Jerusalem
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2008-07-16T11:57:11Z
Benjil
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{{Infobox Israel muni
|name=Jerusalem
|image=Jerusalem-coat-of-arms.svg
|imgsize=80
|caption=[[Coat of arms of Jerusalem|Emblem]]
|image2=Flag of Jerusalem.svg
|imgsize2=145
|caption2=[[Flag of Jerusalem|Flag]]
|image3=Jerusalem from mt olives.jpg
|imgsize3=245
|caption3=Jerusalem, viewed from the [[Mount of Olives]]
|arname=commonly {{lang|ar|القـُدْس}} (''Al-Quds'');<br/> officially in Israel {{lang|ar|أورشليم القدس}}<br/>(''Urshalim-Al-Quds'')
|hebname={{Hebrew|יְרוּשָׁלַיִם}} (''{{lang|he-Latn|Yerushalayim}}'')
|meaning=Hebrew: [[#Etymology|(see below)]],<br/>Arabic: "The Holy"
|type=city
|stdHeb=Yerushalayim
|district=jerusalem
|population=732,100<ref name="mfa-40th">{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Jerusalem+Capital+of+Israel/40th+Anniversary+of+the+Reunification+of+Jerusalem.htm |publisher=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs |title=40th Anniversary of the Reunification of Jerusalem |date=[[2007-05-16]] |accessdate=2007-05-19}}</ref>
|popyear=2007
|area_dunam=125156
|
|mayor=[[Uri Lupolianski]]
|website=[http://www.jerusalem.muni.il/jer_main/defaultnew.asp?lng=1 www.jerusalem.muni.il]{{ref label|muni-site|i|}}
}}
'''Jerusalem''' ({{lang-he-n|יְרוּשָׁלַיִם}} <small>{{Audio|He-Jerusalem.ogg|(audio)}}</small>, ''{{lang|he-Latn|Yerushaláyim}}''; [[Arabic language|Arabic]]: {{lang|ar|القُدس}} <small>{{Audio|ArAlquds.ogg|(audio)}}</small>, ''{{lang|ar-Latn|al-Quds}}''){{ref label|names|ii|}} is the [[capital]]{{ref label|capital|iii|}} of [[Israel]] and its largest city<ref>Largest city:
*"...modern Jerusalem, Israel's largest city..." (Erlanger, Steven. [http://travel2.nytimes.com/2006/04/16/travel/16jerusalem.html Jerusalem, Now], ''[[The New York Times]]'', [[April 16]] [[2006]].)
*"With a population of 701,512 in 2004, Jerusalem is Israel’s largest city. ("[http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761575008_3/Israel.html Israel (country)]", [[Microsoft]] [[Encarta]], 2006, p. 3. Retrieved [[October 18]] [[2006]].)
*"Since 1975 unified Jerusalem has been the largest city in Israel." ([http://www.britannica.com/ebi/article-203247 "Jerusalem"], [[Encyclopædia Britannica|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]], 2006. Retrieved [[October 18]], [[2006]].)
*"Jerusalem is Israel’s largest city." ([http://uk.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761572316/Jerusalem.html "Jerusalem"], [[Microsoft]] [[Encarta]], 2006, p. 1. Retrieved [[October 18]] [[2006]].)
*"Jerusalem is the largest city in the State of Israel. It has the largest population, the most Jews and the most non-Jews of all Israeli cities." (Klein, Menachem. ''Jerusalem: The Future of a Contested City'', New York University Press, [[March 1]] [[2001]], p. 18. ISBN 0-8147-4754-X)
*"In 1967, Tel Aviv was the largest city in Israel. By 1987, more ''Jews'' lived in Jerusalem than the total population of Tel Aviv. Jerusalem had become Israel's premier city." (Friedland, Roger and Hecht, Richard. ''To Rule Jerusalem'', University of California Press, [[September 19]] [[2000]], p. 192. ISBN 0-520-22092-7)</ref> in both population and area,<ref name=cbs>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbs.gov.il/hodaot2006n/11_06_106e.pdf |publisher=Central Bureau of Statistics |title=Press Release: Jerusalem Day |date=[[2006-05-24]] |accessdate=2007-03-10 |format=PDF}}</ref> with 732,100 residents in an area of 125.1 [[square kilometer]]s (49 [[Square mile|sq mi]]).<ref name="mfa-40th">{{cite web|url=http://www.cbs.gov.il/population/new_2007/table3.pdf |publisher=[[Israel Central Bureau of Statistics]] |title=Population of Localities numbering above 1,000 residents and other rural population on 31/12/2006 |date=[[2006-12-31]] |accessdate=2007-04-29 |format=PDF}}{{ref label|cbs-stats|v|}}</ref><ref name="profile">{{cite web|url=http://www.cbs.gov.il/publications/local_authorities2005/pdf/177_3000.pdf|publisher=[[Israel Central Bureau of Statistics]]|title=Local Authorities in Israel 2005, Publication #1295 - Municipality Profiles - Jerusalem|accessdate=2007-12-07|format=PDF|language=Hebrew}}</ref> Located in the [[Judean Mountains]], between the [[Mediterranean Sea]] and the northern tip of the [[Dead Sea]], modern Jerusalem has grown up outside the [[Old City (Jerusalem)|Old City]].
The city has a history that goes back to the [[4th millennium BCE]], making it one of the oldest cities in the world.<ref name="aice">{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Peace/jerutime.html |title=Timeline for the History of Jerusalem |work=Jewish Virtual Library |accessdate=2007-04-16 |publisher=American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise}}</ref>
Jerusalem has been the holiest city in [[Judaism]] and the spiritual center of the [[Jewish people]] since the 10th century [[BCE]],<ref name=1000BCE>Since the 10th century BCE:{{ref label|bible-david|iv|a}}
*"Israel was first forged into a unified nation from Jerusalem some three thousand years ago, when King David seized the crown and united the twelve tribes from this city... For a thousand years Jerusalem was the seat of Jewish sovereignty, the household site of kings, the location of its legislative councils and courts. In exile, the Jewish nation came to be identified with the city that had been the site of its ancient capital. Jews, wherever they were, prayed for its restoration." Roger Friedland, Richard D. Hecht. ''To Rule Jerusalem'', University of California Press, 2000, p. 8. ISBN 0520220927
*"The Jewish bond to Jerusalem was never broken. For three millennia, Jerusalem has been the center of the Jewish faith, retaining its symbolic value throughout the generations." [http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Facts%20About%20Israel/State/Jerusalem-%20the%20Holy%20City Jerusalem- the Holy City], Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs, [[February 23]] [[2003]]. Accessed [[March 24]], [[2007]].
*"The centrality of Jerusalem to Judaism is so strong that even secular Jews express their devotion and attachment to the city and cannot conceive of a modern State of Israel without it... For Jews Jerusalem is sacred simply because it exists... Though Jerusalem's sacred character goes back three millennia...". Leslie J. Hoppe. ''The Holy City: Jerusalem in the theology of the Old Testament'', Liturgical Press, 2000, p. 6. ISBN 0814650813
*"Ever since King David made Jerusalem the capital of Israel 3,000 years ago, the city has played a central role in Jewish existence." Mitchell Geoffrey Bard, ''The Complete Idiot's Guide to the Middle East Conflict'', Alpha Books, 2002, p. 330. ISBN 0028644107
*"For Jews the city has been the pre-eminent focus of their spiritual, cultural, and national life throughout three millennia." Yossi Feintuch, ''U.S. Policy on Jerusalem'', Greenwood Publishing Group, 1987, p. 1. ISBN 0313257000
*"Jerusalem became the center of the Jewish people some 3,000 years ago" Moshe Maoz, Sari Nusseibeh, ''Jerusalem: Points of Friction - And Beyond'', Brill Academic Publishers, 2000, p. 1. ISBN 9041188436
*"The Jewish people are inextricably bound to the city of Jerusalem. No other city has played such a dominant role in the history, politics, culture, religion, national life and consciousness of a people as has Jerusalem in the life of Jewry and Judaism. Since King David established the city as the capital of the Jewish state circa 1000 BCE, it has served as the symbol and most profound expression of the Jewish people's identity as a nation." [http://www.adl.org/israel/advocacy/glossary/jerusalem.asp Basic Facts you should know: Jerusalem], [[Anti-Defamation League]], 2007. Accessed [[March 28]] [[2007]].</ref> contains a number of significant ancient [[Christianity|Christian]] sites, and is considered the [[Holiest sites in Islam|third-holiest]] city in [[Islam]].<ref name="3rd-holiest">Third-holiest city in Islam:
*{{cite book|title=What Everyone Needs to Know about Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=[[2002-11-02]] |last=Esposito |first=John L. |authorlink=John Esposito |accessdate=2007-03-11 |isbn=0195157133 |pages=157 |quote=The Night Journey made Jerusalem the third holiest city in Islam}}
*{{cite book|title=Religion and State: The Muslim Approach to Politics |last=Brown |first=Leon Carl |publisher=Columbia University Press |date=[[2000-09-15]] |isbn=0231120389 |pages=11 |chapter=Setting the Stage: Islam and Muslims |quote=The third holiest city of Islam—Jerusalem—is also very much in the center... |accessdate=2007-03-11}}
*{{cite book|title=The Holy City: Jerusalem in the Theology of the Old Testament |last=Hoppe |first=Leslie J. |publisher=Michael Glazier Books |month=August |year=2000 |isbn=0814650813 |pages=14 |quote=Jerusalem has always enjoyed a prominent place in Islam. Jerusalem is often referred to as the third holiest city in Islam... |accessdate=2007-03-11}}</ref> Despite having an area of only 0.9 square kilometer (0.35 square mile),<ref>{{cite book |last=Kollek |first=Teddy |authorlink=Teddy Kollek |chapter=Afterword |editor=John Phillips |title=A Will to Survive - Israel: the Faces of the Terror 1948-the Faces of Hope Today|publisher=Dial Press/James Wade|year=1977|quote=about 225 acres}}</ref> the Old City is home to several sites of key religious importance: the [[Temple Mount]] and its [[Western Wall]] for [[Jew]]s, the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] for [[Christian]]s, and the [[Dome of the Rock]] and [[al-Aqsa Mosque]] for [[Muslim]]s. The Old City of Jerusalem, which constituted the entire city until the 1860s, is a World Heritage site <ref> and nominated for inclusion on the [[List of World Heritage Sites in danger]] by Jordan in 1982.[http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/148 Old City of Jerusalem and its Walls]</ref> The Old City has been traditionally divided into four quarters, although the names used today —the [[Armenian Quarter|Armenian]], [[Christian Quarter|Christian]], [[Jewish Quarter|Jewish]], and [[Muslim Quarter|Muslim]] Quarters—were only introduced in the early 19th century.<ref>{{cite book|title=Jerusalem in the 19th Century, The Old City |last=Ben-Arieh |first=Yehoshua |publisher=Yad Izhak Ben Zvi & St. Martin's Press |year=1984 |pages=14 |isbn=0312441878}}</ref> In the course of its history, Jerusalem has been destroyed twice, besieged 23 times, attacked 52 times, and captured and recaptured 44 times.<ref name="Moment">{{cite web|url=http://www.momentmag.com/Exclusive/2008/2008-03/200803-Jerusalem.html |publisher=Moment Magazine |title=Do We Divide the Holiest Holy City? |accessdate=2008-03-05}}</ref> Today, the [[Positions on Jerusalem|status of Jerusalem]] remains a core issue in the [[Israeli-Palestinian conflict]]. Israel's [[Jerusalem Law|annexation]] of occupied [[East Jerusalem]] has been repeatedly condemned by the United Nations and related bodies,<ref name="UN Resolution"/><ref>[http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/eed216406b50bf6485256ce10072f637/441329a958089eaa852560c4004ee74d!OpenDocument Resolution 298 of 25 September 1971:]
"Recalling its resolutions [...] concerning measures and actions by Israel designed to change the status of the Israeli-occupied section of Jerusalem, [...]"</ref> and [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]]s foresee East Jerusalem as the capital of [[Proposals for a Palestinian state|their future state]].<ref name="umd">{{cite web|url=http://www.publicpolicy.umd.edu/IPPP/Fall97Report/negotiating_jerusalem.htm |last=Segal |first=Jerome M. |publisher=The University of Maryland School of Public Policy |title=Negotiating Jerusalem |accessdate=2007-02-25 |date=Fall 1997}}</ref><ref>{{cite paper|author=Møller, Bjørn |title=A Cooperative Structure for Israeli-Palestinian Relations |version=Working Paper No. 1 |publisher=Centre for European Policy Studies |date=November 2002 |url=http://shop.ceps.be/downfree.php?item_id=171 |format=PDF |accessdate=2007-04-16}}</ref> In the wake of [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 478]], most foreign embassies moved out of Jerusalem.
