Jilin
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{{For|the city|Jilin City}}
{{Infobox PRC province
|ChineseName = 吉林省
|Pinyin = Jílín Shěng
|EnglishName = Jilin Province
|Name = Jilin
|Abbreviation = 吉
|AbbrevPinyin = Jí
|ISOAbbrev = 22
|Map = China Jilin.svg
|MapSize = 275px
|OriginOfName = from ''girin ula'', a [[Manchu language|Manchu]] phrase meaning "along the river"
|AdministrationType = [[Province of China|Province]]
|Capital = [[Changchun]]
|LargestCity = [[Changchun]]
|Secretary = [[Wang Min]]
|Governor = [[Han Changfu]]
|Area_km2 = 187400
|AreaRank = 13th
|PopYear = 2004
|Pop = 27,090,000
|PopRank = 21st
|PopDensity_km2 = 145
|PopDensityRank = 23rd
|GDPYear = 2006
|GDP = 424.9 billion
|GDPRank = 22nd
|GDPperCapita = 15,625
|GDPperCapitaRank = 13th
|HDIYear = 2005
|HDI = 0.776
|HDIRank = 10th
|HDICat = <font color="#ffcc00">medium</font>
|Nationalities = [[Han Chinese|Han]] - 91%<br />[[Koreans|Korean]] - 4%<br />[[Manchu]] - 4%<br />[[Mongol]] - 0.6%<br />[[Hui people|Hui]] - 0.5%
|Prefectures = 9
|Counties = 60
|Townships = 1006
|Website = http://www.jl.gov.cn<br />([[Simplified Chinese]])
}}
'''{{Audio|zh-Jilin.ogg|Jilin}}''' ({{zh-cpw |c=吉林 |p=Jílín |w=Chi-lin}}; [[Chinese Postal Map Romanization|Postal map spelling]]: ''Kirin''; [[Manchu language|Manchu]]: Girin ula), is a [[political divisions of China|province]] of the [[People's Republic of China]] located in the [[Northeast China|northeastern]] part of the country. Jilin [[border]]s [[North Korea]] and [[Russia]] to the east, [[Heilongjiang]] to the north, [[Liaoning]] to the south, and [[Inner Mongolia]] to the west. The name was transliterated to Kirin before standardization to [[pinyin]].
The name "Jilin" probably originates from ''Girin ula'', a [[Manchu language|Manchu]] term meaning "along the river"; this was [[transcription (linguistics)|transcribed]] into ''Jilin wula'' (T: 吉林烏拉 / S: 吉林乌拉) in [[Chinese language|Chinese]], then shortened to ''Jilin''.<ref>{{zh}} [http://www.people.com.cn/GB/shenghuo/1090/2435218.html Origin of the Names of China's Provinces], [[People's Daily Online]].</ref> The literal meaning of the Chinese characters for "Jilin" is "auspicious forest".
== History ==
{{main|History of Jilin}}
In ancient times Jilin was inhabited by various peoples, notably the [[Mohe]] and the [[Wuji (people)|Wùjí]] ({{lang|zh-Hani|勿吉}}). It also formed a part of the [[Goguryeo]] kingdom. The kingdom of [[Balhae]] was established in the area from 698 to 926 AD. The region then fell successively under the domination of the [[Khitan people|Khitan]] [[Liao Dynasty]], the [[Jurchen]] [[Jin Dynasty, 1115–1234|Jin Dynasty]], and the [[Mongol]] [[Yuan Dynasty]]. During the [[Qing Dynasty]], much of the area was under the control of the [[General of Jilin]], whose area of control extended to the [[Sea of Japan]] to encompass much of what is [[Russia]]'s [[Primorsky Krai]] today. Immigration of [[Han Chinese]] was strictly controlled.
However, after the [[Primorsky Krai]] area was ceded to Russia in 1860, the [[Qing Dynasty|Qing]] government began to open the area up to [[Han Chinese]] migrants, most of whom came from [[Shandong]]. By the beginning of the [[20th century|twentieth century]], [[Han Chinese]] had become the dominant ethnic group of the region. In 1932, the area was incorporated into [[Manchukuo]], a [[puppet state]] set up by [[Japan]], and [[Changchun]] (then called Hsinking), capital of Jilin today, was made the capital of Manchukuo. After the defeat of [[Japan]] in 1945, the region, together with the rest of northeastern China, was handed to the communists by the [[Soviet Union]]. Manchuria was then the staging ground from which the communists eventually conquered the rest of China (see [[Chinese Civil War#Post-war power struggle (1945–1947)]]).
