludes:
*Whatever, therefore, be the true pronunciation of the word, there can be little doubt that it is not ''Jehovah''.
==In defense of the transcription Jehovah==
[[Image:IEHOUAH Geneva Bible 1560 Psalm 83 18.PNG|thumb|280px|[[Geneva Bible]], [[1560]]. (Psalm 83:18)]]
As mentioned in the previous section, the defenders of the transcription Jehovah believed that [[theophoric]] names such as Jehoshaphat, Jehoram, etc, indicated that Jehovah was the actual name of God.
[[Image:JEHOVAH William Blake Works.png|thumb|250px|[[William Blake]]'s manuscripts containing the word Jehovah.]]
The following text is found in the first sentence of the article: "Jehovah" in William Smith's 1863 "A Dictionary of the Bible":
<blockquote>
"'''JEHOVAH''' ( יְהֹוָה, usually with the vowel points of אֲדֹנָי ; but when the two occur together, the former is pointed יֱהֹוִה, that is with the vowels of אֱלֹהִים, as in Obad. i. 1, Hab. iii. 19:" [http://img.villagephotos.com/p/2003-7/264290/JehovahSmithsBibleDictionary.jpg]
</blockquote>
The two vocalizations of the Tetragrammaton shown above were both critiqued by John Drusius in 1604 A.D.. However as noted below, Davidson defends the vowel points of יְהֹוָה. [See also sub section 3.1 above.]
In Scott Jones' article "Jehovah", under the heading "Davidson on the Tetragrammaton", Davidson explains why he believes that the fact that the Masoretes did not point {{Hebrew|יְהֹוָה}} with the precise same vowel points as are found in Adonay indicated that the vowel points of יְהֹוָה are the actual vowel points of God's name.
*The vocalized Hebrew spelling "Yahweh" is found in no extant Hebrew text.
*The central "ou" or "o" in some Greek transcriptions point to a pronunciation with a "u" or "o" vowel in the middle, i.e. "Yehowa".
::However Greek, since it stopped using the [[digamma]], when transcribing foreign words and names has had to write the "w" consonant sound as a vowel "u" or similar (or in later times as β, after the Greek pronunciation of β changed from "b" to "v").<ref>Jehovah[http://www.lamblion.net/Articles/ScottJones/jehovah1.htm]</ref>
George W. Buchanan argues:
:"In the dozens of Biblical names that incorporate the divine name, this middle vowel sound appears in both the original and the shortened forms, such as in Jehonathan and Jonathan. “In no case is the vowel oo or oh omitted. The word was sometimes abbreviated as ‘Ya,’ but never as ‘Ya-weh.’ ... When the Tetragrammaton was pronounced in one syllable it was ‘Yah’ or ‘Yo.’ When it was pronounced in three syllables it would have been ‘Yahowah’ or ‘Yahoowah.’ If it was ever abbreviated to two syllables it would have been ‘Yaho.’”<ref> BAR 21.2 (March-April 1995), 31 George W. Buchanan, “How God’s Name Was Pronounced” </ref>
For arguments for the pronunciation "Yahweh", see [[Yahweh]].
==Resulting consensus==
[[Reland]] agreed with the opponents of "Jehovah", and since his days the majority opinion has been roughly what is expressed in the article "JEHOVAH" of the Jewish Encyclopedia of 1901-1906 [http://bible.tmtm.com/wiki/JEHOVAH_%28Jewish_Encyclopedia%29], that the pronunciation was "Yahweh". See also:
* http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Jehovah
* http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Tetragrammaton
==Use of "Jehovah" in English==
[[Image:BAILLIE WILLIAM 1843 The First Twelve Psalms in Hebrew 21.png|thumb|230px|William Baillie's ''The First Twelve Psalms in Hebrew'' (1843) p. 22.<br>The Latin reading of the Tetragrammaton as "Yehovah" is seen. Similarly, the transliteration of the Hebrew text gives the vocalization "Yehovah".]]