==Etymology==
{{Jerusalem}}
{{further|[[Names of Jerusalem]]}}
Although the precise origin of the Hebrew name for Jerusalem (''Yerushalayim'') remains uncertain, scholars have proposed a variety of interpretations. Some say it means "legacy of peace" — a combination of ''yerusha'' (legacy) and ''[[shalom]]'' (peace). "Shalom" is a cognate of the Hebrew name "Shlomo," i.e., King Solomon, the builder of the First Temple.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Fruit of the Spirit |last=Bethune |first=George Washington |year=1845 |accessdate=2007-01-11 |pages=93 |publisher=Mentz & Rovoudt |quote=is the New Jerusalem, or "heritage of peace."}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Hebrew Men and Times: From the Patriarchs to the Messiah |last=Allen |first=Joseph Henry |year=1879 |publisher=Roberts Brothers |pages=125 |quote=name it Jerusalem, the "heritage of Peace."}}</ref> Alternatively, the second part of the word could be [[Salem]] (''Shalem'' literally "whole" or "in harmony"), an early name for Jerusalem<ref>{{cite book|title=Jerusalem |last=Elon |first=Amos |url=http://www.usna.edu/Users/history/tucker/hh362/telavivandjerusalem.htm |isbn=0006375316 |date=[[1996-01-08]] |accessdate=2007-04-26 |publisher=HarperCollins Publishers Ltd |quote=The epithet may have originated in the ancient name of Jerusalem—Salem (after the pagan deity of the city), which is etymologically connected in the Semitic languages with the words for peace (shalom in Hebrew, salam in Arabic).}}</ref> that appears in the Book of [[Genesis]].<ref>From the [[King James Version]]: "And Melchizedek king of Salem brought forth bread and wine: and he was the priest of the most high God." ([[Genesis]] 14:18)</ref> Others cite the [[Amarna letters]], where the [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]] name of the city appears as ''Urušalim'', a cognate of the Hebrew ''Ir Shalem''. Some believe there is a connection to ''[[Shalim]]'', the beneficent deity known from [[Ugarit]]ic myths as the personification of dusk.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alquds.edu/gen_info/index.php?page=jerusalem_history |title=Jerusalem, the Old City |publisher=al-Quds University |accessdate=2007-01-12}}</ref>
A [[Midrash]]ic interpretation in [[Genesis Rabba]] explains that [[Abraham]] came to the city, then called ''Shalem'', after rescuing [[Lot (Bible)|Lot]].<ref name="sharing">{{cite journal|url=http://www.openhramle.co.il/english/article10.shtml.htm |journal=Service International De Documéntation Judéo-Chrétienne |last=Landau |first=Yehezkel |year=1996 |volume=29 |issue=2–3 |accessdate=2007-01-14 |title=Sharing Jerusalem: The Spiritual And Political Challenges |quote= I will share another meta-midrash...believers in the One Supreme God.}}</ref> Upon arrival, he asked the king and high priest [[Melchizedek]] to bless him, and Melchizedek did so in the name of [[God]] (indicating that he, like Abraham, was a [[monotheism|monotheist]]). This encounter between Melchizedek and Abraham was commemorated by renaming the city in their honor: the name ''Yeru'' (derived from ''Yireh'', the name Abraham gave to the [[Temple Mount]]) was combined with ''Shalem'',<ref name="sharing" /> producing ''Yeru-Shalem'', meaning the "city of Shalem," or "founded by Shalem." If ''shalem'' means "complete" or "without defect, "Yerushalayim would mean the "perfect city," or "the city of he who is perfect".<ref>Sitchin, Zecharia, ''The Cosmic Code'', Avon 1998</ref> The ending ''-im'' indicates the plural in Hebrew grammar and ''-ayim'' the dual, leading to an interpretation of the name as representing two facets of the city, such as two hills.<ref>{{cite book|isbn=0405102984 |last=Wallace |first=Edwin Sherman |title=Jerusalem the Holy |month=August |year=1977 |pages=16 |quote=A similar view was held by those who give the Hebrew dual to the word |accessdate=2007-04-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Jerusalem: The Topography, Economics and History from the Earliest Times to A.D. 70 |last=Smith |first=George Adam |year=1907 |accessdate=2007-04-25 |publisher=Hodder and Stoughton |pages=251 |quote=The termination -aim or -ayim used to be taken as the ordinary termination of the dual of nouns, and was explained as signifying the upper and lower cities}} (see [http://books.google.com/books?id=Nf4QAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA251&dq=jerusalem+name+dual&ie=ISO-8859-1 here])</ref> The pronunciation of the last syllable as ''-ayim'' appears to be a late development, which had not yet appeared at the time of the [[Septuagint]]. Some believe that a city called ''Rušalimum'' or'' Urušalimum'' which appears in ancient [[Ancient Egypt|Egyptian]] records is the first reference to Jerusalem.<ref> G.Johannes Botterweck, Helmer Ringgren (eds.) ''Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament'', (tr.David E.Green) William B.Eerdmann, Grand Rapids Michigan, Cambridge, UK 1990 p.348</ref>
==History==
{{main|History of Jerusalem}}
{{see also|History of ancient Israel and Judah|History of Palestine|Timeline of Jerusalem}}
Ceramic evidence indicates the occupation of [[Ophel]], within present-day Jerusalem, as far back as the [[Copper Age]], c. [[4th millennium BCE]],<ref name=freedman2000>{{cite book|title=Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible |last=Freedman |first=David Noel |publisher= Wm B. Eerdmans Publishing |isbn=0802824005 |date=[[2000-01-01]] |accessdate=2007-08-07 |pages=694-695}}</ref><ref name="aice" /> with evidence of a permanent settlement during the early [[Bronze Age]], c. 3000-2800 BCE.<ref name=freedman2000/> <ref>Killebrew Ann E. "Biblical Jerusalem: An Archaeological Assessment" in Andrew G. Vaughn and Ann E. Killebrew, eds., "Jerusalem in Bible and Archaeology: The First Temple Period" (SBL Symposium Series 18; Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2003)</ref> The [[Execration Texts]] ([[circa|c.]] [[19th century BCE]]), which refer to a city called ''Roshlamem'' or ''Rosh-ramen''<ref name=freedman2000/> and the [[Amarna letters]] (c. [[14th century BCE]]) may be the earliest mention of the city.<ref name="vaughn">{{cite book|title=Jerusalem in Bible and Archaeology: the First Temple Period |author=[http://www.gustavus.edu/academics/religion/Profiles/andyvaughn.cfm Vaughn, Andrew G.] |coauthors=[http://jbe.la.psu.edu/cams/killebrewvita.htm Ann E. Killebrew] |date=[[2003-08-01]] |accessdate=2007-01-15 |chapter=Jerusalem at the Time of the United Monarchy |isbn=1589830660 |pages=32–33}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.biu.ac.il/JS/rennert/history_2.html |publisher=Bar-Ilan University Ingeborg Rennert Center for Jerusalem Studies |title=History of Jerusalem from Its Beginning to David |work=Jerusalem: Life Throughout the Ages in a Holy City |accessdate=2007-01-18 |last=Shalem |first=Yisrael |date=[[1997-03-03]]}}</ref> Some archaeologists, including [[Kathleen Kenyon]], believe Jerusalem as a city was founded by [[West Semitic]] people with organized settlements from around [[26th century BCE|2600 BCE]]. According to Jewish tradition the city was founded by [[Shem]] and [[Eber]], ancestors of [[Abraham]]. In the [[Bible|biblical]] account, Jerusalem was a [[Jebusite]] city until the 10th century BCE when [[David]] conquered it and made it the capital of the [[United Monarchy|United Kingdom of Israel and Judah]] (c. 1000s BCE).<ref name="promise">{{cite book|title=A Promise Fulfilled: Theodor Herzl, Chaim Weizmann, David Ben-Gurion, and the Creation of the State of Israel |last=Greenfeld |first=Howard |date=[[2005-03-29]] |publisher=Greenwillow |isbn=006051504X |accessdate=2007-01-18 |pages=32}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cityofdavid.org.il/timeline_eng.asp |work=City of David |title=Timeline |publisher=Ir David Foundation |accessdate=2007-01-18}}</ref>{{ref label|bible-david|iv|b}} Recent excavations of a [[Large Stone Structure|large stone structure]] are interpreted by some archaeologists as lending credence to the biblical narrative.<ref name=nytimes>{{cite news|title=King David's Palace Is Found, Archaeologist Says |last=Erlanger |first=Steven |date=[[2005-08-05]] |accessdate=2007-05-24 |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/05/international/middleeast/05jerusalem.html?ex=1280894400&en=3c435bc7bd0cd531&ei=5088 |publisher=The New York Times}}</ref>
===Temple periods===
King David reigned until 970 BCE. He was succeeded by his son [[Solomon]],<ref name="wwbible">{{cite book|title=The Complete Book of When and Where: In The Bible And Throughout History |last=Michael |first=E. |coauthors=Sharon O. Rusten, Philip Comfort, and Walter A. Elwell |publisher= Tyndale House Publishers, Inc. |isbn=0842355081 |date=[[2005-02-28]] |accessdate=2007-01-22 |pages=20–1, 67}}</ref> who built
the [[Temple of Jerusalem|Holy Temple]] on [[Moriah|Mount Moriah]]. [[Solomon's Temple]] (later known as the ''First Temple''), went on to play a pivotal role in [[Jewish history]] as the repository of the [[Ark of the Covenant]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.andrews.edu/ARCHAEOLOGY/archive/merling/newpage3.htm |publisher=Andrew's University |title=Where is the Ark of the Covenant? |author=[http://www.andrews.edu/ARCHAEOLOGY/archive/merling/ Merling, David] |accessdate=2007-01-22 |date=[[1993-08-26]]}}</ref> For over 600 years, until the Babylonian conquest in 587 BCE, Jerusalem was the political and religious capital of the Jews.<ref>''Jerusalem: Illustrated History Atlas'' Martin Gilbert, Macmillan Publishing, New York, 1978, p. 11</ref> This period is known in history as the [[First Temple Period]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bu.edu/mzank/Jerusalem/p/period2-2-1.htm |publisher=Boston University |last=Zank |first=Michael |title=Capital of Judah I (930–722) |accessdate=2007-01-22}}</ref> Upon Solomon's death (c. 930 BCE), the [[Ten Lost Tribes|ten northern tribes]] split off to form the [[Kingdom of Israel]]. Under the leadership of the House of David and Solomon, Jerusalem remained the capital of the [[Kingdom of Judah]].<ref name="bu2-2">{{cite web|url=http://www.bu.edu/mzank/Jerusalem/p/period2-2.htm |publisher=Boston University |title=Capital of Judah (930–586) |last=Zank |first=Michael |accessdate=2007-01-22}}</ref>
[[Image:DavtowerS.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Tower of David]] as seen from the [[Hinnom Valley]]]]
When the [[Assyria]]ns conquered the Kingdom of Israel in 722 BCE, Jerusalem was strengthened by a great influx of refugees from the northern kingdom.{{Fact|date=July 2008}} The First Temple period ended around 586 BCE, as the Babylonians conquered Judah and Jerusalem, and laid waste to Solomon's Temple.<ref name="bu2-2" /> In 538 BCE, after fifty years of [[Babylonian captivity]], [[Persian Empire|Persian]] [[List of kings of Persia|King]] [[Cyrus the Great]] invited the Jews to return to Judah to rebuild Jerusalem and the Temple. Construction of the [[Second Temple]] was completed in 516 BCE, during the reign of [[Darius I of Persia|Darius the Great]], seventy years after the destruction of the First Temple.<ref>{{cite book|title=Between Rome and Jerusalem: 300 Years of Roman-Judaean Relations |last=Sicker |first=Martin |isbn=0275971406 |publisher=Praeger Publishers |date=[[2001-01-30]] |pages=2 |accessdate=2007-01-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bu.edu/mzank/Jerusalem/p/period2-3.htm |publisher=Boston University |title=Center of the Persian Satrapy of Judah (539–323) |last=Zank |first=Michael |accessdate=2007-01-22}}</ref> Jerusalem resumed its role as capital of Judah and center of Jewish worship. When Greek ruler [[Alexander the Great]] conquered the [[Persian Empire]], Jerusalem and Judea fell under Greek control, eventually falling to the [[Ptolemaic dynasty]] under [[Ptolemy I]]. In 198 BCE, [[Ptolemy V]] lost Jerusalem and [[Judea]] to the [[Seleucid Empire|Seleucids]] under [[Antiochus III the Great|Antiochus III]]. The Seleucid attempt to recast Jerusalem as a [[Hellenistic civilization|Hellenized]] [[polis]] came to a head in 168 BCE with the successful [[Maccabean revolt]] of [[Mattathias]] the [[High Priest]] and his five sons against [[Antiochus IV Epiphanes|Antiochus Epiphanes]], and their establishment of the [[Hasmonean|Hasmonean Kingdom]] in 152 BCE with Jerusalem again as its capital.<ref>{{cite book|last=Schiffman|first=Lawrence H.|title=From Text to Tradition: A History of Second Temple and Rabbinic Judaism|publisher=Ktav Publishing House|year=1991|isbn=0-88125-371-5|pages=60–79}}</ref>
===Jewish-Roman wars ===
[[Image:Roberts Siege and Destruction of Jerusalem.jpg|thumb|Siege and Destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans (1850 painting by David Roberts)]]
As [[Roman Empire|Rome]] became stronger it installed [[Herod the Great|Herod]] as a Jewish [[satellite state|client king]]. Herod the Great, as he was known, devoted himself to developing and beautifying the city. He built walls, towers and palaces, and [[Herod's Temple|expanded the Temple Mount]], buttressing the courtyard with blocks of stone weighing up to 100 tons. Under Herod, the area of the Temple Mount doubled in size.<ref>{{cite book|title=This Is Jerusalem|last=Har-el|first=Menashe| publisher=Canaan Publishing House|1977|pages68-95}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bu.edu/mzank/Michael_Zank/Jerusalem/templemount.html |title=The Temple Mount |last=Zank |first=Michael |publisher=Boston University |accessdate=2007-01-22}}</ref><ref name="wwbible" /> In 6 CE, the city, as well as much of the surrounding area, came under direct Roman rule as the [[Iudaea Province]]<ref>{{cite book|title=The Historical Jesus: the life of a Mediterranean Jewish peasant |last=Crossan |first=John Dominic |authorlink=John Dominic Crossan |isbn=0060616296 |publisher=HarperCollins |location=San Francisco |date=[[1993-02-26]] |edition=Reprinted ed. |pages=92 |quote=from 4 BCE until 6 CE, when Rome, after exiling [Herod Archelaus] to Gaul, assumed direct prefectural control of his territories}}</ref> and Herod's descendants through [[Agrippa II]] remained client kings of Judea until 96 CE. Roman rule over Jerusalem and the region began to be challenged with the first [[Jewish-Roman wars|Jewish-Roman war]], the [[First Jewish-Roman War|Great Jewish Revolt]], which resulted in the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE. In 130 CE [[Hadrian]] Romanized the city, and renamed it [[Aelia Capitolina]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.usd.edu/erp/Palestine/people&p.htm|title=Palestine: People and Places|accessdate=2007-04-18|last=Lehmann|first=Clayton Miles |work=The On-line Encyclopedia of the Roman Provinces|publisher=The University of South Dakota}}</ref> Jerusalem once again served as the capital of Judea during the three-year rebellion known as the [[Bar Kokhba's revolt|Bar Kochba revolt]]. The Romans succeeded in recapturing the city in 135 CE and as a punitive measure Hadrian banned the Jews from entering it. Hadrian renamed the entire [[Iudaea Province]] ''[[Syria Palaestina]]'' after the biblical [[Philistines]] in an attempt to de-Judaize the country.<ref name="erp-places">{{cite web |url=http://www.usd.edu/erp/Palestine/history.htm |title=Palestine: History |accessdate=2007-04-18 |date=[[2007-02-22]] |last=Lehmann |first=Clayton Miles |work=The On-line Encyclopedia of the Roman Provinces |publisher=The University of South Dakota}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Cohen|first=Shaye J. D.|chapter=Judaism to Mishnah: 135–220 C.E|title=Christianity and Rabbinic Judaism: A Parallel History of their Origins and Early Development|editor=Hershel Shanks|publisher:Biblical Archaeology Society|year=1996|location=Washington DC|page=196}}</ref> Enforcement of the ban on Jews entering [[Aelia Capitolina]] continued until the 4th century CE.
In the five centuries following the [[Bar Kokhba revolt]], the city remained under [[Roman Empire|Roman]] then [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] rule. During the 4th century, the [[Roman Emperor]] [[Constantine I]] constructed Christian sites in Jerusalem such as the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre]]. Jerusalem reached a peak in size and population at the end of the Second Temple Period: The city covered two square kilometers (0.8 sq mi.) and had a population of 200,000<ref>{{cite book|title=This Is Jerusalem|last=Har-el|first=Menashe| publisher=Canaan Publishing House|1977|pages68–95}}</ref><ref name="erp-places"/> From the days of Constantine until the 7th century, Jews were banned from Jerusalem.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bu.edu/mzank/Jerusalem/p/period3-2.htm |last=Zank |first=Michael |publisher=Boston University |title=Byzantian Jerusalem |accessdate=2007-02-01}}</ref>
===Roman-Persian wars===
Within the span of a few decades, Jerusalem shifted from Roman to Persian rule and returned to Roman dominion once more. Following [[Sassanid]] [[Khosrau II]]'s early seventh century push into [[Byzantine]] and advancing through Syria, Sassanid Generals [[Shahrbaraz]] and [[Shahin]] attacked the Byzantine-controlled city of Jerusalem ([[Persian Language|Persian]]: Dej Houdkh).<ref name="AntiochusStrategos">{{cite book
| last = Conybeare
| first = Frederick C.