In 1949, Jilin province was smaller, encompassing only the environs of Changchun and [[Jilin City]], and the capital was at Jilin City, while Changchun was a municipality independent from the province. In the 1950s Jilin was expanded to its present borders. During the [[Cultural Revolution]], Jilin was expanded again to include a part of [[Inner Mongolia]], giving it a border with the independent state of [[Mongolia]], though this was later reversed. In recent times Jilin has, together with the rest of [[heavy industry]]-based [[Northeast China]], been facing economic difficulties with [[privatization]]. This has prompted the central government to undertake a campaign called “[[Revitalize the Northeast]]”.
== Geography ==
Jilin is highest in altitude in the southeast, and drops gently towards the northwest. The [[Changbai Mountains]] run through its southeastern regions, and contains the highest peak of the province, [[Baiyun Peak]] at 2691 m. Other mountain ranges include the [[Jilinhada Mountains]], [[Zhang Guangcai Mountains]], and [[Longgang Mountains]].
Jilin is [[drainage basin|drained]] by the [[Yalu River|Yalu]] and [[Tumen River|Tumen]] Rivers in the extreme southwest (which together form the border between the [[People's Republic of China]] and [[North Korea]]), by [[tributaries]] of the [[Liao River]] along the southern border, and by the [[Songhua]] and [[Nen River|Nen]] rivers, both eventually flowing into the [[Amur]].
Jilin has a northerly [[continental climate|continental]] [[monsoon]] climate, with long, cold winters and short, warm summers. Average January temperatures range from -20 to -14[[Celsius|°C]]. Rainfall averages at 350 to 1000 mm.
Major cities:
* [[Changchun]] (长春)
* [[Jilin City]] (吉林)
* [[Baicheng City]] (白城)
* [[Siping (city)|Siping]] (四平)
* [[Liaoyuan]] (辽源)
* [[Tonghua]] (通化)
* [[Yanji]] (延吉)
* [[Songyuan]] (松原)
== Administrative divisions ==
Jilin consists of eight [[prefecture-level cities]] and one autonomous prefecture:
The sub-province-level city:
* [[Changchun]] (长春市 : Chángchūn Shì)
The prefecture-level cities:
* [[Baicheng]] (白城市 : Báichéng Shì)
* [[Baishan]] (白山市 : Báishān Shì)
* [[Jilin City|Jilin]] (吉林市 : Jílín Shì)
* [[Liaoyuan]] (辽源市 : Liáoyuán Shì)
* [[Siping]] (四平市 : Sìpíng Shì)
* [[Songyuan]] (松原市 : Sōngyuán Shì)
* [[Tonghua]] (通化市 : Tōnghuà Shì)
The autonomous prefecture:
* [[Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture]] (延边朝鲜族自治州, 옌볜조선족자치주: Yánbiān Cháoxiǎnzú Zìzhìzhōu)
For a complete list of the county-level divisions of Jilin, see '''[[List of administrative divisions of Jilin]]'''. These administrative divisions are explained in greater detail at [[Political divisions of China]].
==Politics==
{{main|Politics of Jilin}}
The politics of Jilin is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in mainland China.
The [[Governor of Jilin]] is the highest ranking official in the People's Government of Jilin. However, in the province's dual party-government governing system, the Governor has less power than the Jilin [[Communist Party of China]] Provincial Committee Secretary, colloquially termed the "Jilin [[CPC Party Chief]]".
== Economy ==
{{main|Economy of Jilin}}
Jilin's [[agricultural]] production is centered upon [[rice]], [[maize]], and [[sorghum]]. [[Rice]] is mostly cultivated in the eastern parts, such as [[Yanbian]] prefecture. The [[Changbai Mountains]] are an important source of [[lumber]]. [[Herding]] of [[sheep]] is an important activity in the western parts, such as [[Baicheng]] [[prefecture-level city]].