* 1530: ''Iehouah'' appeared in [[Tyndale]]'s translation of the [[Pentateuch]] (at Exodus 6.3 for instance) upwards of 20 times. This custom continued with [[Miles Coverdale]]'s translation in 1535, John Rogers [[Matthew Bible]] in 1537, the [[Great Bible]] of 1539, the [[Geneva Bible]] of 1560, [[Bishop's Bible]] of 1568, the King James of 1611, the [[Revised Version]] of 1885 and the [[American Standard Version]] in 1901. The [[Revised Standard Version]] (1952) was the first mainline English translation to not use Jehovah in the main text. Nor does it tranliterate ''alleluia'' [sometimes 'Hallelujah'] in any of the four occurrences found in many English translations [in the 19th chapter of Revelation].
*1611: {{hebrew|יְהֹוָה}} is translated ''IEHOVAH'' ("JEHOVAH" from at least the 17th century on) in all uppercase in four places in the King James Bible of 1611 A.D.(Exodus 6:3, Psalm 83:18, Isaiah 12:2, Isaiah 26:4), and three times in placenames (e.g. [[Jehovah-jireh]]). Elsewhere in the King James Bible it is rendered as GOD or LORD. <ref>[http://faithofgod.net/PentJona/Ex.htm In a chart labeled "The Bible Compared: Exodus"], Exodus 6:3 shows "IEHOVAH" [in all capital letters] in the KJV [1611].</ref>
==See also==
* [[Yahweh]]
* [[Adon]]
* [[Allah]]
* [[Enki|Ea]]
* [[El (god)|El]]
* [[Enlil|Ellil]]
* [[Elohim]]
* [[God]]
* [[God in Judaism]]
* [[Gott]]
* [[I am that I am]]
* [[Jah]]
* [[Jehovah's witnesses|Jehovah's Witnesses]]
* [[JHWH]]
* [[Names of God]]
* [[Names of God in Judaism]]
* [[Theophoric name]]s:
:* [[Jehoshaphat]], [[Jehonadab]], [[Tobijah]]
:* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search?search=Jeho*| Search: Jeho* ],[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search?search=*iah| *iah ],[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search?search=*iah| *ijah]
* [[Yam (god)|Yam]] (Ya'a, Yaw)
* [[YHWH]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{JewishEncyclopedia}}
{{Wikiquote}}
[[Category:Names of God]]
[[Category:Deities in the Hebrew Bible]]
[[Category:Biblical criticism]]
[[Category:Biblical phrases]]
[[Category:Christianity-related controversies]]
[[Category:Judeo-Christian topics]]
[[Category:Yahweh]]
[[als:JHWH]]
[[ar:يهوه]]
[[ast:Xehová]]
[[bs:Jehova]]
[[bg:Яхве]]
[[ca:Jehovà]]
[[cs:JHVH]]
[[de:JHWH]]
[[et:Jahve]]
[[es:Yahveh]]
[[eo:Jehovo]]
[[fr:YHWH]]
[[fur:Jeova]]
[[ko:야훼]]
[[ia:Jehovah]]
[[is:JHVH]]
[[it:Tetragramma biblico]]
[[he:השם המפורש]]
[[kw:Yehovah]]
[[la:Iehovah]]
[[hu:Jahve]]
[[cdo:Ià-huò-huà]]
[[nl:JHWH]]
[[ja:ヤハウェ]]
[[no:JHVH]]
[[nn:JHVH]]
[[pl:JHWH]]
[[pt:Tetragrama YHVH]]
[[ro:YHWH]]
[[sq:JHVH]]
[[sh:Jahve]]
[[fi:Jahve]]
[[tl:Jehova]]
[[ta:யாவே]]
[[th:พระเยโฮวาห์]]
[[tr:Yehova]]
[[zh-yue:耶和華]]
[[zh:耶和華]]