| authorlink = Frederick Cornwallis Conybeare
| title = The Capture of Jerusalem by the Persians in 614 AD
| publisher =
| series = English Historical Review 25
| year = 1910
| pages = 502-517
| doi =
| isbn = }}</ref>
In the [[Siege of Jerusalem (614)|Siege of Jerusalem]] ([[614]]), after 21 days of relentless [[siege warfare]], Jerusalem was captured and the Persian victory resulted in the territorial annexation of Jerusalem. After the [[Sassanid army]] entered Jerusalem, the holy "[[True Cross]]" was stolen and sent back to the [[Ctesiphon|Sassanian capital]] as a battle-captured holy relic. The conquered city and the Holy Cross would remain in Sassanid hands for some fifteen years until the Byzantine Emperor [[Heraclius]] recovered them in 629.<ref name="AntiochusStrategos" />
===Islamic rule===
In 638, the [[Islam]]ic [[Caliphate]] extended its dominion to Jerusalem. At this time, Jerusalem was declared Islam's third holiest city after Mecca and Medina, and referred to as ''al Bait al-Muquddas''. Later, it was known as ''al-Quds al-Sharif.''<ref>''Jerusalem: Illustrated History Atlas'' Martin Gilbert, Macmillan Publishing, New York, 1978, p. 7</ref> With the [[Muslim conquest of Syria|Arab conquest]], Jews were allowed back into the city.<ref>{{cite book|title=A History of Palestine, 634-1099 |last=Gil |first=Moshe |publisher=Cambridge University Press |month=February |year=1997 |isbn=0521599849 |pages=70-71 |accessdate=2007-08-15}}</ref> The [[Rashidun]] caliph [[Umar ibn al-Khattab]] signed a treaty with [[Monophysite Christian]] Patriarch [[Sophronius]], assuring him that Jerusalem's Christian holy places and population would be protected under Muslim rule. <ref>{{cite book|title=A History of the Crusades:The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem |last=Runciman |first=Steven |publisher=Penguin Books |year=1951 |pages=Vol.1 pp.3-4 |accessdate=2008-06-12}}</ref> Umar was led to the [[Foundation Stone]] on the [[Temple Mount]], which he cleared of refuse in preparation for building a mosque. According to the Gaullic bishop [[Arculf]], who lived in Jerusalem from 679-688, the [[Mosque of Umar]] was a rectangular wooden structure built over ruins which could accommodated 3,000 worshipers. <ref>http://www.biu.ac.il/js/rennert/history_8.html</ref>
The [[Umayyad]] caliph [[Abd al-Malik]] commissioned the construction of the [[Dome of the Rock]] in the late 7th century.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Holy City: Jerusalem in the Theology of the Old Testament |last=Hoppe |first=Leslie J. |publisher=Michael Glazier Books |month=August |year=2000 |isbn=0814650813 |pages=15 |accessdate=2007-02-01}}</ref>The 10th century historian El Muqadasi writes that Abd al-Malik built the shrine in order to compete in grandeur of Jerusalem's monumental churches. <ref>http://www.biu.ac.il/js/rennert/history_8.html</ref>Over the next four hundred years, Jerusalem's prominence diminished as Arab powers in the region jockeyed for control.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bu.edu/mzank/Jerusalem/p/period4-3.htm |last=Zank |first=Michael |publisher=Boston University |title=Abbasid Period and Fatimid Rule (750–1099) |accessdate=2007-02-01}}</ref>
====Crusaders, Saladin and the Mamluks====
{{POV_section|date=July 2008}}
[[Image:1099jerusalem.jpg|thumb|Medieval illustration of capture of Jerusalem during the First Crusade, 1099]]
In 1099, Jerusalem was [[Siege of Jerusalem (1099)|conquered]] by the [[Crusaders]], who massacred most of its Muslim, Christian Orthodox and Jewish inhabitants.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Hull|first=Michael D.|year=1999|month=June|title=First Crusade: Siege of Jerusalem|journal=Military History|url=http://www.historynet.com/historical_conflicts/3028446.html?page=4&c=y|accessdate=2007-05-18}}</ref> The surviving Jews were sold into slavery in Europe or ransomed to the Jewish community of Egypt.<ref>''Jerusalem: Illustrated History Atlas'' Martin Gilbert, Macmillan Publishing, New York, 1978, p. 21</ref> Christian Arab tribes brought to Jerusalem settled in the Old City.<ref>''Jerusalem: Illustrated History Atlas'' Martin Gilbert, Macmillan Publishing, New York, 1978, p. 11</ref> In 1187, the city was wrested from the Crusaders by [[Saladin]] who permited Jews and Muslims to return and settle in the city.<ref name="century1">{{cite web|url=http://www.centuryone.com/hstjrslm.html |publisher=The CenturyOne Foundation |title=Main Events in the History of Jerusalem |accessdate=2007-02-02 |year=2003 |work=Jerusalem: The Endless Crusade}}</ref> In 1244, Jerusalem was sacked by the Kharezmian [[Tartars]], who decimated the city's Christian population and drove out the Jews, some of whom resettled in [[Nablus]].<ref>''Jerusalem: Illustrated History Atlas'' Martin Gilbert, Macmillan Publishing, New York, 1978, p. 25</ref> From 1250-1517, Jerusalem was ruled by the [[Mamluk]]s, who imposed a heavy annual tax on the Jews and destroyed Christian holy places on [[Mount Zion]].<ref>''Jerusalem: Illustrated History Atlas'' Martin Gilbert, Macmillan Publishing, New York, 1978, p. 25</ref>
====Ottoman rule====
{{POV_section|date=July 2008}}
In 1517, Jerusalem and environs fell to the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Turks]], who remained in control until 1917.<ref name="century1" /> In the 16th and 17th centuries, the walls of Jerusalem were rebuilt, regional trade flourished and Jerusalem's economy and population expanded.{{Fact|date=July 2008}} With the occupation of Jerusalem by [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt]] in 1831, foreign missions and consulates began to establish a foothold in the city. In the 1860s, new neighborhoods began to go up outside the Old City walls to house pilgrims and relieve the intense overcrowding and poor sanitation inside the city. The [[Russian Compound]] and [[Mishkenot Sha'ananim]] were founded in 1860.<ref>{{cite web |last=Eylon |first=Lili |title=Jerusalem: Architecture in the Late Ottoman Period |work=Focus on Israel |publisher=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs |month=April |year=1999 |url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/mfaarchive/1990_1999/1999/4/focus%20on%20israel-%20jerusalem%20-%20architecture%20in%20the%20l |accessdate=2007-04-20}}</ref> Wealthy Muslim families built Ottoman-style villas on the fringes of the [[German Colony, Jerusalem|German Colony]].{{Fact|date=July 2008}} According to the Prussian consul, the population in 1845 was 16,410, with 7,120 Jews, 5,000 Muslims, 3,390 Christians, 800 Turkish soldiers and 100 Europeans.<ref>''Jerusalem: Illustrated History Atlas'' Martin Gilbert, Macmillan Publishing, New York, 1978, p. 37</ref>
''Relations with Jews and Christians:'' The volume of Christian pilgrimages increased under the Ottomans, doubling the city's population around Easter time.<ref>''Jerusalem: Illustrated History Atlas'' Martin Gilbert, Macmillan Publishing, New York, 1978, p. 35</ref> In 1836, Ibrahim Pasha allowed the Jews to restore four major synagogues, among them the [[Hurva]]. <ref>''Jerusalem: Illustrated History Atlas'' Martin Gilbert, Macmillan Publishing, New York, 1978, p. 37</ref> Turkish rule was reinstated in 1840, but many Egyptian Muslims remained in Jerusalem. Jews from Algiers and North Africa began to settle in the city in growing numbers.<ref>''Jerusalem: Illustrated History Atlas'' Martin Gilbert, Macmillan Publishing, New York, 1978, p. 37</ref> Some tension existed between Ottoman rulers and [[People of the Book]]; the Ottomans built tanneries and slaughterhouses near Christian and Jewish holy places "so that an evil smell should ever plague the infidels." <ref>''Jerusalem: Illustrated History Atlas'' Martin Gilbert, Macmillan Publishing, New York, 1978, p. 25</ref> In the 1840s and 1850s, the international powers began a tug-of-war in Palestine as they sought to extend their protection over the country's religious minorities, a struggle carried out mainly through consular representatives in Jerusalem.<ref> ''Encyclopedia Judaica'', Jerusalem, Keter, 1978, Volume 9, "State of Israel (Historical Survey)", pp.304-306</ref>
===British Mandate===
[[Image:Allenby enters Jerusalem 1917.jpg|thumb|left|[[Edmund Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby|General Edmund Allenby]] enters the [[Jaffa Gate]] in the [[Old City of Jerusalem]] on [[December 11]], [[1917]]]]
In 1917 after the [[Battle of Jerusalem (1917)|Battle of Jerusalem]], the [[British Army]], led by [[Edmund Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby|General Edmund Allenby]], captured the city.<ref>{{cite book|last=Fromkin |first=David |publisher=Owl Books e|edition=2nd reprinted |isbn=0805068848 |date=[[2001-09-01]] |title=A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East |accessdate=2007-02-02 |pages=312–3}}</ref> The [[League of Nations]], through its 1922 [[ratification]] of the [[Balfour Declaration of 1917|Balfour Declaration]], entrusted the [[United Kingdom]] to administer the [[British Mandate of Palestine|Mandate for Palestine]] and help establish a "[[Homeland for the Jewish people|Jewish National Home]]" in the region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jafi.org.il/education/100/concepts/british.html |publisher=The Jewish Agency for Israel |title=British Rule |last=Mendelsson |first=David |work=Department for Jewish Zionist Education |accessdate=2007-02-02}}</ref> Access by Jews to the Western Wall was strictly limited, as the British authorities would not allow any furniture or appurtenances to be brought for prayers at the wall. The period of the Mandate saw the construction of new garden suburbs in the western and northern parts of the city<ref>{{cite journal|last=Tamari |first=Salim |year=1999 |title=Jerusalem 1948: The Phantom City |journal=Jerusalem Quarterly File |issue=3 |format=Reprint |url=http://www.library.cornell.edu/colldev/mideast/tamjer.htm |accessdate=2007-02-02}}</ref><ref name="ingeborg-mandate">{{cite web|url=http://www.biu.ac.il/JS/rennert/history_12.html |publisher=Bar-Ilan University Ingeborg Rennert Center for Jerusalem Studies |title=The British Mandate |work=Jerusalem: Life Throughout the Ages in a Holy City |accessdate=2007-02-10 |last=Eisenstadt |first=David |date=[[2002-08-26]]}}</ref> and the establishment of institutions of higher learning such as the [[Hebrew University]], founded in 1925.<ref name="huji-history">{{cite web|url=http://www.huji.ac.il/huji/eng/aboutHU_history_e.htm |publisher=The Hebrew University of Jerusalem |title=History |accessdate=2007-03-18}}</ref>
As the [[British Mandate for Palestine]] was expiring, the [[1947 UN Partition Plan]] (Part III) recommended "the creation of a special international regime in the City of Jerusalem, constituting it as a ''[[corpus separatum]]'' under the administration of the [[United Nations]]."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/52b7d0e66142a40e85256dc70072b982/6362111f689724d705256601007063f2!OpenDocument |publisher=The United Nations |date=[[1948-01-22]] |accessdate=2007-02-03 |title=Considerations Affecting Certain of the Provisions of the General Assembly Resolution on the "Future Government of Palestine": The City of Jerusalem}}</ref> The international regime was to remain in force for a period of ten years, whereupon a referendum was to be held in which the residents of Jerusalem were to decide the future regime of the city. (Jerusalem had a Jewish majority both in 1948 and in 1958.)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalpolitician.com/24388-israel-jerusalem|title=The Legal Status of East Jerusalem Under International Law|author=[[David Storobin]]|publisher=[[Global Politician]]}}</ref> However, this plan was not implemented as the [[Haganah]] and the [[Arab Legion|Jordanian Arab Legion]] fought for control of the city. On [[May 28]], the Arab Legion gained control over the Old City; all of its Jewish inhabitants were either taken prisoner or handed over to the Red Cross to be permanently transferred to Israeli-controlled areas.<ref>{{cite news| last = Brewer| first = Sam Pope| title = 11 Day Fight Over| publisher = The New York Times| date = [[1948-05-29]]| accessdate=2008-03-08}}</ref>
=== 1948 Arab-Israeli War ===
[[Image:1948 Jerusalem Bevingrad Princess Mary Ave.jpg|thumb|200px|Princess Mary Street in West Jerusalem on the eve of the war]]
{{main|1948 Arab-Israeli War}}
The [[1948 Arab-Israeli War]] led to massive displacement of Arab and Jewish populations.
According to Benny Morris, due to mob and militia violence on both sides, 1,500 of the 3,500 (mostly ultra-Orthodox) Jews in the Old City evacuated to west Jerusalem as a unit.<ref>Morris Benny, The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem, 1947-1949, Revisited , Cambridge, 2004</ref>
The comparatively populous Arab village of [[Lifta]] (today within the bounds of Jerusalem) was captured by Israeli troops in 1948, and its residents were loaded on trucks and taken to East Jerusalem.<ref>Krystall, Nathan.“The De-Arabization of West Jerusalem 1947-50”, Journal of Palestine Studies (27), Winter 1998</ref> <ref>Morris Benny, The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem, 1947-1949, Revisited , Cambridge, 2004</ref><ref>Al-Khalidi, Walid (ed.), All that remains: the Palestinian villages occupied and depopulated by Israel in 1948 , (Washington DC: 1992),"Lifta", pp. 300-303</ref> The villages of [[Deir Yassin]], [[Ein Karem]] and [[Malcha]], as well as neighborhoods to the west of Jerusalem's Old City such as [[Talbiya]], [[Katamon]], [[Baka]], [[Mamilla]] and [[Abu Tor]], also came under Israeli control, and its residents were forcibly displaced; in some cases, as documented by Zionist historian [[Benny Morris]] and Palestinian historian [[Walid Khalidi]], among others, expulsions and massacres occurred.<ref>Morris Benny, The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem, 1947-1949, Revisited , Cambridge, 2004</ref><ref>Al-Khalidi, Walid (ed.), ''All that remains: the Palestinian villages occupied and depopulated by Israel in 1948'', (Washington DC: Institute for Palestine Studies, 1992)</ref>
===1949-67: Divided city===
[[Image:JlmS.jpg|thumb|left|250px|View of [[Mishkenot Sha'ananim]], one of the first Jewish neighborhoods built outside the Old City, today]]
{{see also|UN General Assembly Resolution 194|Occupation of the West Bank and East Jerusalem by Jordan}}
At the end of the [[1948 Arab-Israeli War]], Jerusalem was left divided between Israel and [[Jordan]] (then known as [[Transjordan]]). The [[ceasefire]] line established through the [[1949 Armistice Agreements|Armistice Agreement]] of 1949 between Israel and Jordan, cut through the center of the city, and left [[Mount Scopus]] as an Israeli [[exclave]]. Barbed wire and checkpoints divided the city, and military skirmishes frequently threatened the cease-fire.
Contrary to the terms of the [[1949 Armistice Agreements|Armistice Agreement]] of 1949 between Jordan and Israel, Israelis were denied access to Jewish holy sites, many of which were desecrated, and only allowed extremely limited access to Christian holy sites.<ref>Martin Gilbert, [http://www.mefacts.com/cache/html/wall-ruling_/11362.htm "Jerusalem: A Tale of One City"], ''The New Republic'', Nov. 14, 1994</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/myths/mf20.html#e|title=Myths & Facts Online: Jerusalem|author=[[Mitchell Bard]]|publisher=[[Jewish Virtual Library]]}}</ref>
Jordan played a historic role in Jerusalem from 1948 when it assumed control of the holy places in the Old City. The salaries of religious functionaries were paid by Jordan, and Jordan took responsiblity for the maintenance of religious sites. In 1958, the Dome of the Rock and Al Aqsa underwent major renovations which were paid for by Jordan with the assistance of other Arab governments and Islamic organizations. <ref>http://www.washington-report.org/backissues/0994/9409011.htm</ref>
After the establishment of the State of Israel, Jerusalem was declared its capital. Jordan formally annexed East Jerusalem in 1950, and declared the Palestinian Arab population to be Jordanian citizens. This move was not internationally recognized. In 1951 the Jordanian [[Abdullah I of Jordan|King Abdullah]] was assassinated by a Palestinian while visiting the city.