Compared to other provinces of China, Jilin has extensive deposits of [[Kieselguhr]], [[wollastonite]], [[floatstone]], and [[molybdenum]].
[[Industry]] in Jilin is concentrated on [[automobile]]s, [[train]] carriages, and [[iron]] [[alloy]].
Jilin's nominal GDP for 2006 was 424.9 billion yuan (US$53.3 billion) and ranks 22nd in the country. Its GDP per capita was 15,625 yuan (US$2,003).
== Demographics ==
Jilin is inhabited by [[Han Chinese]], [[Manchu]]s, [[Hui people|Hui]], [[Mongol]]s and [[Xibe]]. Most ethnic Koreans live in the [[Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture]].
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;"
!colspan="3"| Ethnic groups in Jilin (2000 census)</tr>
! [[Nationalities of China|Nationality]] !! Population !! Percentage</tr>
|align="left"| [[Han Chinese]] || 24,348,815 || 90.85%</tr>
|align="left"| [[Koreans]] || 1,145,688 || 4.27%</tr>
|align="left"| [[Manchu]] || 993,112 || 3.71%</tr>
|align="left"| [[Mongol]] || 172,026 || 0.64%</tr>
|align="left"| [[Hui people|Hui]] || 125,620 || 0.47%</tr>
|}
Excludes members of the [[People's Liberation Army]] in active service.<br/>
Source: Department of Population, Social, Science and Technology Statistics of the National Bureau of Statistics of China (国家统计局人口和社会科技统计司) and Department of Economic Development of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission of China (国家民族事务委员会经济发展司), eds. ''Tabulation on Nationalities of 2000 Population Census of China'' (《2000年人口普查中国民族人口资料》). 2 vols. Beijing: Nationalities Publishing House (民族出版社), 2003. (ISBN 7-105-05425-5)
== Culture ==
Jilin is part of [[Northeast China]], so shares many similaries in culture with neighbouring regions. But [[Jiju]], or Jilin Opera, is a form of traditional entertainment that Jilin has innovated over its short migrant history.
The ethnic Koreans of Jilin have their own distinct culture. See also: [[Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture]], [[Culture of Korea]].
== Tourism ==
The [[Goguryeo]] sites and tombs found in [[Ji'an, Jilin]], including [[Wandu]], [[Gungnae Fortress]], and the [[pyramid]]al [[Tomb of the General|General's Tomb]], have been listed as part of a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]].
The [[Baekdu Mountain]], especially [[Heaven Lake]] on the border with [[North Korea]], are popular tourist destinations due to their natural scenery.
[[Ancient Tombs at Longtou Mountain]], including the [[Mausoleum of Princess Zhenxiao]], are royal tombs of the [[Balhae kingdom]] found in [[Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture]].
==Education==
=== Universities and colleges ===
*[[Jilin University]] (吉林大学)
*[[Northeast Normal University]] (东北师范大学)
*[[Jilin Agricultural University]] (吉林农业大学)
*[[Jilin Normal University]] (吉林师范大学)
*[[Changchun University of Science and Technology]] (长春理工大学)
*[[Changchun University of Technology]] (长春工业大学)
*[[Changchun University]] (长春大学)
*[[Changchun Taxation College]] (长春税务学院)
*[[Yanbian University of Science & Technology]]
*[[Yanbian University]]
*[[Northeast China Institute of Electric Power Engineeting]]
*[[Jilin College of Electrification]]
*[[Changchun Institute of Post & Telecommunications]]
*[[Jilin Institute of Technology]]
*[[Changchun Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics]]
*[[Siping Normal University]]
==Sports==
Professional Sports Teams
* [[Chinese Football Association Jia League]]
** [[Changchun Yatai]]
** [[Yanbian FC]]
* [[Chinese Basketball Association]]
** [[Jilin Northeast Tigers]]
==Notes==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
{{commons|Jilin}}
*[http://www.jl.gov.cn/ Jilin Government website]
*{{wikitravel}}
== See also ==
[[List of laojiaos in Jilin]]
{{Province-level divisions of the People's Republic of China}}
{{Jilin}}
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