===1967-present: Israeli rule extended to East Jerusalem===
{{seealso|Positions on Jerusalem}}
During the 1967 [[Six-Day War]], Israel captured East Jerusalem and asserted sovereignty over the entire city. In 1980, the Israeli administration of the city passed a law declaring Jerusalem united, and the capital of Israel.<ref name="basiclaw">{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/1980_1989/Basic%20Law-%20Jerusalem-%20Capital%20of%20Israel |publisher=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs |accessdate=2007-04-02 |date=[[1980-07-30]] |title=Basic Law: Jerusalem, Capital of Israel}}</ref>
Following the 1967 war, Jewish access to holy sites was restored, while the Temple Mount remained under the jurisdiction of the Islamic [[waqf]]. The neighborhood<ref>http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/db942872b9eae454852560f6005a76fb/a8138ad15b0fcac385256b920059debf!OpenDocument</ref> around the Western Wall, long inhabited by Arabs and Moroccans, was cast as a slum by the new Israeli rulers of the Old City, and razed<ref>Rashid Khalidi, [http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/195696.pdf "The Future of Arab Jerusalem"] ''British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies'', Vol. 19, No. 2 (1992), pp. 133-143</ref> to provide access for the throngs of Jews who were now able to pray there for the first time since 1948.<ref>http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/templateC04.php?CID=6</ref> The demolition of the [[Moroccan Quarter]], or ''Harat Magharibah'', as it was known, on June 10, 1967, led to the eviction of 100 families, who were given two hours notice to leave their houses.
The demolition of the Moroccan quarter together with expansion of the Jewish quarter, and other attempts to alter the physical and demographic landscape of new and old Jerusalem, were internationally censured.<ref>http://www.merip.org/mero/mero080400.htmland</ref> [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 478|UNSC resolution 478]], declared the assertion of sovereignty to be "null and void." Resolution 478 was preceded by a number of resolutions "recalling the principle that acquisition of territory by military conquest is inadmissible" and condemning Israeli actions in the occupied portion of the city,<REF>UNSC 242, 252, 267, 271, 298, and 476.</REF> and followed by an advisory opinion of the [[International Court of Justice]] which found that under [[Customary international law]] "Israel has continued to have the status of occupying Power" in that area.<ref>International Court of Justice, Advisory Opinion on "Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory", delivered on 9 July 2004, General List No. 131.</ref>
Since 1967, Jerusalem has expanded its boundaries and established a ring of Jewish neighbourhoods on unoccupied land beyond the [[Green Line (Israel)|Green Line]]. Municipal policies on housing construction in East Jerusalem have been criticized as discriminatory, with permits in Arab areas difficult to acquire.<ref>Menachem Klein, "Old and new walls in Jerusalem", ''Political Geography'', Vol 24 (2005), pp. 53–76.</ref>
The [[Palestinian people|Palestinians]] hope to establish the capital of a [[Proposals for a Palestinian state|future Palestinian state]] in some or all of Jerusalem ({{lang|ar|القـُدْس}}, ''Al-Quds''.)<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/913085.stm |title=No Mid-East advance at UN summit |publisher=BBC |date=[[2000-09-07]] |accessdate=2007-02-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1167467711961&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull |publisher=The Jerusalem Post |author=Khaled Abu Toameh |title=Abbas: Aim guns against occupation |date=[[2007-01-11]] |accessdate=2007-02-03}}</ref>
<ref name="UN Resolution">{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/UN/unres252.html|work=Jewish Virtual Library |accessdate=2007-05-23 |date=[[1968-05-21]] |title=United Nations Security Council Resolution 252}}</ref> At the [[Camp David 2000]] summit Israel offered to assign areas of predominantly Arab population in East Jerusalem to the [[Palestinian Authority]] in return for the annexation of Jewish settlements to Israel proper while the Palestinian delegation took the position that the 1949 cease-fire line must be the international border; an impasse which led in part to the breakdown in negotiations and the [[Second Intifada]]. At the follow-up [[Taba Summit]] the delegations agreed in principle to an open city with Palestinian sovereignty over mostly Arab neighbourhoods and Israeli sovereignty over mostly Jewish ones.
The status of the city, and especially its holy places, remains a core issue in the conflict. On the one hand, right-wing Jewish settlers groups seeking to claim Jewish holy sites and archaeological sites in East Jerusalem have erected settlements in former Palestinian homes or on land confiscated from Palestinian villagers. On the other hand, some prominent Islamic leaders insist that Jews have no connection to Jerusalem. "There was never a Jewish temple on Al-Aksa [the mosque compound] and there is no proof that there was ever a temple," said the former mufti of Jerusalem in 2007. "Because Allah is fair, he would not agree to make Al-Aksa if there were a temple there for others beforehand...The wall is not part of the Jewish temple. It is just the western wall of the mosque. There is not a single stone with any relation at all to the history of the Hebrews." Asked if Jews would ever be allowed to pray on the Temple Mount under Muslim control, he replied: "It is not the Temple Mount, you must say Al-Aksa. And no Jews have the right to pray at the mosque. It was always only a mosque - all 144 dunams, the entire area. No Jewish prayer. If the Jews want real peace, they must not do anything to try to pray on Al-Aksa. Everyone knows that." <ref>http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1192380646406&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/Printer</ref>
==Geography==
[[Image:Yad Vashem view of Jerusalem valley by David Shankbone.jpg|thumb|left|View of Jerusalem Forest from Yad Vashem]]
Jerusalem is situated around {{coor dm|31|47|N|35|13|E|}} on the southern spur of a [[plateau]] in the [[Judean Mountains]], which include the [[Mount of Olives]] (East) and [[Mount Scopus]] (North East). The elevation of the Old City is approximately 760 m (2,500 feet).<ref>{{cite book|title=Drought Management Planning in Water Supply Systems |last=Cabrera |first=Enrique |coauthors=Jorge García-Serra |accessdate=2007-02-09 |date=[[1998-12-31]] |isbn=0792352947 |publisher=Springer |pages=304 |quote=The Old City of Jerusalem (760 m) in the central hills}}</ref> The whole of Jerusalem is surrounded by valleys and dry [[riverbed]]s (''[[wadi]]s''), although those to the north are less pronounced than those on the other sides.
Three of the most prominent valleys in the region, the [[Kidron Valley|Kidron]], [[Gehenna|Hinnom]], and [[Tyropoeon Valley|Tyropoeon]] Valleys, intersect in an area just south of the Old City of Jerusalem.<ref name="bergsohn">{{cite web|url=http://instruct1.cit.cornell.edu/courses/nes263/spring06/scb48/Final%20Website/Geography%20Page.html |last=Bergsohn |first=Sam |date=[[2006-05-15]] |accessdate=2007-02-09 |title=Geography |publisher=Cornell University}}</ref> The [[Kidron Valley]] runs just to the east of the Old City and separates the [[Mount of Olives]] from the city proper. Along the southern side of old Jerusalem is the [[Valley of Hinnom]], a steep ravine associated in Biblical [[eschatology]] with the concept of [[Gehenna]] or [[Hell]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Four Views on Hell |last=Walvoord |first=John |publisher=Zondervan |date=[[1996-01-07]] |coauthors=Zachary J. Hayes, Clark H. Pinnock, William Crockett, and Stanley N. Gundry |accessdate=2007-02-09 |isbn=0310212685 |pages=58 |chapter=The Metaphorical View}}</ref> A third valley commenced in the northwest near the present-day location of [[Damascus Gate]], ran south-southeasterly through the center of the Old City down to the [[Pool of Siloam]], and divided the lower part into two hills, the Temple Mount to the east, and the rest of the city to the west (the lower and the upper cities described by [[Josephus]]). Today, this valley, the Tyropoeon Valley, is mostly hidden from view due to the amount of debris that has accumulated within the ravine over the past few millennia.<ref name="bergsohn" />
Jerusalem is {{convert|60|km|mi|0|sp=us}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Taking Space Seriously: Law, Space and Society in Contemporary Israel |last=Rosen-Zvi |first=Issachar |isbn=0754623513 |month=June |year=2004 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing |pages=37 |accessdate=2007-02-09 |quote=Thus, for instance, the distance between the four large metropolitan regions are—39 miles}}</ref> east of [[Tel Aviv]] and the [[Mediterranean Sea]]. On the opposite side of the city, approximately {{convert|35|km|mi|0|sp=us}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/5750610/ |publisher=AP via MSNBC |date=[[2004-08-18]] |title=Debate flares anew over Dead Sea Scrolls |accessdate=2007-02-09 |last=Federman |first=Josef}}</ref> away, is the [[Dead Sea]], the [[Extremes on Earth|lowest body of water]] on Earth. Neighboring cities and towns include [[Bethlehem]] and [[Beit Jala]] to the south, [[Abu Dis]] and [[Ma'ale Adumim]] to the east, [[Mevaseret Zion]] to the west, and [[Ramallah]] and [[Giv'at Ze'ev]] to the north.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://faculty.biu.ac.il/~maeira/About%20us/Introduction/Introduction.html |work=The Tell es-Safi/Gath Archaeological Expedition |publisher=Bar Ilan University |accessdate=2007-04-24 |title=Introduction}} (Image located [http://faculty.biu.ac.il/~maeira/About%20us/Introduction/Map_Jerusalem_K_Menahem_small.jpg here])</ref><ref name="map">{{cite web|url=http://www.eyeonisrael.com/Israel-touring-map.html |publisher=Eye On Israel |accessdate=2007-04-25 |title=Map of Israel}} (See map 9 for Jerusalem)</ref><ref>{{cite news|title="One more Obstacle to Peace" – A new Israeli Neighborhood on the lands of Jerusalem city |url=http://www.poica.org/editor/case_studies/view.php?recordID=1025 |publisher=The Applied Research Institute -- Jerusalem |date=[[2007-03-10]] |accessdate=2007-04-24}} (Image located [http://www.poica.org/editor/case_studies/GJ_2006.jpg here])</ref>
[[Image:Panorámica de Jerusalén desde el Monte de los Olivos.jpg|center|thumb|800px|Panorama of the Temple Mount from the Mount of Olives. The Dome of the Rock is the golden-domed structure in the center]]
===Climate===
The city is characterized by a [[Mediterranean climate]], with hot, dry summers, warm to cool springs and autumns, and cool, wet winters. Significant snowfall occurs every couple of winters, with trace snow in 4 out of 5 winters on average. January is the coldest month of the year, with an average monthly temperature of 8 °C (46 °F). July and August are the hottest months, with an average monthly temperature of 23 °C (73 °F).<ref name="weather">{{cite web|url=http://www.weather.com/outlook/travel/businesstraveler/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/ISXX0010?from=month_bottomnav_business |publisher=The Weather Channel |accessdate=2007-02-07 |title=Monthly Averages for Jerusalem, Israel}}</ref> Temperatures vary widely from day to night, and Jerusalem evenings are typically cool even in summer. The average annual precipitation is close to 590 millimetres (23 in) with rain occurring mostly between October and May.<ref name="weather" />
<center><!--Infobox begins-->{{Infobox Weather
|metric_first=yes <!--Entering Yes will swap unit order to metric first. Leave blank for Imperial-->
|single_line=yes <!--Entering Yes will compact the infobox vertically by placing some units on same line.-->
|location = Jerusalem
|Jan_Hi_°F =53 |Jan_Hi_°C =12 |Jan_REC_Hi_°F = |Jan_REC_Lo_°F= <!--REC temps are optional; use sparely-->
|Feb_Hi_°F =56 |Feb_Hi_°C =13 |Feb_REC_Hi_°F = |Feb_REC_Lo_°F =
|Mar_Hi_°F =61 |Mar_Hi_°C =16 |Mar_REC_Hi_°F = |Mar_REC_Lo_°F =
|Apr_Hi_°F =70 |Apr_Hi_°C =21 |Apr_REC_Hi_°F = |Apr_REC_Lo_°F =
|May_Hi_°F =77 |May_Hi_°C =25 |May_REC_Hi_°F = |May_REC_Lo_°F =
|Jun_Hi_°F =82 |Jun_Hi_°C =28 |Jun_REC_Hi_°F = |Jun_REC_Lo_°F =
|Jul_Hi_°F =84 |Jul_Hi_°C =29 |Jul_REC_Hi_°F = |Jul_REC_Lo_°F =
|Aug_Hi_°F = 84 |Aug_Hi_°C =29 |Aug_REC_Hi_°F = |Aug_REC_Lo_°F =
|Sep_Hi_°F = 82 |Sep_Hi_°C =28 |Sep_REC_Hi_°F = |Sep_REC_Lo_°F =
|Oct_Hi_°F =77 |Oct_Hi_°C =25 |Oct_REC_Hi_°F = |Oct_REC_Lo_°F =
|Nov_Hi_°F =66 |Nov_Hi_°C =19 |Nov_REC_Hi_°F = |Nov_REC_Lo_°F =
|Dec_Hi_°F =57 |Dec_Hi_°C =14 |Dec_REC_Hi_°F = |Dec_REC_Lo_°F =
|Jan_Lo_°F =39 |Jan_Lo_°C =4 |Jan_REC_Hi_°C = |Jan_REC_Lo_°C =
|Feb_Lo_°F =40 |Feb_Lo_°C =4 |Feb_REC_Hi_°C = |Feb_REC_Lo_°C =
|Mar_Lo_°F =43 |Mar_Lo_°C =6 |Mar_REC_Hi_°C = |Mar_REC_Lo_°C =
|Apr_Lo_°F =49 |Apr_Lo_°C =9 |Apr_REC_Hi_°C = |Apr_REC_Lo_°C =
|May_Lo_°F =54 |May_Lo_°C =12 |May_REC_Hi_°C = |May_REC_Lo_°C =
|Jun_Lo_°F =59 |Jun_Lo_°C =15 |Jun_REC_Hi_°C = |Jun_REC_Lo_°C =
|Jul_Lo_°F =63 |Jul_Lo_°C =17 |Jul_REC_Hi_°C = |Jul_REC_Lo_°C =
|Aug_Lo_°F =63 |Aug_Lo_°C =17 |Aug_REC_Hi_°C = |Aug_REC_Lo_°C =
|Sep_Lo_°F =61 |Sep_Lo_°C =16 |Sep_REC_Hi_°C = |Sep_REC_Lo_°C =
|Oct_Lo_°F =57 |Oct_Lo_°C =14 |Oct_REC_Hi_°C = |Oct_REC_Lo_°C =
|Nov_Lo_°F =49 |Nov_Lo_°C =9 |Nov_REC_Hi_°C = |Nov_REC_Lo_°C =
|Dec_Lo_°F =42 |Dec_Lo_°C =6 |Dec_REC_Hi_°C = |Dec_REC_Lo_°C =
|Jan_Precip_inch = 5.6
|Feb_Precip_inch = 4.5
|Mar_Precip_inch = 3.9
|Apr_Precip_inch = 1.2
|May_Precip_inch =0.1
|Jun_Precip_inch =0
|Jul_Precip_inch =0
|Aug_Precip_inch =0
|Sep_Precip_inch =0.0
|Oct_Precip_inch =0.9
|Nov_Precip_inch =2.7
|Dec_Precip_inch =4.3
<!--****If the source reports in metric units, use the unit reported by the source--mm or cm ****-->
|Jan_Precip_cm = |Jan_Precip_mm = 142.2
|Feb_Precip_cm = |Feb_Precip_mm = 114.3
|Mar_Precip_cm = |Mar_Precip_mm = 99.1
|Apr_Precip_cm = |Apr_Precip_mm = 30.5
|May_Precip_cm = |May_Precip_mm = 2.5
|Jun_Precip_cm = |Jun_Precip_mm = 0
|Jul_Precip_cm = |Jul_Precip_mm = 0
|Aug_Precip_cm = |Aug_Precip_mm = 0
|Sep_Precip_cm = |Sep_Precip_mm = 0.0
|Oct_Precip_cm = |Oct_Precip_mm = 22.9
|Nov_Precip_cm = |Nov_Precip_mm = 68.8
|Dec_Precip_cm = |Dec_Precip_mm = 109.2
|source =The Weather Channel<ref name=weatherchannel>{{cite web
| url =http://www.weather.com/outlook/travel/businesstraveler/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/ISXX0010?from=searchhttp://www.weather.com/outlook/travel/businesstraveler/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/ISXX0010?from=search | title =Monthly Averages for Jerusalem, Israel | accessmonthday =May 23 | accessyear = 2007
| publisher =The Weather Channel Interactive, Inc | language =English }}</ref>
|accessdate =
<!--For a second source-->
|source2 =
|accessdate2 =
}}<!--Infobox ends--></center>
Most of the [[air pollution]] in Jerusalem comes from vehicular traffic, especially in [[East Jerusalem]].<ref name="friction">{{cite book|title=Jerusalem: Points of Friction-And Beyond |last=Ma'oz |first=Moshe |publisher= Brill Academic Publishers |month=March |year=2000 |coauthors=Sari Nusseibeh |isbn=9041188436 |pages=44-6 |accessdate=2007-02-10}}</ref> Many main streets in Jerusalem were not built to accommodate such a large volume of traffic, leading to traffic congestion and more [[carbon monoxide]] released into the air. Industrial pollution inside the city is sparse, but emissions from factories on the [[Israeli Coastal Plain|Israeli Mediterranean coast]] can travel eastward and settle over the city.<ref name="friction" /><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1189411414621&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull| title=Worst ozone pollution in Beit Shemesh, Gush Etzion| author=Rory Kess| publisher=[[The Jerusalem Post]]| date=[[September 16]], [[2007]]| accessdate=2007-10-23}}</ref>
==Demographics==
{{State of Israel}}
{{Population of Jerusalem}}
{{main|Demographics of Jerusalem}}
In May 2007, Jerusalem had a population of 743,000 - 68% were [[Jew]]ish, 30% [[Muslim]], and 2% [[Christian]]. The [[population density]] was {{Pop density km2 to mi2|5750.4|spell=American}}.<ref name="cbs" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.cbs.gov.il/shnaton57/st02_14.pdf | format = PDF | publisher=[[Israel Central Bureau of Statistics]] |title=Population and Density per km² in Localities Numbering Above 5,000 Residents on 31 XII 2005 |year=2006 |accessdate=2007-04-11}}</ref> According to a study published in 2000, the percentage of Jews in the city's population had been decreasing; this was attributed to a higher Palestinian birth rate, and Jewish residents leaving. The study also found that about nine percent of the Old City's 32,488 people were Jews.<ref>[http://edition.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/meast/09/26/mideast.jerusalem.reut/index.html "Arab population growth outpaces Jews in Jerusalem"] Reuters, September 26, 2000</ref>
In 2005, 2,850 new immigrants settled in Jerusalem, mostly from the [[United States]], [[France]] and the former [[Soviet Union]]. In terms of the local population, the number of outgoing residents exceeds the number of incoming residents. In 2005, 16,000 left Jerusalem and only 10,000 moved in.<ref name="cbs" /> Nevertheless, the population of Jerusalem continues to rise due to the high [[birth rate]], especially in the Arab and [[Haredi Judaism|Haredi Jewish]] communities. Consequently, the [[total fertility rate]] in Jerusalem (4.02) is higher than in Tel Aviv (1.98) and well above the national average of 2.90. The average size of Jerusalem's 180,000 households is 3.8 people.<ref name="cbs" />
In 2005, the total population grew by 13,000 (1.8%) — similar to Israeli national average, but the religious and ethnic composition is shifting. While 31% of the Jewish population is made up of children below the age fifteen, the figure for the Arab population is 42%.<ref name="cbs" /> This would seem to corroborate the observation that the percentage of Jews in Jerusalem has declined over the past four decades. In 1967, Jews accounted for 74 percent of the population, while the figure for 2006 is down nine percent.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3254277,00.html |publisher=YNet |title=Jerusalem: More tourists, fewer Jews |date=[[2006-05-23]] |accessdate=2007-03-10 |last=Sel |first=Neta}}</ref> Possible factors are the high cost of housing, fewer job opportunities and the increasingly religious character of the city. Many people are moving to the suburbs and coastal cities in search of cheaper housing and a more secular lifestyle.<ref name="Jewish-drop">{{cite news|url=http://www.library.cornell.edu/colldev/mideast/jerus.htm |publisher=The Washington Post via Cornell University |title=Jewish Drop In Jerusalem Worries Israel |last=Hockstader |first=Lee |date=[[1998-08-16]] |accessdate=2007-03-10}}</ref>
Demographics and the Jewish-Arab population divide play a major role in the dispute over Jerusalem. In 1998, the Jerusalem Development Authority proposed expanding city limits to the west to include more areas heavily populated with Jews.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/12/02/AR2006120200463_pf.html |title=Jerusalem Barrier Causes Major Upheaval |date=[[2006-12-02]] |publisher=The Associated Press via The Washington Post |last=Laub |first=Karin |accessdate=2007-03-10}}</ref>
==Local government==
[[Image:KikarsafraS.jpg|thumb|left|[[Safra Square]], Jerusalem City Hall]]
The Jerusalem [[city council|City Council]] is a body of 31 elected members headed by the mayor, who serves a five-year term and appoints six deputies. The current mayor of Jerusalem, [[Uri Lupolianski]], was elected in 2003.<ref name="corridors">{{cite news|url=http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1173879092720&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull |publisher=The Jerusalem Post |accessdate=2007-03-28 |date=[[2007-03-15]] |title=Corridors of Power: A tale of two councils |last=Cidor |first=Peggy}}</ref> Apart from the mayor and his deputies, City Council members receive no salaries and work on a voluntary basis. The longest-serving Jerusalem mayor was [[Teddy Kollek]], who spent twenty-eight years — six consecutive terms — in office. Most of the meetings of the Jerusalem City Council are private, but each month, it holds a session that is open to the public.<ref name="corridors" /> Within the city council, religious political parties form an especially powerful faction, accounting for the majority of its seats.<ref>{{cite news|title=Jerusalem Becomes A Battleground Over Gay Rights Vs. Religious Beliefs |url=http://www.coxwashington.com/hp/content/reporters/stories/2006/11/11/BC_ISRAEL_GAYS10_COX.html |last=Coker |first=Margaret |accessdate=2007-03-28 |date=[[2006-11-11]] |publisher=Cox Newspapers}}</ref>
The headquarters of the Jerusalem Municipality and the mayor's office are at [[Safra Square]] (''Kikar Safra'') on [[Jaffa Road]]. The new municipal complex, comprising two modern buildings and ten renovated historic buildings surrounding a large plaza, opened in 1993.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jerusalem.muni.il/jer_sys/picture/atarim/site_form_atar_eng.asp?site_id=147&pic_cat=2&icon_cat=6&york_cat=7 |publisher=The Municipality of Jerusalem |accessdate=2007-04-24 |title=Safra Square - City Hall}}</ref> The city falls under the [[Jerusalem District]], with Jerusalem as the district's capital.
==Political status==
===Capital of Israel===
[[Image:Office of the President of Israel by David Shankbone.jpg|thumb|Office of the [[President of Israel]] (2007)]]
On [[December 5]], [[1949]], the State of Israel's first [[Prime Minister of Israel|Prime Minister]], [[David Ben-Gurion]], proclaimed Jerusalem as Israel's [[capital]]<ref name="ben-gurion" /> and since then all branches of the [[Politics of Israel|Israeli government]] — [[Politics of Israel#Legislative branch|legislative]], [[Politics of Israel#Judicial system|judicial]], and [[Politics of Israel#Recent Prime Ministers and governments|executive]] — have resided there.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c105:H.R.4181.IH: |publisher=The Library of Congress |title=Jerusalem and Berlin Embassy Relocation Act of 1998 |date=[[1998-06-25]] |accessdate=2007-02-12}}</ref> At the time of the proclamation, Jerusalem was divided between Israel and [[Jordan]] and thus only West Jerusalem was considered Israel's capital. Immediately after the 1967 Six-Day War, however, Israel annexed [[East Jerusalem]], making it a ''[[de facto]]'' part of the Israeli capital. Israel enshrined the status of the "complete and united" Jerusalem — west and east — as its capital, in the 1980 ''[[Jerusalem Law|Basic Law: Jerusalem, Capital of Israel]]''.<ref name="basiclaw" />
[[Image:Knesset building (edited).jpg|thumb|left|The [[Knesset]] Building in Jerusalem, home to the [[Government of Israel#Legislative branch|legislative branch]] of the Israeli government]]
The status of a "united Jerusalem" as Israel's "eternal capital"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/1990_1999/1999/3/The%20Status%20of%20Jerusalem |publisher=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs |title=The Status of Jerusalem |date=[[1999-03-14]] |accessdate=2007-02-12}}</ref><ref name="ben-gurion">{{cite web|url=http://www.knesset.gov.il/docs/eng/bengurion-jer.htm |last=Ben-Gurion |first=David |authorlink=David Ben-Gurion |publisher=The Knesset |title=Statements of the Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion Regarding Moving the Capital of Israel to Jerusalem |date=[[1949-12-05]] |accessdate=2007-04-02}}</ref> has been a matter of immense controversy within the international community. Although some countries maintain consulates in Jerusalem, and two maintain embassies in Jerusalem suburbs, all [[diplomatic mission|embassies]] are located outside of the city proper, mostly in [[Tel Aviv]].<ref name="foreign-embassies">{{cite web|url=http://www.science.co.il/Embassies.asp |title=Embassies and Consulates in Israel |publisher=Israel Science and Technology Homepage |accessdate=2007-05-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Society and Settlement: Jewish Land of Israel in the Twentieth Century |last=Kellerman |first=Aharon |isbn=0791412954 |publisher=State University of New York Press |month=January |year=1993 |pages=140 |quote=[Tel Aviv] also contains most embassies, given the nonrecognition by many countries of Jerusalem as the capital of Israel.}}</ref>
The [[Non-binding resolution|non-binding]] [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 478]], passed on [[August 20]], [[1980]], declared that the Basic Law was "null and void and must be rescinded forthwith." Member states were advised to withdraw their diplomatic representation from the city as a punitive measure. Most of the remaining countries with embassies in Jerusalem complied with the resolution by relocating them to [[Tel Aviv]], where many embassies already resided prior to Resolution 478. Currently there are no embassies located within the city limits of Jerusalem, although there are embassies in [[Mevaseret Zion]], on the outskirts of Jerusalem, and four consulates in the city itself.<ref name="foreign-embassies" /> In 1995, the United States Congress had planned to move its embassy from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem with the passage of the [[Jerusalem Embassy Act]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=104_cong_public_laws&docid=f:publ45.104.pdf |format = PDF | title=Jerusalem Embassy Act of 1995 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |accessdate=2007-02-15 |date=[[1995-11-08]]}}</ref> However, [[U.S. President]] [[George W. Bush]] has argued that Congressional resolutions regarding the status of Jerusalem are merely advisory. The Constitution reserves foreign relations as an executive power, and as such, the US embassy is still in Tel Aviv.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.state.gov/m/rm/rls/rm/2002/13888.htm | title = Statement on FY 2003 Foreign Relations Authorization Act | accessdate = 2007-05-23}}</ref>
Israel's most prominent governmental institutions, including the ''[[Knesset]]'',<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.knesset.gov.il/main/eng/home.asp | title = English gateway to the Knesset website | accessdate = 2007-05-18}}</ref> the [[Supreme Court of Israel|Supreme Court]],<ref>{{cite web | url = http://elyon1.court.gov.il/eng/home/index.html | title = The State of Israel: The Judicial Authority | accessdate = 2007-05-18}}</ref> and the official residences of the [[President of Israel|President]] and [[Prime Minister of Israel|Prime Minister]], are located in Jerusalem. Prior to the creation of the State of Israel, Jerusalem served as the administrative capital of the [[British Mandate of Palestine]], which included present-day [[Israel]] and [[Jordan]].<ref>Jerusalem as administrative capital of the [[British Mandate of Palestine]]:
*{{cite book|title=Everywhere You Go, People Are the Same |last=Orfali |first=Jacob G. |publisher=Ronin Publishing |month=March |year=1995 |isbn=0914171755 |pages=25 |quote=In the year 1923, [Jerusalem] became the capital of the British Mandate in Palestine |accessdate=2007-02-25}}
*{{cite book|last=Oren-Nordheim |first=Michael |coauthor=Ruth Kark |accessdate=2007-04-16 |title=Jerusalem and Its Environs: Quarters, Neighborhoods, Villages, 1800–1948 |publisher=Wayne State University Press |isbn=0814329098 |month=September |year=2001 |pages=36 |quote=The three decades of British rule in Palestine (1917/18–1948) were a highly significant phase in the development, with indelible effects on the urban planning and development of the capital – Jerusalem.}} [http://sachlav.huji.ac.il/mskark/ Ruth Kark] is a professor in the Department of Geography at the [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]].
*{{cite book|title=The Politics of Jerusalem Since 1967 |last=Dumper |first=Michael |accessdate=2007-04-17 |pages=59 |quote=...the city that was to become the administrative capital of Mandate Palestine... |isbn=0231106408 |date=[[1996-04-15]] |publisher=Columbia University Press}}</ref> From 1949 until 1967, West Jerusalem served as Israel's capital but was not recognized as such internationally because [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution 194|UN General Assembly Resolution 194]] envisaged Jerusalem as an international city. As a result of the [[Six-Day War]] in 1967, the whole of Jerusalem came under Israeli control. On June 27, 1967, the government of [[Levi Eshkol]] extended Israeli law and jurisdiction to East Jerusalem, but agreed that administration of the Temple Mount compound would be maintained by the Jordanian waqf, under the Jordanian Ministry of Religious Endowments.<ref>http://www.jcpa.org/jcprg10.htm</ref> In 1988, Israel ordered the closure of [[Orient House]], home of the Arab Studies Society, but also the headquarters of the [[Palestine Liberation Organization]], for security reasons. The building reopened in 1992 as a Palestinian guesthouse.<ref>http://www.jerusalemites.org/jerusalem/cultural_dimensions/3.htm</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Jerusalem: The Future of a Contested City |last=Klein |first=Menachem |isbn=081474754X |publisher=New York University Press |month=March |year=2001 |pages=189 |chapter=The PLO and the Palestinian Identity of East Jerusalem |accessdate=2007-02-25}}</ref> The [[Oslo Accords]] stated that the final status of Jerusalem would be determined by negotiations with the [[Palestinian National Authority]], which regards East Jerusalem as the capital of a future [[Palestinian state]].<ref name="umd" />
==Religious significance==
{{main|Religious significance of Jerusalem}}
Jerusalem plays an important role in [[Judaism]], [[Christianity]], and [[Islam]]. The 2000 Statistical Yearbook of Jerusalem lists 1204 [[synagogue]]s, 158 [[church]]es, and 73 [[mosque]]s within the city.<ref>{{cite book|title=Protecting Jerusalem's Holy Sites: A Strategy for Negotiating a Sacred Peace |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=[[2006-10-02]] |edition=1st ed. |accessdate=2007-03-11 |last=Guinn |first=David E. |isbn=0521866626 |pages=142}}</ref> Despite efforts to maintain peaceful religious coexistence, some sites, such as the [[Temple Mount]], have been a continuous source of friction and controversy.
[[Image:Temple Mount Western Wall on Shabbat by David Shankbone.jpg|right|thumb|Western Wall and Dome of the Rock]]
Jerusalem has been sacred to the Jews since the 10th century BCE,<ref name="1000BCE" /> as the site of [[Solomon's Temple]] and the [[Second Temple]]. It is mentioned in the Bible 632 times. Today, the [[Western Wall]], a remnant of the Second Temple, is a holy site for Jews, second only to the Temple Mount itself.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.thekotel.org/content.asp?id=212 |publisher=The Kotel |title=What is the Western Wall? |accessdate=2007-03-06}}</ref> Synagogues around the world are traditionally built with the Holy Ark facing Jerusalem,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.schechter.edu/askrabbi/synagoguetemple.htm |title=Synagogues |publisher=Schechter Institute of Jewish Studies |work=Ask the Rabbi |last=Goldberg |first=Monique Susskind |accessdate=2007-03-10}}</ref> and Arks within Jerusalem face the [[Kadosh Hakadashim|"Holy of Holies"]].<ref name="returning">{{cite book|url=http://www.jewishhistory.com/jh.php?id=AdditionalReadings&content=content/segal_ch12 |publisher=Department of Education and Culture of the World Zionist Organization |title=Returning: The Land of Israel as Focus in Jewish History |last=Segal |first=Benjamin J. |location=Jerusalem, Israel |year=1987 |pages=124 |accessdate=2007-03-10}}</ref> As prescribed in the [[Mishna]] and codified in the ''[[Shulchan Aruch]]'', daily prayers are recited while facing towards Jerusalem and the Temple Mount. Many Jews have "[[Mizrach]]" plaques hung on a wall of their homes to indicate the direction of prayer.<ref name="returning" /><ref>The Jewish injunction to pray toward Jerusalem comes in the ''[[Orach Chayim]]'' section of ''[[Shulchan Aruch]]'' (94:1) — "When one rises to pray anywhere in the Diaspora, he should face towards the Land of Israel, directing himself also toward Jerusalem, the Temple, and the Holy of Holies."</ref>
[[Image:Holy sepulchre exterior.jpg|left|thumb|Church of the Holy Sepulchre]]
Christianity reveres Jerusalem not only for its role in the [[Old Testament]] but also for its significance in the life of [[Jesus]]. According to Biblical accounts, Jesus was brought to the city of Jerusalem not long after his birth<ref>From the [[King James Version of the Bible]]: "And when the days of her purification according to the law of Moses were accomplished, they brought [Jesus] to Jerusalem, to present him to the Lord;" ([[Gospel of Luke|Luke]] 2:22)</ref> and later in his life cleansed the Second Temple.<ref>From the [[King James Version of the Bible]]: "And they come to Jerusalem: and Jesus went into the temple, and began to cast out them that sold and bought in the temple, and overthrew the tables of the moneychangers, and the seats of them that sold doves;" ([[Gospel of Mark|Mark]] 11:15)</ref> The [[Cenacle]], believed to be the site of Jesus' [[Last Supper]], is located on [[Mount Zion]] in the same building that houses the [[David's Tomb|Tomb of King David]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Jerusalem in the Time of the Crusades |last=Boas |first=Adrian J. |publisher=Routledge |date=[[2001-10-12]] |isbn=0415230004 |pages=112 |chapter=Physical Remains of Crusader Jerusalem |quote=The interesting, if not reliable illustrations of the church on the round maps of Jerusalem show two distinct buildings on Mount Zion: the church of St Mary and the Cenacle (Chapel of the Last Supper) appear as separate buildings. |accessdate=2007-03-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=A Life of Jesus |last=Endo |first=Shusaku |authorlink=Shusaku Endo |isbn=0809123193 |year=1999 |editor=Richard A. Schuchert |publisher=Paulist Press |accessdate=2007-03-11 |pages=116}}</ref> Another prominent Christian site in Jerusalem is [[Calvary|Golgotha]], the site of the [[crucifixion]]. The [[Gospel of John]] describes it as being located outside Jerusalem,<ref>From the [[King James Version of the Bible]]: "This title then read many of the Jews: for the place where Jesus was crucified was nigh to the city: and it was written in Hebrew, and Greek, and Latin." ([[Gospel of John|John]] 19:20)</ref> but recent archaeological evidence suggests Golgotha is a short distance from the Old City walls, within the present-day confines of the city.<ref name="worldwide">{{cite web|url=http://www.wcg.org/lit/jesus/golgotha.htm |publisher=Worldwide Church of God |title=Where Was Golgotha? |last=Stump |first=Keith W. |year=1993 |accessdate=2007-03-11}}</ref> The land currently occupied by the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] is considered one of the top candidates for Golgotha and thus has been a Christian pilgrimage site for the past two thousand years.<ref name="worldwide" /><ref>{{cite book|title=St. John's Gospel: A Bible Study Guide and Commentary for Individuals and Groups |last=Ray |first=Stephen K. |isbn=0898708214 |month=October |year=2002 |pages=340 |accessdate=2007-03-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Pilgrimage: Adventures of the Spirit |last=O'Reilly |first=Sean |coauthor=James O'Reilly |isbn=1885211562 |date=[[2000-11-30]] |publisher=Travelers' Tales |edition=1st ed. |pages=14 |accessdate=2007-03-11 |quote=The general consensus is that the Church of the Holy Sepulchre marks the hill called Golgotha, and that the site of the Crucifixion and the last five Stations of the Cross are located under its large black domes.}}</ref>
Jerusalem is widely considered the [[Holiest sites in Islam|third-holiest city]] in Islam.<ref name="3rd-holiest"/> For approximately a year, before it was permanently switched to the [[Kabaa]] in [[Mecca]], the ''[[qibla]]'' (direction of [[salah|prayer]]) for Muslims was Jerusalem.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Israeli-Palestinian War: Escalating to Nowhere |last=Cordesman |first=Anthony H. |publisher=Praeger Security International |date=[[2005-10-30]] |isbn=0275987582 |pages=62 |chapter=The Final Settlement Issues: Asymmetric Values & Asymmetric Warfare |accessdate=2007-03-11 |authorlink=Anthony Cordesman}}</ref> The city's lasting place in Islam, however, is primarily due to [[Muhammad]]'s [[Isra and Mi'raj|Night of Ascension]] (c. 620 CE). Muslims believe Muhammad was miraculously transported one night from [[Mecca]] to the Temple Mount in Jerusalem, whereupon he ascended to [[Jannah|Heaven]] to meet previous [[prophets of Islam]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Monotheists: The Peoples of God |last=Peters |first=Francis E. |publisher=Princeton University Press |date=[[2003-10-20]] |isbn=0691114609 |authorlink=Francis Edwards Peters |chapter=Muhammad the Prophet of God |pages=95-6 |accessdate=2007-03-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sahih Bukhari |url=http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/hadithsunnah/bukhari/093.sbt.html#009.093.608 |publisher=University of Southern California |work=Compendium of Muslim Texts |accessdate=2007-03-11}} (from an English translation of [[Sahih Bukhari]], Volume IX, Book 93, Number 608)</ref> The first verse in the [[Qur'an|Qur'an's]] [[al-Isra|''Surat al-Isra'']] notes the destination of Muhammad's journey as ''al-Aqsa'' (the farthest) mosque,<ref>From [[Abdullah Yusuf Ali]]'s English translation of the [[Qur'an]]: "Glory to (Allah) Who did take His servant for a Journey by night from the Sacred Mosque to the farthest Mosque, whose precincts We did bless,- in order that We might show him some of Our Signs: for He is the One Who heareth and seeth (all things)." ([[al-Isra|17]]:1)</ref> in reference to the location in Jerusalem. Today, the Temple Mount is topped by two Islamic landmarks intended to commemorate the event — [[al-Aqsa Mosque]], derived from the name mentioned in the Qur'an, and the [[Dome of the Rock]], which stands over the [[Foundation Stone]], from which Muslims believe Muhammad ascended to Heaven.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.biu.ac.il/js/rennert/history_8.html |title=The Early Arab Period - 638-1099 |accessdate=2007-04-24 |publisher=Bar-Ilan University Ingeborg Rennert Center for Jerusalem Studies |month=March |year=1997 |work=Jerusalem: Life Throughout the Ages in a Holy City}}</ref>
==Culture==
[[Image:Israel - Jerusalem - Shrine of the Book.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Shrine of the Book]], housing the Dead Sea Scrolls, at the [[Israel Museum]]]]
Although Jerusalem is known primarily for its [[Religious significance of Jerusalem|religious significance]], the city is also home to many artistic and cultural venues. The [[Israel Museum]] attracts nearly one million visitors a year, approximately one-third of them tourists.<ref name="il-mus-about">{{cite web|url=http://www.imj.org.il/eng/about/index.html |publisher=The Israel Museum, Jerusalem |accessdate=2007-02-27 |title=About the Museum}}</ref> The 20-acre museum complex comprises several buildings featuring special exhibits and extensive collections of Judaica, archaeological findings, and Israeli and European art. The [[Dead Sea scrolls]], discovered in the mid-twentieth century in the [[Qumran]] caves near the Dead Sea, are housed in the Museum's [[Shrine of the Book]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imj.org.il/eng/shrine/index.html |publisher=The Israel Museum, Jerusalem |title=Shrine of the Book |accessdate=2007-02-27}}</ref> The Youth Wing, which mounts changing exhibits and runs an extensive art education program, is visited by 100,000 children a year. The museum has a large outdoor sculpture garden, and a scale-model of the Second Temple was recently moved from the Holyland Hotel to a new location on the museum grounds.<ref name="il-mus-about" /> The [[Rockefeller Museum]], located in East Jerusalem, was the first archaeological museum in the Middle East. It was built in 1938 during the British Mandate.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imj.org.il/eng/branches/rockefeller/index.html |title=The Rockefeller Archaeological Museum |publisher=The Israel Museum, Jerusalem |accessdate=2007-02-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imj.org.il/eng/branches/rockefeller/permanent.html |publisher=The Israel Museum, Jerusalem |title=The Rockefeller Archaeological Museum: About the Museum: The Permanent Exhibition |accessdate=2007-02-28}}</ref> The Islamic Museum on the Temple Mount, established in 1923, houses many Islamic artifacts, from tiny [[kohl]] flasks and rare manuscripts to giant marble columns. <ref>http://www.jmcc.org/palculture/go.htm</ref>
[[Image:P1000649.JPG|thumb|[[Mahane Yehuda Market]] in West Jerusalem]]
[[Yad Vashem]], Israel's national memorial to the victims of [[the Holocaust]], houses the world's largest<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yadvashem.org/ |publisher=The Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority |title=Yad Vashem |accessdate=2007-02-28}}</ref> library of Holocaust-related information, with an estimated 100,000 books and articles.<ref name="yad-about">{{cite web|url=http://www1.yadvashem.org/about_yad/index_about_yad.html |publisher=The Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority |title=About Yad Vashem |accessdate=2007-02-28}}</ref> The complex contains a state-of-the-art museum that explores the genocide of the Jews through exhibits that focus on the personal stories of individuals and families killed in the Holocaust and an art gallery featuring the work of artists who perished.<ref name="yad-about" /> Yad Vashem also commemorates the 1.5 million Jewish children murdered by the Nazis, and honors non-Jews who endangered their lives to save Jews. The Museum on the Seam, which explores issues of [[coexistence]] through art is situated on the road dividing eastern and western Jerusalem.
[[Image:jlmtheater.jpg|thumb|left|The Jerusalem Theater at night]]
The [[Jerusalem Symphony Orchestra]], established in the 1940s,<ref name="iba-history">{{cite web|url=http://www.jso.co.il/history_english.php |publisher=Jerusalem Orchestra |accessdate=2007-03-04 |title=History}}</ref> has appeared around the world.<ref name="iba-history" /> Other arts facilities include the [[International Convention Center (Jerusalem)|International Convention Center]] (''Binyanei HaUma'') near the entrance to city, where the [[Israel Philharmonic Orchestra]] plays, the Jerusalem Cinemateque, the Gerard Behar Center in downtown Jerusalem, the [[Jerusalem Music Center]] in [[Yemin Moshe]],<ref>{{cite web | title = Jerusalem Music Center | url= http://www.jmc.co.il/Default.asp |accessdate = 2007-05-18}}</ref> and the Targ Music Center in [[Ein Kerem]]. The [[Israel Festival]], featuring indoor and outdoor performances by local and international singers, concerts, plays and street theater, has been held annually since 1961; for the past 25 years, Jerusalem has been the major organizer of this event. The [[Jerusalem Theater]] in the [[Talbiya]] neighborhood hosts over 150 concerts a year, as well as theater and dance companies and performing artists from overseas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jerusalem-theatre.co.il/about_en.asp |publisher=Jerusalem Theater |title=The Jerusalem Centre for the Performing Arts |accessdate=2007-03-04}}</ref> The [[Khan Theatre|Khan]], located in a [[caravansarai]] opposite the old Jerusalem train station, is the city's only [[Repertoire (theatre)|repertoire]] theater.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.khan.co.il/about/index_english.php |publisher=The Khan Theatre |title=About Us |year=2004 |accessdate=2007-03-04}}</ref> The station itself has become a venue for cultural events in recent years, as the site of ''Shav'ua Hasefer'', an annual week-long book fair, and outdoor music performances. <ref>http://www.jerusalemfoundation.org/news_article.aspx?MID=547&CID=558&AID=738&ID=2452</ref> The [[Palestinian National Theatre]], for many years the only Arab cultural center in East Jerusalem, seeks new ideas and innovative approaches to Palestinian self-expression.
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pnt-pal.org/history.php |publisher=Palestinian National Theatre |title=History |accessdate=2007-03-04}}</ref> The [[Ticho House]], in downtown Jerusalem, houses the paintings of [[Anna Ticho]] and the Judaica collections of her husband, an ophthalmologist who opened Jerusalem's first eye clinic in this building in 1912.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imj.org.il/eng/branches/Ticho_house/index.html |title=Ticho House |publisher=The Israel Museum, Jerusalem |accessdate=2007-02-28}}</ref> [[Al-Hoash]], a small Palestinian cultural center, is a new venue for Palestinian artists from all over the world. {{Fact|date=July 2008}}
==Economy==
[[Image:fixedBen-yehuda-shabbat.png|right|thumb|[[Ben Yehuda Street]] on [[Shabbat]], when businesses are closed]]
Historically, Jerusalem's economy was supported almost exclusively by religious pilgrims, as it was located far from the major ports of [[Jaffa]] and [[Gaza]].<ref name="politics-1967">{{cite book|title=The Politics of Jerusalem Since 1967 |last=Dumper |first=Michael |isbn=0231106408 |date=[[1996-04-15]] |publisher=Columbia University Press |accessdate=2007-03-13 |pages=207–10}}</ref> Jerusalem's religious landmarks today remain the top draw for foreign visitors, with the majority of tourists visiting the [[Western Wall]] and the [[Old City of Jerusalem|Old City]],<ref name="cbs" /> but in the past half-century it has become increasingly clear that Jerusalem's providence cannot solely be sustained by its religious significance.<ref name="politics-1967" />
Although many statistics indicate economic growth in the city, since 1967 [[East Jerusalem]] has lagged behind the development of West Jerusalem.<ref name="politics-1967" /> Nevertheless, the percentage of households with employed persons is higher for Arab households (76.1%) than for Jewish households (66.8%). The unemployment rate in Jerusalem (8.3%) is slightly better than the national average (9.0%), although the civilian [[labor force]] accounted for less than half of all persons fifteen years or older — lower in comparison to that of [[Tel Aviv]] (58.0%) and [[Haifa]] (52.4%).<ref name="cbs" /> Poverty in the city has increased dramatically in recent years; between 2001 and 2007, the number of people below the [[poverty threshold]] increased by forty percent.<ref name="insider">{{cite news|url=http://web.israelinsider.com/Articles/Briefs/10317.htm |publisher=[[Israel Insider]] |title=Study shows poverty level in Jerusalem double that of other Israeli cities |date=[[2007-01-11]] |accessdate=2007-03-11}}</ref> In 2006, the average monthly income for a worker in Jerusalem was [[Israeli new sheqel|NIS]]5,940 ([[United States dollar|US$]]1,410), NIS1,350 less than that for a worker in Tel Aviv.<ref name="insider" />
During the [[British Mandate of Palestine|British Mandate]], a law was passed requiring all buildings to be constructed of [[Jerusalem stone]] in order to preserve the unique historic and aesthetic character of the city.<ref name="ingeborg-mandate" /> Complementing this building code, which is still in force, is the discouragement of [[heavy industry]] in Jerusalem; only about 2.2% of Jerusalem's land is zoned for "industry and infrastructure." By comparison, the percentage of land in Tel Aviv zoned for industry and infrastructure is twice as high, and in Haifa, seven times as high.<ref name="cbs" /> Only 8.5% of the [[Jerusalem District]] work force is employed in the manufacturing sector, which is half the national average (15.8%). Higher than average percentages are employed in education (17.9% vs. 12.7%); health and welfare (12.6% vs. 10.7%); community and social services (6.4% vs. 4.7%); hotels and restaurants (6.1% vs. 4.7%); and public administration (8.2% vs. 4.7%).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.cbs.gov.il/shnaton57/st12_14x.pdf |format = PDF | publisher=[[Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics]] |title=Employed Persons, by Industry, District and Sub-District of Residence, 2005 |accessdate=2007-04-11}}</ref> Although Tel Aviv remains Israel's financial center, a growing number of [[high tech]] companies are moving to Jerusalem, providing 12,000 jobs in 2006.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1182951036437&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull| title=Bet your bottom dollar?| author=Gil Zohar| publisher=[[The Jerusalem Post]]| date=[[June 28]], [[2007]]| accessdate=2007-07-10}}</ref> Northern Jerusalem's ''Har Hotzvim'' industrial park is home to some of Israel's major corporations, among them [[Intel Corporation|Intel]], [[Teva Pharmaceutical Industries]], and [[ECI Telecom]]. Expansion plans for the park envision one hundred businesses, a fire station, and a school, covering an area of 530,000 m² (130 acres).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hotzvim.org.il/SiteFiles/1/35/901.asp |publisher=Har Hotzvim Industrial Park |title=Har Hotzvim Industrial Park |accessdate=2007-03-13}}</ref>
Since the establishment of the State of Israel, the national government has remained a major player in Jerusalem's economy. The government, centered in Jerusalem, not only generates a large number of jobs, but also offers [[Subsidy|subsidies]] and incentives for new business initiatives and start-ups.<ref name="politics-1967" />
==Transportation==
{{main|Transport in Jerusalem}}
[[Image:Jersualem-CBS.jpg|right|thumb|Jerusalem's [[Jerusalem Central Bus Station|Central Bus Station]]]]
The airport nearest to Jerusalem is [[Atarot Airport]], which was used for domestic flights only until its closure in 2001. Since then it has been under the control of the Israel Defense Forces due to disturbances in [[Ramallah]] and the [[West Bank]]. All air traffic from Atarot was rerouted to [[Ben Gurion International Airport]], Israel's largest and busiest airport, which serves nine million passengers annually.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ask the Pilot |url=http://www.salon.com/tech/col/smith/2006/06/09/askthepilot189/index1.html |last=Smith |first=Patrick |date=[[2006-06-09]] |publisher=Salon |accessdate=2007-03-14}}</ref>
[[Egged Bus Cooperative]], the second-largest bus company in the world,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/2000_2009/2001/11/Facets%20of%20the%20Israeli%20Economy-%20Transportation |publisher=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs |title=Facets of the Israeli Economy – Transportation |date=[[2001-11-01]] |last=Solomon |first=Shoshanna |accessdate=2007-03-14}}</ref> handles most of the local and intercity bus service out of the city's [[Jerusalem Central Bus Station|Central Bus Station]] on [[Jaffa Road]] near the western entrance to Jerusalem from [[highway 1 (Israel)|highway 1]].
[[Israel Railways]] runs a limited rail service to [[Jerusalem Malha Train Station|Malha train station]], from Tel Aviv via [[Beit Shemesh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.israrail.org.il/english/travel/jerusalem_m.html |publisher=Israel Railways |title=Jerusalem - Malha |accessdate=2007-03-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.israrail.org.il/english/travel/map.html |publisher=Israel Railways |title=Passenger Lines Map |accessdate=2007-03-14}}</ref>
[[Begin Expressway]] is one of Jerusalem's major north-south thoroughfares; it runs on the western side of the city until its northern end merges with [[Route 443 (Israel)|Route 443]], which continues toward Tel Aviv. [[Route 60 (Israel)|Route 60]] runs through the center of the city near the [[Green Line (Israel)|Green Line]] between East and West Jerusalem. Construction is progressing on parts of a 35-[[kilometer]] (22-[[mile]]) [[beltway|ring road]] around the city, fostering faster connection between the [[suburb]]s.<ref name="rings">{{cite news|url=http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?apage=1&cid=1137605873879&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull |publisher=The Jerusalem Post |date=[[2006-01-19]] |accessdate=2007-03-17 |last=Burstein |first=Nathan |title=Running rings around us}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1180527974291&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull |title=Their way or the highway? |author=Gil Zohar |publisher=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |date=[[May 31]], [[2007]] |accessdate=2007-06-11}}</ref> The eastern half of the project was conceptualized decades ago, but reaction to the proposed highway is still mixed.<ref name="rings" />
As of 2007, Egged buses, [[taxicabs]] and private cars are the only transportation options in Jerusalem. However, this will change with the completion of the [[Jerusalem Light Rail]], a new rail-based transit system currently under construction. A rail-based system was first envisioned in 1995; since then, a [[light rail]] system has been chosen over a [[rapid transit|subway]] or [[monorail]] design due to its cheaper cost, minimal disruption, and preservation of the city center's aesthetics.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rakevetkala-jerusalem.org.il/ENB2.html |publisher=Jerusalem Mass Transit System Project |title=Solution |accessdate=2007-03-17}}</ref> The rail system will be capable of transporting an estimated 200,000 people daily. It will have twenty four stops, and is scheduled for completion in January 2009.<ref name="panacea" />
Another work in progress<ref name="panacea">{{cite news|url=http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull&cid=1170359814381 |publisher=The Jerusalem Post |last=Afra |first=Orit |title=Panacea or pain? |date=[[2007-02-08]] |accessdate=2007-03-17}}</ref> is the new [[high-speed rail]] line from [[Tel Aviv]] to Jerusalem, which is scheduled to be completed in 2011. Its terminus will be an underground station (80m deep) serving the national Convention centre and the Central Bus Station,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://overseas.huji.ac.il/campus.asp?cat=277&in=275 |publisher=Rothberg International Station – Hebrew University of Jerusalem |title=Life in Jerusalem – Transportation |accessdate=2007-03-14}}</ref> and is planned to be extended eventually to [[Jerusalem Malha Railway Station|Malha station]].
==Development==
===Building permit controversy===
There is much controversy over the dispensation of building permits amongst Arabs and Jews in Jerusalem due to unequal application of [[Land and Property Laws in Israel|Israeli land and property laws]] and unequal application of [[House demolition in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict|demolition policy]]. The Zionist media watchdog group [[Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America|CAMERA]] reports that Jerusalem Arabs were granted more square meters for residential construction in 1974-1995 than the [[Haredi]] Jewish community, receiving permits for 1.1 million square meters of residential construction compared to 954,000 square meters;<ref>http://www.camera.org/index.asp?x_context=2&x_outlet=35&x_article=1318</ref><ref>http://www.ngo-monitor.org/article.php?relrelated=0&id=473</ref> however, in 1997 the Haredi population comprised 22% of Jerusalem's total population,<ref>Shlomo Hasson (1997). "The cultural tension within Jerusalem's Jewish Population". The Floersheimer Institute for Policy Studies. Ahva Press Ltd., Jerusalem, 1997</ref> while Arabs comprised over 30% of Jerusalem's total population.<ref>[http://www.israeltoday.co.il/default.aspx?tabid=178&nid=12633 "Jerusalem's Arab population expanding"] Israel Today, May 08, 2007</ref>
The [[World Bank]] argues that Jerusalem Palestinians are far less likely to receive construction permits than their Jewish counterparts, and that "the authorities are much more likely to take action against Palestinian violators" than Jewish violators of the permit process. According to its report, the number of recorded building violations between 1996 and 2000 was four and a half times higher in Jewish neighborhoods (17,382 violations) than in East Jerusalem Palestinian neighborhoods (3,846 violations), yet four times fewer demolition orders were issued in West Jerusalem (86 orders) than in East Jerusalem (348 orders). The report also predicted further damage to the Palestinian economy with the completion of the [[Israeli West Bank barrier]].<ref>[http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWESTBANKGAZA/Resources/WestBankrestrictions9Mayfinal.pdf "Movement and Access Restrictions in the West Bank: Uncertainty and Inefficiency"]; World Bank Technical Team, May 9, 2007</ref>
===Development projects===
''Museum of Tolerance'': Plans have been drawn up for a new museum complex designed by [[Frank Gehry]] in downtown Jerusalem, adjacent to Independence Park, to be built on the grounds of [[Mamilla]] cemetery, where many important Islamic scholars were buried. <ref>[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/israel-plans-to-build-museum-of-tolerance-on-muslim-graves-466028.html ''The Independent'' on the Museum of Tolerance]</ref><ref>[http://www.jerusalemquarterly.org/details.php?cat=5&id=208 Institute of Jerusalem Studies]</ref> The plan has been severely critized by both Israelis and Palestinians, and even after the removal of the graves, construction has been stayed several times by the courts.<ref>http://www.hadassah.org/news/content/per_hadassah/archive/2004/04_DEC/art.asp Hadassah on Museum of tolerance]</ref><ref>[http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/825662.html Zandberg on lack of transparency]</ref>
''City of David:''
The ''Ir David'' (City of David) archaeological park is being developed southeast of the Old City, in the adjacent Arab village of [[Silwan]]. The State of Israel has entrusted full responsibility and control over the archaeological sites in Silwan to El-Ad, a settler organization,<ref>Yigal Bronner.[http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/may/01/archaeologistsforhire "Archaeologists for hire: A Jewish settler organisation is using archaeology to further its political agenda and oust Palestinians from their homes"]; ''The Guardian,'' May 1, 2008</ref><ref>Ori Kashti and Meron Rapoport.[http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/944951.html "Settler group refuses to vacate land slated for school for the disabled"]; Haaretz, 15/01/2008</ref><ref>[http://otherisrael.home.igc.org/silwan.html ''The Other Israel:'' America-Israel Council for Israeli-Palestinian Peace newsletter]</ref><ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/feb/26/diggingintotrouble The Guardian]</ref> which is suspected of damaging Islamic findings<ref>[http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/988803.html Meron Rapaport on skeleton disappearance at Silwan]</ref> and conducting excavations on Palestinian property.<ref>[http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/964131.html Haaretz on Rabbis for Human Rights arrest]</ref> Since 1967, settler organizations such as [[El-Ad]] and [[Ateret Cohanim]] have sought to establish a Jewish presence in Silwan.<ref>[http://imeu.net/news/article008427.shtml Yigal Bronner and Neve Gordon on Silwan]</ref><ref>[http://www.poica.org/editor/case_studies/view.php?recordID=615 ARIJ & LRC on Silwan]</ref> According to Israeli anti-settlement activists, "Jewish settler groups are digging an extensive tunnel network under Muslim areas of Jerusalem's Old City while building a ring of settlements around it to bolster their claim to the disputed city in any future peace deal."<ref>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/middle_east/article3463264.ece The Times Online on tunnels around the Old City]</ref> In 2005, the Israeli government stated that it would demolish 88 Palestinian homes in Al-Bustan neighborhood<ref>[http://www.jmcc.org/new/05/jun/jeru.htm "Jerusalem Municipality plans to demolish 88 homes in Silwan"]; ''Al Ayyam Newspaper,'' June 1, 2005</ref> to make way for the archaeological park.
<ref>Issue of permits to Arab residents and Jewish settlers in Silwan:
*No municipal court has ever ruled that any of the 88 Palestinian homes slated for demolition were built illegally or without permits ([http://www.jmcc.org/new/05/jun/jeru.htm "Jerusalem Municipality plans to demolish 88 homes in Silwan"]; ''Al Ayyam Newspaper,'' June 1, 2005) although some families admit they did not obtain a permit. (Mathew Gutman. "Jerusalem's future banging on residents' doors; Several dozen Palestinian homes slated for demolition"; ''USA Today'' June 21 2005)
*Today 50 Jewish families live in the area,([http://www.fmep.org/reports/vol14/no4/07-settlement_timeline.html Foundation for Middle East Peace on Silwan settlement]) a large portion of them in buildings constructed without a permit (Meron Rapoport[http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/869813.html "The battle over settling Silwan simmers"] Haaretz, June 12, 2007); some of their most important illegal buildings have been retroactively approved.([http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/Flash.aspx/134748 "Jerusalem Approves ‘Beit Yehonatan’ in Shiloach"] Arutz Sheva, October 15, 2007)</ref>
In April 2008, the Israeli [[High Court]] issued a temporary order staying further construction of the Ir David park.<ref>[http://www.rhr-na.org/news/israeli-supreme-court-intervenes-silwan Rabbis for Human Rights on Silwan]</ref> Also in 2008 the Jerusalem municipality began "the process of approving a plan for a new housing complex, including a synagogue, in the heart of the Arab neighborhood of Silwan".<ref>Akiva Eldar.[http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/983289.html "Plan to put synagogue in heart of East Jerusalem likely to be approved"]; Haaretz, May 20, 2008</ref>
== Education==
[[Image:HebrewU-MtScopus.JPG|thumb|right|The campus of the [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]] atop [[Mount Scopus]]]]
Jerusalem is home to several prestigious universities, with courses offered in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], [[Arabic language|Arabic]], and [[English language|English]]. Founded in 1925, the [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]]<ref>Official site of the [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]]: [http://www.huji.ac.il/ (Hebrew)], [http://www.huji.ac.il/huji/eng/index_e.htm (Hebrew)]</ref> is one of the most respected institutions of higher learning in Israel. The Board of Governors has included such prominent Jewish intellectuals as [[Albert Einstein]] and [[Sigmund Freud]].<ref name="huji-history" /> The university has produced several [[Nobel Prize|Nobel]] [[List of Nobel laureates|laureates]]; recent winners associated with Hebrew University include [[Avram Hershko]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2004/hershko-autobio.html |publisher=The Nobel Foundation |title=Avram Hershko |last=Hershko |first=Avram |accessdate=2007-03-18}}</ref> [[David Gross]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2004/gross-autobio.html |publisher=The Nobel Foundation |title=David J. Gross |last=Gross |first=David |accessdate=2007-03-18}}</ref> and [[Daniel Kahneman]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/2002/kahneman-autobio.html |publisher=The Nobel Foundation |title=Daniel Kahneman |last=Kahneman |first=Daniel |accessdate=2007-03-18}}</ref> One of the university's major assets is the [[Jewish National and University Library]], which houses over five million books.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jnul.huji.ac.il/eng/col_general.html |publisher=Jewish National and University Library |title=About the Library: Main Collections |accessdate=2007-03-27}}</ref> The library opened in 1892, over three decades before the university was established, and is one of the world's largest repositories of books on Jewish subjects. Today it is both the central library of the university and the national library of Israel.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jnul.huji.ac.il/eng/history.html |publisher=Jewish National and University Library |title=About the Library: History and Aims |accessdate=2007-03-27}}</ref> The Hebrew University operates three campuses in Jerusalem, on [[Mount Scopus]], on [[Giv'at Ram]] and a medical campus at the [[Hadassah Ein Kerem hospital]].
[[Al-Quds University]] was established in 1984<ref name="al-quds1">{{cite web|url=http://www.alquds.edu/faculties/science/index.php?page=overview |publisher=al-Quds University |accessdate=2007-03-19 |title=Science & Technology}}</ref> to serve as a flagship university for the Arab and Palestinian peoples. It describes itself as the "only Arab university in Jerusalem".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alquds.edu/press/urgent_appeal.php |publisher=al-Quds University |title=Urgent Appeal |accessdate=2007-03-27}}</ref> Al-Quds University resides southeast of the city proper on a campus encompassing 190,000 square metres (47 acres).<ref name="al-quds1" /> Other institutions of higher learning in Jerusalem are the [[Jerusalem Academy of Music and Dance]]<ref>Official site of the [[Jerusalem Academy of Music and Dance]]: [http://www.jamd.ac.il/ (Hebrew)], [http://www.jamd.ac.il/english/ (English)]</ref> and [[Bezalel Academy of Art and Design]],<ref>Official site of [[Bezalel Academy of Art and Design]]: [http://www.bezalel.ac.il/site/hpopen.asp (Hebrew)], [http://www.bezalel.ac.il/sitee/homepage.asp (English)]</ref> whose buildings are located on the campuses of the Hebrew University.
[[Image:Hebrew University of Jerusalem.jpg|thumb|right|The campus of the [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]] at [[Givat Ram]] ]]
The [[Jerusalem College of Technology]], founded in 1969, combines training in [[engineering]] and other high-tech industries with a Jewish studies program.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.jct.ac.il/NR/exeres/56FCED6F-06D1-4E02-8C2F-15E36061D279.htm |publisher=Jerusalem College of Technology |title=About JCT |accessdate=2007-03-25}}</ref> It is one of many schools in Jerusalem, from elementary school and up, that combine secular and religious studies. Numerous religious educational institutions and [[Yeshiva|''Yeshivot'']] are based in the city, with the [[Mir yeshiva (Jerusalem)|Mir yeshiva]] claiming to be the largest.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.jewishagency.org/JewishAgency/English/Home/About/Press+Room/Jewish+Agency+In+The+News/2000+and+before/jpdec28.htm+188.htm |publisher=Jewish Agency for Israel |title=The village of Mir, where Torah once flowed |last=Wohlgelernter |first=Elli |date=[[2000-12-28]] |accessdate=2007-03-26}}</ref> There were nearly 8,000 twelfth-grade students in Hebrew-language schools during the 2003–2004 school year.<ref name="cbs" /> However, due to the large portion of students in [[Haredi Judaism|Haredi Jewish]] frameworks, only fifty-five percent of twelfth graders took [[matriculation]] exams (''[[Bagrut]]'') and only thirty-seven percent were eligible to graduate. Unlike [[public school]]s, many Haredi schools do not prepare students to take standardized tests.<ref name="cbs" /> To attract more university students to Jerusalem, the city has begun to offer a special package of financial incentives and housing subsidies to students who rent apartments in downtown Jerusalem.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=572046 |title=The best medicine for Jerusalem |author=Jonathan Lis |date=[[May 4]], [[2005]]}}</ref>
Schools for [[Arabs]] in Jerusalem and other parts of Israel have been criticized for offering a lower quality education than those catering to Israeli Jewish students.<ref name="human-rights">{{cite web|url=http://www.hrw.org/reports/2001/israel2/ISRAEL0901-01.htm |publisher=Human Rights Watch |work=Second Class Discrimination Against Palestinian Arab Children in Israel's Schools |title=Summary |month=September |year=2001 |accessdate=2007-03-27}}</ref> While many schools in the heavily Arab [[East Jerusalem]] are filled to capacity and there have been complaints of overcrowding, the Jerusalem Municipality is currently building over a dozen new schools in the city's Arab neighborhoods. Three schools, in the neighborhoods of [[Ras el-Amud]] and [[Umm Lison]], will open in 2008.<ref>Mayor to raise funds for E. J'lem Arabs http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/976126.html</ref> In March 2007, the Israeli government approved a 5-year plan to build 8,000 new classrooms in the city, 40 percent in the Arab sector and 28 percent in the Haredi sector. A budget of 4.6 billion shekels was allocated for this project. <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/839099.html |title=8,000 new classrooms to be built in Arab, ultra-Orthodox schools |author=Or Kashti |date=[[March 18]], [[2007]]}}</ref> In 2008, Jewish British philanthropists donated $3 million for the construction of schools in Arab East Jerusalem.<ref> http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/976126.html </ref>Arab high school students take the ''[[Bagrut]]'' matriculation exams, so that much of their curriculum parallels that of other Israeli high schools and includes certain Jewish subjects.<ref name="human-rights" />
==Sports==
The two most popular sports in Jerusalem, and Israel as a whole, are [[football (soccer)]] and [[basketball]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Culture and Customs of Israel |last=Torstrick |first=Rebecca L. |isbn=0313320918 |date=[[2004-06-30]] |publisher=Greenwood Press |pages=141 |quote=The two most popular spectator sports in Israel are soccer (Israeli football) and basketball. |accessdate=2007-03-07}}</ref> [[Beitar Jerusalem FC|Beitar Jerusalem Football Club]] is one of the most popular teams in Israel. Fans include several former and current political figures who make a point of attending its games.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.israel-mfa.gov.il/MFA/Israel%20beyond%20the%20conflict/Betar%20Jerusalem-%20A%20Local%20Sports%20Legend%20Exports%20Tal |publisher=Israel Magazine via the Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs |last=Griver |first=Simon |month=October |year=1997 |accessdate=2007-03-07 |title=Betar Jerusalem: A Local Sports Legend Exports Talent to Europe's Top Leagues}}</ref> Jerusalem's other major football team, and one of Beitar's top rivals, is [[Hapoel Jerusalem F.C.|Hapoel Jerusalem Football Club]]. Whereas Beitar has been [[Israel State Cup]] champion five times,<ref>{{he icon}} {{cite web|url=http://www.beitar-jerusalem.org.il/ |publisher=Beitar Jerusalem F.C. |title=Home |accessdate=2007-03-07}} (The listing of championship wins are located on the left side.)</ref> Hapoel has only won the Cup once. Also, Beitar plays in the more prestigious [[Ligat ha'Al|premier league]], while Hapoel is in the third division [[Liga Artzit|national league]].
In basketball, [[Hapoel Jerusalem B.C.|Hapoel Jerusalem]] is higher up on the scale. In [[Ligat Winner|a league]] dominated by [[Maccabi Tel Aviv (basketball)|Maccabi Tel Aviv]] it has yet to win a championship, but it has won the Israeli Cup three times, and it took the European [[ULEB Cup]] in 2004.<ref>{{he icon}} {{cite web|url=http://www.hapoel.co.il/hapoel.asp |publisher=Hapoel Migdal Jerusalem |title=Home |accessdate=2007-03-07}} (The listing of championship wins are located at the bottom after the completion of the Flash intro.)</ref> Since its opening in 1992, [[Teddy Kollek Stadium]] has been Jerusalem's primary football stadium, with a capacity of 21,000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/mfaarchive/2000_2009/2001/12/focus%20on%20israel-%20jerusalem%20-%20architecture%20since%2019 |publisher=Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs |date=[[2001-12-01]] |accessdate=2007-03-07 |last=Eldar |first=Yishai |title=Jerusalem: Architecture Since 1948}}</ref>
==See also==
*[[International Day of Quds]]
*[[List of places in Jerusalem]]
*[[Yom Yerushalayim]] (Jerusalem Day)
===Sister cities===
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[New York City]], [[USA]] ''(1993)''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sci-icrc.org/icrc/directory/MiddleEast/Israel |publisher=Sister Cities International |accessdate=2007-04-05 |title=Online Directory: Israel, Middle East}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/unccp/scp/html/sc/main.shtml |publisher=[[New York City|NYC.gov]] | accessdate=2008-02-17 |title=New York City Global Partners}}</ref>
==Endnotes==
{| class="references-small" style="margin-left:13px; line-height:150%"
|align="right" valign="top"|i.
|{{note|muni-site}}The website for Jerusalem is available in three languages — [http://www.jerusalem.muni.il/ Hebrew], [http://www.jerusalem.muni.il/jer_main/defaultnew.asp?lng=2 English], and [http://www.jerusalem.muni.il/jer_main/defaultnew.asp?lng=3 Arabic].
|-
|align="right" valign="top"|ii.
|{{note|names}}'''Jerusalem''' in other languages: Arabic Bibles use أورشليم Ûrshalîm (Ûrushalîm); official Arabic in Israel: أورشليم القدس, ''Ûrshalîm-al-Quds'' (combining the Biblical and common usage Arabic names)
|-
|align="right" valign="top"|iii.
|{{note|capital}}Jerusalem is the capital under [[Jerusalem Law|Israeli law]]. The presidential residence, government offices, supreme court and parliament ([[Knesset]]) are located there. The [[Palestinian Authority]] foresees East Jerusalem as the capital of its future state. The [[United Nations]] and most countries do not recognize Jerusalem as Israel's capital, taking the position that the final status of Jerusalem is pending future negotiations between Israel and the Palestinian Authority. Most countries maintain their embassies in [[Tel Aviv]] <small>(see [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/is.html CIA Factbook] and {{PDFlink|[http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/israel.pdf Map of Israel]|319 KB}})</small> See [[Positions on Jerusalem]] for more information.
|-
|align="right" valign="top"|iv.
|^ {{note label|bible-david|v|a}}{{note label|bible-david|v|b}}Much of the information regarding King David's conquest of Jerusalem comes from [[Bible|Biblical]] accounts, but modern-day historians have begun to give them credit due to a 1993 excavation.<ref>{{cite book|title=Return to Sodom & Gomorrah |last=Pellegrino |first=Charles R. |publisher=Harper Paperbacks |edition=Second revised |date=[[1995-12-01]] |accessdate=2007-01-18 |isbn=0380726335 |pages=271 |quote=[see footnote]}}</ref>
|-
|align="right" valign="top"|v.
|{{note|cbs-stats}}Statistics regarding the demographics of Jerusalem refer to the unified and expanded Israeli municipality, which includes the pre-1967 Israeli and [[Jordan]]ian municipalities as well as several additional [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] villages and neighborhoods to the northeast. Some of the Palestinian villages and neighborhoods have been relinquished to the [[West Bank]] ''[[de facto]]'' by way of the [[Israeli West Bank barrier]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/12/02/AR2006120200463_pf.html |title=Jerusalem Barrier Causes Major Upheaval |date=[[2006-12-02]] |publisher=The Associated Press via The Washington Post |last=Laub |first=Karin |accessdate=2007-03-10}}</ref> but their legal statuses have not been reverted.
|-
|align="right" valign="top"|vi.
|{{note|pact}}Sources disagree on the timing of the creation of the [[Pact of Umar]] (Omar). Whereas some say the Pact originated during Umar's lifetime but was later expanded,<ref>{{cite book|title=The Jew in the Medieval World: A Source Book, 315–1791 |last=Marcus |first=Jacob Rader |publisher=Hebrew Union College Press |month=March |year=2000 |isbn=087820217X |pages=13–15 |edition=Revised ed. |url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/jewish/jews-umar.html |accessdate=2007-02-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Jonsson |first=David J. |title=The Clash of Ideologies |isbn=1597810398 |publisher=Xulon Press |date=[[2005-02-19]] |accessdate=2007-04-18 |pages=256 |quote=During the reign of Umar, the Pact of Umar was established.}}</ref> others say the Pact was created after his death and retroactively attributed to him.<ref>{{cite book|title=A History of Christian-Muslim Relations |last=Goddard |first=Hugh |isbn=1566633400 |publisher=New Amsterdam Books |date=[[2001-04-25]] |pages=46 |quote=Although the documents are attributed to `Umar, in all probability they actually come from the second Islamic century... The covenant was drawn up in the schools of law, and came to be ascribed, like so much else, to `Umar I}}</ref> Further still, other historians believe the ideas in the Pact pre-date Islam and Umar entirely.<ref>{{cite book|title=A History of Christian-Muslim Relations |last=Goddard |first=Hugh |isbn=1566633400 |publisher=New Amsterdam Books |date=[[2001-04-25]] |pages=47 |quote=It has recently been suggested that many of the detailed regulations concerning what the ahl al-dhimma were and were not permitted to do come from an earlier historical precedent, namely the regulations which existed in the [[Sassanid dynasty|Sassanian Persian Empire]] with reference to its religious minorities in Iraq.}}</ref>
|}
===References===
{{reflist|3}}
===Other resources===
[[Image:Jrslm 044PAN.jpg|thumb|290px|Panoramic view on the [[Western Wall]] and [[Dome of the Rock]]]]
*Cheshin, Amir S.; Bill Hutman and Avi Melamed (1999). ''Separate and Unequal: the Inside Story of Israeli Rule in East Jerusalem'' Harvard University Press
*Cline, Eric (2004) ''Jerusalem Besieged: From Ancient Canaan to Modern Israel''. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press ISBN 0-472-11313-5.
*Collins, Larry, and La Pierre, Dominique (1988). ''O Jerusalem!'' Simon and Shuster, N.Y. ISBN 0-671-66241-4
*Gold, Dore (2007) ''The Fight for Jerusalem: Radical Islam, The West, and the Future of the Holy City'' Regnery Publishing, Inc. ISBN 978-1-59698-029-7
*[[Hans Köchler|Köchler, Hans]] (1981) ''The Legal Aspects of the Palestine Problem with Special Regard to the Question of Jerusalem'' Vienna: Braumüller ISBN 3-7003-0278-9
*''The Holy Cities: Jerusalem'' produced by Danae Film Production, distributed by HDH Communications; 2006
*Wasserstein, Bernard (2002) ''Divided Jerusalem: The Struggle for the Holy City'' New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-09730-1
==External links==
{{sisterlinks}}
*[http://www.jerusalem.muni.il/jer_main/defaultnew.asp?lng=2 Official website of Jerusalem]
*[http://www.jerusalemp3.com Jerusalemp3], offers free virtual tours in mp3 format from the Jerusalem Municipality
*[http://www.cityofdavid.org.il/hp_eng.asp City of David]
*[http://www.hamekasher.com/ HAMEKASHER, A nostalgic website dedicated to a bus company operated in Jerusalem from the early 30's until 1967]
*[http://www.ir-amim.org.il/Eng/?CategoryID=198 Ir Amim]
*{{Wikitravel}}
'''Government'''
*{{PDFlink|[http://www.un.org/Depts/dpi/palestine/ch12.pdf ''The Status of Jerusalem'']|159 KB}}, United Nations document related to the recent dispute over Jerusalem
*[http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/1980_1989/Basic%20Law-%20Jerusalem-%20Capital%20of%20Israel ''Basic Law: Jerusalem, Capital of Israel, Government of Israel''], the Israeli law making Jerusalem the capital of Israel
'''Culture'''
*[http://www.imj.org.il/ Israel Museum], one of Jerusalem's premier art museums
*[http://www.yadvashem.org/ Yad Vashem], Israeli memorial to victims of The Holocaust
'''Education'''
*[http://www.huji.ac.il/huji/eng/index_e.htm Hebrew University of Jerusalem], Jerusalem's foremost institution of higher learning
*[http://www.alquds.edu/ al-Quds University], "the only Arab university in Jerusalem"
===Maps===
*[http://www.jerusalem.muni.il/jer_sys/map2000_eng/first1.asp Modern-day map of Jerusalem], from the Jerusalem Municipality
*[http://maps-of-jerusalem.huji.ac.il/ Ancient Maps of Jerusalem], from the Jewish National Library at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem
*[http://www.passia.org/jerusalem/maps/0_M_A_P_S.htm Modern maps, post-1947] from [[PASSIA]]
===Media===
*[http://www.jpost.com ''The Jerusalem Post''], the oldest and largest English-language Israeli newspaper (formerly ''The Palestine Post'')
*[http://www.haaretz.com ''Ha'aretz''], major source of Israeli news
*[http://www.ynetnews.com/ ''Ynetnews''], major source of Israeli news
*[http://www.israelnn.com ''Arutz Sheva''] (see also: [[Arutz Sheva]])
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{{Jerusalem District}}
{{Neighborhoods of Jerusalem}}
{{Asian capitals}}
{{Holy sites in Judaism}}
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[[Category:Jerusalem|*]]
[[Category:Cities in Israel]]
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[[Category:Capitals in Asia]]
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